双量子滤波（DQF）核磁共振研究细胞内钠

双量子滤波（ＤＱＦ）核磁共振研究细胞内钠屠萍官,张日清,赵南明（清华大学生物科学与技术系生物膜与膜生物工程国家重点实验室北京１０００８４）用核磁共振位移试剂实现了细胞内销的动态研究［１］。但由稀土元素组成的位移试剂是否具有毒性至今仍有争议［２－４］。...     

强心甾类固醇作用于Na-K-ATP酶引起细胞内钙离子浓度改变的分子机制进展

Na-K-ATP酶(或称为钠泵)是一种广泛存在于真核细胞膜上的跨膜蛋白,近年来许多研究发现其不但有调节细胞内钠、钾离子浓度的功能,也可通过与不同蛋白相互作用发挥细胞信号传导作用。强心甾类固醇类药物(CTS)长久以来被用来治疗心脏疾病,近年来发现其与钠泵结合后可以激活细胞内一系列信号通路,其中很重要一点即是通过改变细胞内钙离子浓度从而调节细胞增殖、凋亡等。本文就CTS/钠泵通过与IP3R、Src、Na/Ca复合体相互作用影响细胞内钙离子浓度的改变作简要综述。     

核磁共振波谱研究脑钠肽空间结构样品制备

用多维核磁共振波谱（ＮＭＲ）研究脑钠肽（ＢＮＰ）空间结构时,必需制备大量的ＢＮＰ样品。用ｐＧＥＸ—３Ｘ作载体与ＢＮＰ—３８ｃＤＮＡ构建成能高效表达ＧＳＴ—ＮＰ—３８融合蛋白的工程菌,表达出的融合蛋白用珠（ＧＳＴ—ａｇａｒｏｓｅｂｅａｄｓ）分离,动态分离的效果是静态分离的三倍;分离时,由振荡２分钟延至３０分钟,分离量可增加１４倍。纯化ＧＳＴ—ＢＮＰ—３８时,动态洗脱的得率是静态洗脱的５．２倍,在动态体系纯化的得率是在静态体系的１０倍。因此,分离纯化ＧＳＴ—ＢＮＰ—３８时,用珠振荡吸附３０分钟,再用ＧＳＨ振荡洗脱３０分钟,可使其得率提高６０倍以上。这为ＮＭＲ研究ＢＮＰ结构时大量样品制备奠定了重要基础。     

聚苹果酸- 聚乙二醇- 叶酸纳米共聚物的合成和生物活性的研究

目的:制备聚苹果酸-聚乙二醇-叶酸(PMLA-PEG-FA)纳米共聚物,为构建多功能靶向药物转运系统提供前期工作.方法:配体叶酸(FA)通过α-羟基-ω-醛基聚乙二醇(HO-PEG-CHO)以腙键连接在经过水合肼修饰的聚苹果酸的主链上.核磁共振光谱表征纳米共聚物的结构,动态透析法研究腙键响应不同pH值的断键特性,监测不同pH值共聚物中叶酸的稳定性.并采用SMCC-7721人体肝癌细胞测定该纳米共聚物的细胞毒性.结果:1、经核磁共振表征PMLA-PEG-FA共聚物合成完成.2、在pH5.5、pH6.5及pH7.4的PBS缓冲体系中,6h后配体叶酸累积释放率分别为88.1％,85.3％和41.6％.3、MTT实验证实PMLA-PEG-FA无毒性.结论:PMLA-PEG-FA有望成为智能靶向药物载体.     

二维核磁共振与核酸的溶液结构

二维核磁共振技术(2D-NMR)是近十几年出现的核磁共振方法的一个分支,已能在溶液态测定蛋白质、核酸等生物大分子的三维结构,成为与单晶X-射线研究相互补充的重要手段.与蛋白质的二维核磁共振研究相比,核酸的2D-NMR研究起步略晚,但近三、五年来已取得长足的进步,在作核酸的结构测定、研究核酸—蛋白质相互作用中发挥了其     

云南小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因1Dy12*的分离

通过SDS-PAGE分析,从云南小麦中鉴定出一个电泳迁移率比高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基1Dy12稍快的亚基1Dy12*.利用Glu-Dy位点特异引物对1Dy12*基因编码区进行了克隆和序列测定.1Dy12*基因全长为1980 bp,编码658个氨基酸.氨基酸序列比较结果表明:与亚基1Dy12相比有3个氨基酸的差异和1个二肽(GQ)的缺失,与亚基1Dy10相比有15个氨基酸的差异、2个六肽(IGQGQQ)的插入以及1个二肽(GQ)的缺失.这表明1Dy12*亚基是一个新型高分子麦谷蛋白亚基,其对小麦加工品质的影响正在评价中.     

溴氰菊酯对兔红细胞内Na+浓度影响的 23Na NMR研究

细胞内Na~+浓度[Na_(in)~+]的大小具有重要的生理意义。位移试剂Dy(PPP)_2~(7-)[二(三聚磷酸)合镝(Ⅲ)离子]能使细胞外Na~+(Na_(out)~+)共振频率向高场位移,使得~(23)Na NMR在不破坏细胞结构的条件下直接观察Na_(in)~+成为可能,国内这方面的研究甚少。有研究指出,     

CaSO_4(Dy)热释光剂量计

CaSO_4(Dy)是六十年代末期发展起来的加热发光材料,其优点是:制备简单,灵敏度高,量程范围宽,衰退小。其缺点是能量响应较大。由于它具有上述优点,故可用于外环境监测,亦可用于个人剂量监测和水中放射性测量等方面。我们利用国产CaSO_4·2H_2O,制备了CaSO_4(Dy),并测定了其主要性能。     

壳聚糖金属配合物的抑菌特性及机理研究（英文）

制备了壳聚糖(CS)与金属离子Zn(II)、Ni(II)和Co(II)的配合物,通过红外光谱和紫外-可见吸收光谱进行了结构性能的表征。体外抑菌法研究了壳聚糖金属配合物对细菌S.aureu和E.coli的抑菌活性。结果表明:壳聚糖金属配合物的抑菌活性较壳聚糖增强,且与所含的金属离子种类有关,其中CS-Zn体现出更强的抑菌活性。因此,选CS-Zn为代表通过测定细胞内溶物的OD260nm判断细胞膜的完整性、荧光探针1-N-苯萘胺(NPN)的荧光变化来判断细胞外膜的渗透性,以研究其对大肠杆菌(E.coli.)的抑菌机理。透射电镜(TEM)结果表明CS-Zn能够破坏细菌细胞膜,使细胞内溶物溢出。     

微生物发酵转化牛蒡子的研究

从牛蒡子药材中筛选到一株具有转化牛蒡子苷能力的菌株HB-2,对牛蒡子进行发酵,利用其产生的β-葡萄糖苷酶将牛蒡子苷转化为牛蒡子苷元。研究了该菌株对牛蒡子的发酵动力学,HPLC测得转化率达95%以上。发酵产物经大孔吸附树脂、硅胶柱层析及重结晶等方法制备出牛蒡子苷元纯品,并采用核磁共振(NMR)、红外(IR)、质谱(MS)等方法对产物进行了鉴定。     

Hydrolysis of some mRNA 5'-cap analogs catalyzed by the human Fhit protein--and lupin ApppA hydrolases.

Hydrolysis of the following four cap analogs: m7G(5')ppp(5')A, m7G(5')ppp(5')m6A, m7G(5')ppp(5')m2'OG and m7G(5')ppp(5')2'dG catalyzed by homogeneous human Fhit protein and yellow lupin Ap3A hydrolase has been investigated. The hydrolysis products were identified by HPLC analysis and the K(m) and Vmax values calculated based on the data obtained by the fluorimetric method.     

Affinity labelling and characterization of the ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent endoribonuclease from different mammalian sources

The ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent endoribonucleases from a number of different mammalian sources have been investigated. The enzyme from reticulocyte lysates shows optimal activity of 50-150 mM KCl and requires the presence of Mg2+. Whilst the enzyme is inactivated after passage of reticulocyte lysates through Sephadex columns in the absence of ATP, it retains full activity provided ATP is included in the column buffer. The activity of the partially purified nuclease was unaffected by the addition of reticulocyte RNase inhibitor, which, in contrast, effectively inhibited other endogenous endonucleases. The ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent Rnase co-purified with a ppp(A2'p)nA-binding protein and with a protein which could be specifically covalently labelled with an oxidised radioactive analogue of ppp(A2'p)nA. This covalent labelling could be carried out either with the partially purified RNase or in crude extracts from rabbit reticulocytes, mouse Krebs and Ehrlich ascites tumour cells and human lymphoblastoid (Daudi) or HeLa cells. In each case the affinity labelled protein migrated to a position corresponding to a apparent molecular weight of about 85 000 on electrophoresis on dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gels. In all cases labelling could be prevented by the addition of an excess of unlabelled ppp(A2'p)nA but not, for example, by a similar excess of the biologically inactive dimer ppp(A2'p)'A. It is concluded that the RNase and ppp(A2'p)nA binding activities are likely to reside in the same molecule.     

"Cap" sequences in poly(A)-rich RNA from dry wheat embryos

Although template-active RNA in dry seeds and embryos has attracted widespread interest, there have been no published reports about 5'-terminal "capping" sequences in such RNA. Boro[3H]hydride labeling of periodate-oxidized termini and high performance liquid chromatography of cap oligonucleotides have been used to compare terminal sequences in poly(A)-rich RNA from dry and germinating embryos. As is the case in germinating embryos, poly(A)-rich RNA from dry embryos contains only "type 0" cap sequences, i.e., m7G(5')ppp(5')N, in which m7G is the 7-methylguanosine cap and N is any of the classical ribonucleosides: adenosine (A), guanosine (G), cytidine (C),a nd uridine (U). Striking differences between the cell-free translational capacities of bulk messenger RNA (mRNA) populations from dry and germinating embryos are not reflected in signal differences in their proportions of "type 0" cap structures: in general, there is approximately 40% m7G(5')ppp(5')A, with roughly equivalent amounts of m7G(5')ppp(5')G and m7G(5')ppp(5')C accounting for most of the remaining sequences. The findings with mRNA from dry plant embryos serve to emphasize interesting differences between patterns of methylation in the capped and uncapped RNA molecules in higher plants and animals; the differences have not been previously noted in the literature and are the subject of brief comment in this paper.     

Distribution of the ppp(A2'p)nA-binding protein and interferon-related enzymes in animals, plants, and lower organisms

A ppp(A2′p)_nA binding protein and synthetase, but no double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, have been found in extracts from reptilian tissues. A binding protein is also present at low levels in amphibia. No evidence was obtained for the presence of any of these proteins or of ppp(A2′p)_nA in extracts from differently pretreated tobacco plant leaves with or without tobacco mosaic virus infection, despite reports (1,2) of the sensitivity of the latter to interferon and (A2′p)₂A. This is consistent with our inability to detect the ppp(A′p)_nA system in any of the lower eukaryotes or prokaryotes investigated.     

Methyl group analysis of virion-associated high-molecular-weight RNA synthesized in vitro by purified vaccinia virus.

The methylation pattern of virion-associated high-molecular-weight RNA synthesized in vitro by purified vaccinia virus has been determined. Analysis of purified high-molecular-weight RNA synthesized with S-[methyl-3H]-adenosylmethionine and alpha[32P]UTP as precursors gave the following results. (i) Eessentially all molecules contained blocked and methylated structures of the type m7G(5')ppp(5')Gm and m7G(5')ppp(5')Am. (ii) There was no detectable methylation at internal sites. (iii) Under several different conditions of synthesis, the ratio of molecules containing m7G(5')ppp(5')Gm to those containing m7G(5')ppp(5')Am was imilar for both the virion-associated high-molecular-weight RNA and the virion-released 8-12S mRNA.     

Activation of the ppp(A2'p)nA system in interferon-treated, herpes simplex virus-infected cells and evidence for novel inhibitors of the ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent RNase

High doses (100-1000 reference units/ml) of alpha or beta interferons are required to inhibit the growth of herpes simplex virus types I and II (HSV-I and HSV-II) in human Chang cells. In contrast, much lower doses (10-100 reference units/ml) of interferon inhibit replication of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) in these cells. In the HSV-infected cells these high doses did not prevent the virus-induced shut off of host protein synthesis. The interferons were more effective in reducing the virus yield of HSV-I than of HSV-II. At the above concentrations they inhibited HSV-I protein synthesis but had little apparent effect on that of HSV-II. Similar amounts of (2'-5')oligo(adenylate)s were synthesised in response to HSV-I, HSV-II and EMCV infection of Chang cells after treatment with alpha or beta interferons. No (i.e. less than 1 nM) (2'-5')oligo(adenylate)s were found in control cells or on virus infection alone. Only low levels of ppp(A2'p)nA-specific rRNA cleavage were observed in the interferon-treated HSV-infected cells. In contrast, high levels were found in response to EMCV, despite the fact that ppp(A2'p)nA accumulated to similar levels with each of the three viruses in these cells. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of material from interferon-treated Chang cells 18 h after infection with HSV-I or HSV-II, combined with radiobinding, radioimmune and rRNA cleavage assays, confirmed the presence of ppp(A2'p)2A and ppp(A2'p)3A at greater than nanomolar concentration. In addition, apparently equivalent amounts of two other putative (2'-5')oligo(adenylate) derivatives which compete in the radiobinding and radioimmune assays, were present. These compounds were only weak activators of the ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent RNase and under appropriate conditions were capable of inhibiting the activation of this RNase by authentic ppp(A2'p)nA. The presence of these potentially inhibitory compounds provides a possible explanation for the relatively low levels of activation of the ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent RNase in interferon-treated, HSV-infected Chang cells.     

Short double-stranded RNAs with an overhanging 5' ppp-nucleotide, as found in arenavirus genomes, act as RIG-I decoys

Arenavirus RNA genomes are initiated by a "prime and realign" mechanism, such that the initiating GTP is found as a single unpaired (overhanging) nucleotide when the complementary genome ends anneal to form double-stranded (ds) RNA panhandle structures. dsRNAs modeled on these structures do not induce interferon (IFN), as opposed to blunt-ended (5' ppp)dsRNA. This study examines whether these viral structures can also act as decoys, by trapping RIG-I in inactive dsRNA complexes. We examined the ability of various dsRNAs to activate the RIG-I ATPase (presumably a measure of helicase translocation on dsRNA) relative to their ability to induce IFN. We found that there is no simple relationship between these two properties, as if RIG-I can translocate on short dsRNAs without inducing IFN. Moreover, we found that (5' ppp)dsRNAs with a single unpaired 5' ppp-nucleotide can in fact competitively inhibit the ability of blunt-ended (5' ppp)dsRNAs to induce IFN when co-transfected into cells and that this inhibition is strongly dependent on the presence of the 5' ppp. In contrast, (5' ppp)dsRNAs with a single unpaired 5' ppp-nucleotide does not inhibit poly(I-C)-induced IFN activation, which is independent of the presence of a 5' ppp group.     

1H NMR studies on lanthanides substituted transferrins

The binding of lanthanide(III) ions to human serum apotransferrin has been investigated through 1H NMR spectroscopy. Several well resolved isotropically shifted signals have been observed between 100/-100 ppm for the Tm, Tb, Yb and Dy derivatives. Significant spectroscopic inequivalence of the two metal binding sites has been revealed. Differences in the behavior of signals assigned to the C- and to the N-terminal site have been observed upon titration with sodium perchlorate.     

Interaction of wheat protein synthesis elongation factor 1 with GTP analogs

Wheat protein synthesis elongation factor 1 was tested for binding to GTP analogs, including structures resembling “caps” that are present at the 5′-termini of most eukaryotic mRNAs. The interaction was assayed by determining the capacity of the analogs to inhibit the binding of [³H]GTP to elongation factor 1. Significant interaction of elongation factor 1 with G(5′)ppp(5′)G, G(5′)pppp(5′)G, and G(5′)ppp(5′)A was observed. Methylation of a ribose 2′-hydroxyl had very little effect, but methylation of the 7 position of guanosine greatly diminished the affinity of elongation factor 1 for these compounds. m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)Cm, m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)Um, and m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)Am gave no detectable binding with EF1.     

Hydrolysis of some mRNA 5′-Cap Analogs Catalyzed by the Human Fhit Protein - and Lupin ApppA Hydrolases

Abstract

Hydrolysis of the following four cap analogs: m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)A, m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)m⁶A, m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)m^2′OG and m⁷G(5′)ppp(5′)2′dG catalyzed by homogeneous human Fhit protein and yellow lupin Ap₃A hydrolase has been investigated. The hydrolysis products were identified by HPLC analysis and the K_m and V_max values calculated based on the data obtained by the fluorimetric method.