抗P-选择蛋白人源性单克隆抗体的制备

目的:获得人源性抗P-选择蛋白(selectin)特异性抗体,为相关疾病治疗奠定基础。方法:在HEK293细胞中真核分泌表达人P-选择蛋白功能性片段,以此蛋白片段作为抗原,利用本室构建的大容量全合成人源性噬菌体抗体库进行筛选,经过3轮固相筛选后,阳性克隆得到富集;将其中富集效果最好的一株单链抗体A1改造成全抗体(IgG1),重组质粒转染H293细胞后,抗体得到表达;表达后在全抗体水平上用ELISA和Western印迹分别验证了A1抗体的特异性,并通过非竞争ELISA方法初步测定这株抗体的亲和力。结果:3轮筛选得到3株特异性噬菌体抗体,其中富集效果最好的单链抗体A1改造成全抗体形式后特异性良好,抗体亲和力Kd=2×10-8 mol/L。结论:筛选得到一株特异性较好的抗P-选择蛋白人源性单克隆抗体A1,其特异性和亲和力较好,有继续开发的价值。     

人抗体组合文库的构建和抗HBsAg噬菌体抗体的筛选

应用噬菌体表面递呈表达系统构筑建了人抗体组合文库,并同了结合乙肝表面抗原（ＨＢｓＡｇ）的人噬菌体抗体（Ｆａｂ片段）。以免疫球蛋白信号肽序列为引物进行半套式ＰＣＲ所得到的产物在质和量上优越于以可变区５末端保守库列为引物进行ＰＣＲ所得到的产物,经过３次亲和选择后,抗体阳性率为６９％,抑制实验表明,所筛选出来的噬菌体本具有抗ＨＢｓＡｇ的特异性,序更分析表明ＶＨ分别属于ＶＨＩ亚群和Ⅲ亚群,其轻链ＶＬ分别属     

人转铁蛋白受体及其特异性抗体的制备

目的:从胎盘中提取转铁蛋白受体并获得抗转铁蛋白受体的抗体。方法:人新鲜胎盘组织被破碎后,用去污剂TritonX-100裂解细胞膜,释放膜蛋白。利用膜蛋白中的转铁蛋白受体能与铁-转铁蛋白复合物特异性结合的特性对其进行亲和纯化。对纯化得到的目的蛋白,经脱盐后进行ELISA及肽质量图谱分析,证明为所需的转铁蛋白受体后,以其包被免疫管,从全合成人源噬菌体抗体库中筛选抗体。结果:从人源噬菌体抗体库中筛选到5个能够与转铁蛋白受体特异性结合的噬菌体单链抗体。结论:以人源转铁蛋白受体为抗体,可从全人源噬菌体抗体库中筛选到其特异性的抗体。     

Importance of the Heparin-binding Domain of Fibronectin for Enhancing Cell Adhesion Activity of the Recombinant Fibronectin

We have previously shown that the recombinant human fibronectin (FN) fragment composed of central cell binding domains (CCBD) spanning the ninth and tenth type III domains promotes cell adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts. In the present study, we investigated the biological potency of heparin-binding domain (HBD) of FN spanning the twelfth and fourteenth type III domains. The HBD of FN significantly enhances the RGD-containing CCBD-mediated cell adhesion and proliferation in HOS cells (P < 0.05).     

抗人肌糖蛋白C单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的:制备抗人肌糖蛋白C(tenescin-C,TN-C)单克隆抗体并鉴定.方法:根据人TN-C蛋白序列,用软件预测B细胞表位;化学合成优势表位蛋白肽,分别与钥孔戚血蓝素(KLH)和兔血清白蛋白(RSA)交联;取KLH-TN-C常规免疫BALB/c小鼠,取免疫小鼠脾细胞与Sp2/0细胞融合,用分别预包被KLH-TN-C或者RSA-TN-C融合蛋白的ELISA板筛选高亲和力单克隆抗体;取骨肉瘤组织进行免疫组化染色.结果:获得蛋白优势表位数据;成功将TN-C肽交联至KLH和RSA;获得3株抗人TN-C单克隆抗体,分别为IgG1和IgG2a亚型,腹水效价为10-6左右,免疫组化有阳性着染.结论:成功获得抗人TN-C单克隆抗体.     

Preparation of the Extracellular Domain of Recombinant Human Toll-like Receptor 6

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate immune responses upon recognition of a variety of ligands. To further elucidate the function of TLRs, it is important to identify novel ligands and their action mechanisms including polymer assembly. In this study, we propose an efficient method for preparation of the extracellular domain of human Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6_ED) in Escherichia coli using the bubbling cultivation method. Our preparation method improved the level of expression of TLR6_ED into a soluble fraction as compared with typical cultivation using a rotary shaker. Circular dichroism (CD) experiments confirmed the structural formation of TLR6_ED with secondary structure contents similar to leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules. In addition, we also provided a procedure for preparing this recombinant protein using Sf9 insect cells, which ensures preservation of some key posttranslational modifications often lacking in bacteria-expressed proteins. These materials would be useful for analyzing novel molecules that bind directly to TLR6, complex formations with other regulators including TLR2 and TLR4, and the functional effects of N-linked glycosylation.     

Construction of Artificial TNF-Binding Proteins Based on the 10th Human Fibronectin Type III Domain Using Bacterial Display

Construction of antibody mimetics on the base of alternative scaffold proteins is a promising strategy for obtaining new products for medicine and biotechnology. The aim of our work was to optimize the cell display system for the 10th human fibronectin type III domain (¹⁰Fn3) scaffold protein based on the AT877 autotransporter from Psychrobacter cryohalolentis K5^T and to construct new artificial TNF-binding proteins. We obtained a ¹⁰Fn3 gene combinatorial library and screened it using the bacterial display method. After expression of the selected ¹⁰Fn3 variants in Escherichia coli cells and analysis of their TNF-binding activity, we identified proteins that display high affinity for TNF and characterized their properties.     

SLLISWD Sequence in the 10FNIII Domain Initiates Fibronectin Fibrillogenesis

Fibronectin (FN) assembly into extracellular matrix is tightly regulated and essential to embryogenesis and wound healing. FN fibrillogenesis is initiated by cytoskeleton-derived tensional forces transmitted across transmembrane integrins onto RGD binding sequences within the tenth FN type III (10FNIII) domains. These forces unfold 10FNIII to expose cryptic FN assembly sites; however, a specific sequence has not been identified in 10FNIII. Our past steered molecular dynamics simulations modeling 10FNIII unfolding by force at its RGD loop predicted a mechanical intermediate with a solvent-exposed N terminus spanning the A and B β-strands. Here, we experimentally confirm that the predicted 23-residue cryptic peptide 1 (CP1) initiates FN multimerization, which is mediated by interactions with 10FNIII that expose hydrophobic surfaces that support 8-anilino-1-napthalenesulfonic acid binding. Localization of multimerization activity to the C terminus led to the discovery of a minimal 7-amino acid “multimerization sequence” (SLLISWD), which induces polymerization of FN and the clotting protein fibrinogen in addition to enhancing FN fibrillogenesis in fibroblasts. A point mutation at Trp-6 that reduces exposure of hydrophobic sites for 8-anilino-1-napthalenesulfonic acid binding and β-structure formation inhibits FN multimerization and prevents physiological cell-based FN assembly in culture. We propose a model for cell-mediated fibrillogenesis whereby cell traction force initiates a cascade of intermolecular exchange starting with the unfolding of 10FNIII to expose the multimerization sequence, which interacts with strand B of another 10FNIII domain via a Trp-mediated β-strand exchange to stabilize a partially unfolded intermediate that propagates FN self-assembly.     

Unique Biological Properties of Catalytic Domain Directed Human Anti-CAIX Antibodies Discovered through Phage-Display Technology

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX, gene G250/MN-encoded transmembrane protein) is highly expressed in various human epithelial tumors such as renal clear cell carcinoma (RCC), but absent from the corresponding normal tissues. Besides the CA signal transduction activity, CAIX may serve as a biomarker in early stages of oncogenesis and also as a reliable marker of hypoxia, which is associated with tumor resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although results from preclinical and clinical studies have shown CAIX as a promising target for detection and therapy for RCC, only a limited number of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and one humanized mAb are available for clinical testing and development. In this study, paramagnetic proteoliposomes of CAIX (CAIX-PMPLs) were constructed and used for anti-CAIX antibody selection from our 27 billion human single-chain antibody (scFv) phage display libraries. A panel of thirteen human scFvs that specifically recognize CAIX expressed on cell surface was identified, epitope mapped primarily to the CA domain, and affinity-binding constants (KD) determined. These human anti-CAIX mAbs are diverse in their functions including induction of surface CAIX internalization into endosomes and inhibition of the carbonic anhydrase activity, the latter being a unique feature that has not been previously reported for anti-CAIX antibodies. These human anti-CAIX antibodies are important reagents for development of new immunotherapies and diagnostic tools for RCC treatment as well as extending our knowledge on the basic structure-function relationships of the CAIX molecule.     

Combining Anti-ERBB3 Antibodies Specific for Domain I and Domain III Enhances the Anti-Tumor Activity over the Individual Monoclonal Antibodies

Background

Inappropriate signaling through the epidermal growth factor receptor family (EGFR1/ERBB1, ERBB2/HER2, ERBB3/HER3, and ERBB4/HER4) of receptor tyrosine kinases leads to unregulated activation of multiple downstream signaling pathways that are linked to cancer formation and progression. In particular, ERBB3 plays a critical role in linking ERBB signaling to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Akt signaling pathway and increased levels of ERBB3-dependent signaling is also increasingly recognized as a mechanism for acquired resistance to ERBB-targeted therapies.

Methods

We had previously reported the isolation of a panel of anti-ERBB3 single-chain Fv antibodies through use of phage-display technology. In the current study scFv specific for domain I (F4) and domain III (A5) were converted into human IgG1 formats and analyzed for efficacy.

Results

Treatment of cells with an oligoclonal mixture of the A5/F4 IgGs appeared more effective at blocking both ligand-induced and ligand-independent signaling through ERBB3 than either single IgG alone. This correlated with improved ability to inhibit the cell growth both as a single agent and in combination with other ERBB-targeted therapies. Treatment of NCI-N87 tumor xenografts with the A5/F4 oligoclonal led to a statistically significant decrease in tumor growth rate that was further enhanced in combination with trastuzumab.

Conclusion

These results suggest that an oligoclonal antibody mixture may be a more effective approach to downregulate ERBB3-dependent signaling.     

Generation and Characterization of Small Single Domain Antibodies Inhibiting Human Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1

The cytokine TNF is a well known drug target for several inflammatory diseases such as Crohn disease. Despite the great success of TNF blockers, therapy could be improved because of high costs and side effects. Selective inhibition of TNF receptor (TNFR) 1 signaling holds the potential to greatly reduce the pro-inflammatory activity of TNF, thereby preserving the advantageous immunomodulatory signals mediated by TNFR2. We generated a selective human TNFR1 inhibitor based on Nanobody (Nb) technology. Two anti-human TNFR1 Nbs were linked with an anti-albumin Nb to generate Nb Alb-70-96 named “TNF Receptor-One Silencer” (TROS). TROS selectively binds and inhibits TNF/TNFR1 and lymphotoxin-α/TNFR1 signaling with good affinity and IC₅₀ values, both of which are in the nanomolar range. Surface plasmon resonance analysis reveals that TROS competes with TNF for binding to human TNFR1. In HEK293T cells, TROS strongly reduces TNF-induced gene expression, like IL8 and TNF, in a dose-dependent manner; and in ex vivo cultured colon biopsies of CD patients, TROS inhibits inflammation. Finally, in liver chimeric humanized mice, TROS antagonizes inflammation in a model of acute TNF-induced liver inflammation, reflected in reduced human IL8 expression in liver and reduced IL6 levels in serum. These results demonstrate the considerable potential of TROS and justify the evaluation of TROS in relevant disease animal models of both acute and chronic inflammation and eventually in patients.     

Asparagine-linked Oligosaccharides Present on a Non-consensus Amino Acid Sequence in the CH1 Domain of Human Antibodies

We report that N-linked oligosaccharide structures can be present on an asparagine residue not adhering to the consensus site motif NX(S/T), where X is not proline, described in the literature. We have observed oligosaccharides on a non-consensus asparaginyl residue in the C_H1 constant domain of IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies. The initial findings were obtained from characterization of charge variant populations evident in a recombinant human antibody of the IgG2 subclass. HPLC-MS results indicated that cation-exchange chromatography acidic variant populations were enriched in antibody with a second glycosylation site, in addition to the well documented canonical glycosylation site located in the C_H2 domain. Subsequent tryptic and chymotryptic peptide map data indicated that the second glycosylation site was associated with the amino acid sequence TVSWN¹⁶²SGAL in the C_H1 domain of the antibody. This highly atypical modification is present at levels of 0.5–2.0% on most of the recombinant antibodies that have been tested and has also been observed in IgG1 antibodies derived from human donors. Site-directed mutagenesis of the C_H1 domain sequence in a recombinant-human IgG1 antibody resulted in an increase in non-consensus glycosylation to 3.15%, a greater than 4-fold increase over the level observed in the wild type, by changing the −1 and +1 amino acids relative to the asparagine residue at position 162. We believe that further understanding of the phenomenon of non-consensus glycosylation can be used to gain fundamental insights into the fidelity of the cellular glycosylation machinery.     

Liver-Targeting of Interferon-Alpha with Tissue-Specific Domain Antibodies

Interferon alpha (IFNα) is used for the treatment of hepatitis C infection and whilst efficacious it is associated with multiple adverse events including reduced leukocyte, erythrocyte, and platelet counts, fatigue, and depression. These events are most likely caused by systemic exposure to interferon. We therefore hypothesise that targeting the therapeutic directly to the intended site of action in the liver would reduce exposure in blood and peripheral tissue and hence improve the safety and tolerability of IFNα therapy. We genetically fused IFN to a domain antibody (dAb) specific to a hepatocyte restricted antigen, asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). Our results show that the murine IFNα2 homolog (mIFNα2) fused to an ASGPR specific dAb, termed DOM26h-196-61, could be expressed in mammalian tissue culture systems and retains the desirable biophysical properties and activity of both fusion partners when measured in vitro. Furthermore a clear increase in in vivo targeting of the liver by mIFNα2-ASGPR dAb fusion protein, compared to that observed with either unfused mIFNα2 or mIFNα2 fused to an isotype control dAb V_HD2 (which does not bind ASGPR) was demonstrated using microSPECT imaging. We suggest that these findings may be applicable in the development of a liver-targeted human IFN molecule with improved safety and patient compliance in comparison to the current standard of care, which could ultimately be used as a treatment for human hepatitis virus infections.     

Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Myelin Basic Protein

SJL/J and (SJL X PL) F1 hybrid mice were immunized with intact human myelin basic protein (MBP) or the three major peptic fragments of MBP, residues 1-38, 39-89, and 90-170. Immune spleen cells were fused with mouse myeloma P3 X 63Ag8 (NS1) cells in the presence of polyethylene glycol. Hybridoma supernatant culture fluids were screened for antibody to MBP by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA). The specificity of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) was characterized by RIA using the three major MBP peptic fragments and subfragments as well as MBP and MBP fragments of different species with known amino acid sequence differences. Six MBP mAbs were generated, one of them IgM isotype and the remainder IgG isotypes. One mAb each reacted against regions of residues 22-38, 39-69, 70-89, 90-116, and two reacted against residues 118-157. Immunoblots also showed that the five IgG mAbs were reactive against MBP and the peptic fragment of MBP containing the epitope. Immunohistochemical studies showed the IgG mAbs specifically stained myelinated fiber tracts in human brain tissue.     

马铃薯卷叶病毒单克隆抗体的制备

采用杂交瘤技术,以马铃薯卷叶病毒(Potato Leafroll Virns,PLRV)为抗原,用直接将病毒注入脾脏和随后尾静脉注射的方法,免疫BALB/C小鼠。将免疫小鼠的脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0融合。用Dot-ELISA和间接血凝试验筛选分泌抗马铃薯卷叶病毒抗体的阳性克隆,建立了分泌抗PLRV单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。用微量玻片双扩散法测定单克隆抗体亚类为IgG_1和IgG2a,轻链为λ。注射杂交瘤细胞株A_1、A_3、C_3和D_3于小鼠腹腔,制备出含高效价单克隆抗体的腹水。用获得的四种单克隆抗体对马铃薯卷叶病毒15个分离物进行了鉴定。     

Presence of a Fibronectin Type III Domain in a Plant Protein

A hidden Markov model (HMM) approach was used to identify potential candidates in sequence databases for fibronectin type III domains in plants, a kingdom heretofore bereft of these structures. Fortuitously, one of the proteins uncovered had already had a crystal structure published, allowing direct structural confirmation of the existence of this domain in plants. Received: 19 December 1997 / Accepted: 23 December 1997     

利用HER2/neu胞外配体结合区2从噬菌体抗体库中筛选抗体及其初步鉴定

目的:利用HER2/neu胞外配体结合区2(RLD2)从噬菌体抗体库中筛选相应抗体,并进行初步检测。方法:设计合成引物,利用PCR方法克隆出RLD2基因后,将其连接到pET-24a( )载体中,在大肠杆菌中实现高效表达。对包涵体蛋白经纯化、透析复性后得到目的蛋白。以得到的目的蛋白为靶标,从人源性噬菌体抗体库中进行4轮筛选得到抗体,经ELISA法初步鉴定,并用MTT法检测阳性克隆。结果与结论:初步得到6株亲和力较高的抗HER2/neu抗体,选取其中2株进行了MTT法检测,表明对HER2高表达的乳腺癌细胞有较明显的抑制作用。     

噬菌体抗体库技术筛选抗VEGF165单克隆抗体

目的:获得抗血管内皮生长因子165(VEGF165)单克隆抗体,并对其功能进行初步验证。方法:利用噬菌体抗体库展示技术筛选与VEGF165结合的噬菌体克隆并测序,以测序正确的阳性克隆质粒为模板,PCR扩增抗体的轻重链可变区基因,并克隆至哺乳动物细胞表达载体中,构建全抗体表达载体;将全抗体表达载体转染293E细胞,收取培养细胞上清,利用ProteinA亲和纯化抗体;通过结合ELISA、表面等离子共振检测抗体的亲和力,以人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)为模型验证抗体功能。结果:经过噬菌体抗体库展示技术筛出1个与VEGF165特异性结合的抗体序列VG2;293E细胞表达了VG2全抗体蛋白,SDS-PAGE显示VG2抗体纯度较高;BIAcore检测结果表明该抗体具有较高亲和力(KD=0.56nmol/L),竞争抑制ELISA结果表明VG2抗体能抑制VEGF与VEGF受体(VEGFR)的结合(IC50为1.470μg/mL),进一步实验结果表明VG2能够抑制VEGF引起的HUVEC增殖。结论:制备了靶向VEGF165的全人源单克隆抗体VG2,该抗体具有较高的亲和力,能阻断VEGF165/VEGFR2的结合,并抑制HUVEC的增殖,可以作为潜在药物应用于肿瘤治疗。