中国悬钩子属花粉形态观察

通过扫描电镜观察了中国悬钩子属7组23亚组共103个种的花粉形态。本属花粉为圆球形、近 球形、长球形和超长球形,少数为菱形和六边形,具三孔沟,大小多为16.0～38.Oμm×12.0～30.0μm,外壁纹饰可分为皱波型、条纹型、脑纹型和穿孔网型等类型,进而可分为皱波-近光滑状、皱波-条纹状、皱波-穿孔状、条纹状、条纹-穿孔状、条纹-网状、脑纹状、脑纹-穿孔状、穿孔状、穿孔-网状及网状等11个亚型。分析结果认为,悬钩子属的花粉形态特征对该属种的区分有一定的参考价值,但要合理地阐释其系统发育意义,仍需积累更多的信息。     

Pollen morphology of the genus Rubus from China

Pollen morphology of 103 species belonging to twenty-three subsections of seven sections of Rubus L. was examined with SEM. The pollen grains are usually 3-colporate, spheroidal, subspheroidal, prolate and perprolate, though occasionally rhombic and hexagonal, 16.0~38.0 μm × 12.0~30.0 μum in size. The exine ornamentation can be divided into rugulate, striate, cerebroid and perforate-reticulate types, which include 11 subtypes: rugulate-subpsilate, rugulate-striate, rugulate-perforate, striate, striate-perforate, striate-reticulate, cerebroid, cerebroid-perforate, perforate, perforate-reticulate and reticulate. The pollen morphology is of some significance for a better classification of the genus Rubus, but seems to be of little help for a better understanding of thephylogeny of the genus.     

Pollen Morphology of Chinese Datura and Its Taxonomic Significance

The pollen grains of 11 taxa of Chinese Datura were examined under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. All of them are 3(-4)-colporate. The exine ornamentation is so distinct as to allow the identification of individual sections and species, and may be divided into three types. The division is consistent with the taxonomy based on gross morphology i.e. rugulato-reticulate (Sect. Stramonium); striate or striato-reticulate, with some granules on the surface of the lirae, or scabrous (Sect. Dutra); striate with some rings on the surface of the lirae, looking like silkworm (Sect. Brugmansia). The varieties or cultivated forms are not sufficiently distinct from each other in the pollen grains as observed in this investigation.     

Pollen Morphology of the Family Zingiberaceae in China—Pollen Types and Their Significance in the Taxonomy

Pollen morphology of 89 species and 3 varieties belonging to 18 genera (out of 150 spcies in 20 genera) of Zingiberaceae in China was studied under both light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Pollen grains of Zingiberaceae are spherical, subspherical, ovoid and prolate, 36-225 μm in size, nonaperturate or aperturate (spiraperturate, porate). Pollen grains are almost not resistant to acetolysis. The wall is composed of a very thin exine and a thick intine. The exine is psilate, spinate, cerebelloid-areolate, striate, verrucate and foveolate. According to the presence or the absence of aperture and differential ornamentations, two types and six subtypes are recognized: I. The type Nonaperturate: (85 species and 3 varieties in 18 genera). Four subtypes can be recognized within the type based on the characteristics of the exine sculpture. These are: (1) The subtype Psilate, in which, the exine is nearly smooth (including: Hedychium, Curcuma, Kaempferia, Caulokaempferia coenobilis, Boesenbergia rotunda, Stahlianthus, Amomum compactum, Etingera, Hornstedtis, Rhynchanthus). (2) The subtype Spinate, which comprises two groups: (A) The group Short-spinate, pollen grains with smaller spines (Globba), (B) The group Long-spinate, pollen grains with longer spines (Alpinia, Amomum, Plagiostachys, Roscoea, Cautleya, Boesenbergia fallax, Caulokaempferia yunnanensis). (3) The subtype Cereblloid-areolate, pollen grains of which are spherical or subspherical, with cerebelloid sculpture (Zingiber Sect. Zingiber). (4) The subtype Striate, pollen grains of which are prolate or oliveshaped, and striate (Zingiber Setc. Cryptanthium). II. The type Aperturate, in which pollen grains are acetilysis-resistant and possess distinct apertures (mixed colpate-porate or forate), including two subtypes: (1)The subtype Mixed colpate and Porate. Pollen grains are both 3-colpate and 1-3-porate, and usually with one long spiral, two short (straight or slightly curved) colpi and 1-3-poris. The exine is verrucate or not, nearly sinuolate (Costus speciosus, C. tonkinensis, C. lacerus). (2) The subtype porate, whose grains are 6-8-porate and exine is foveolate (Costus megalobractea). The taxonomic significance of the pollen types in the family Zingiberaceae is also discussed.     

Pollen Morphology of the Aceraceae

Pollen of 40 Acer taxa and one species of Dipteronia were examined by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Pollen grains in both genera are tricolpate or tricolporate of prolate to nearly spheroidal shape. Based on sexine pattern, four major pollen types were recognized and include striate grains, rugulose grains, microreticulate grains, and granular grains. Although the family appears to be rather stenopalynous, several useful taxonomic variations occur.     

Microornamentation and Regeneration: an Example from Devonian Scolecodonts from the Voronezh Anteclise

Five types of scolecodont microornamentation are recognized: striate, regular, granular, rhombic, and columnar. The connection between the type of ornamentation and the position of the scolecodont element in the jaw is analyzed. The ability of scolecodonts to regenerate is examined based on material from the Devonian of the Voronezh Anteclise.     

The structure and evolution of Ordovician conodont apparatuses

Multielement taxonomy was instituted for Ordovician conodonts over a decade ago, and probably a majority of the multielement genera have been defined or are well understood. The present systems of notation for elements within apparatuses are inadequate and cumbersome. A new notation scheme is proposed which applies a single-letter code to the position in the apparatus occupied by certain element morphotypes. The taxonomic status of all known Ordovician conodont genera is reviewed (appendix) using the new notation, and a new scheme to classify conodont apparatuses is presented. Five main apparatus types (I-V) and seventeen subtypes (IA-IC, etc.) are defined. Within these groups, all known Ordovician conodont genera can be accommodated, and probably few new groups are required to include all other conodont genera. The apparatus types and subtypes are defined on the basis of symmetry, curvature, and number of the element types, with a clear distinction being made between the first and second transition series. Certain homologous relationships, both between and within many apparatus types, are noted. The evolution of the five major types, and the subtypes, is traced through the Ordovician. The pattern of evolution suggests that the types and subtypes recognized are probably natural biologic groupings, largely reflecting phylogenetic change.     

Pollen morphology of Adenandra (Rutaceae: Diosminae) and its taxonomic implications

The pollen morphology of Adenandra Willd. (Rutaceae: Diosminae) was investigated to determine its taxonomic significance. Pollen of 27 of the 30 infrageneric taxa (representing 16 of the 18 species) was investigated by LM, SEM and TEM. Adenandra differs from all other Diosminae in having 4-colporate rather than 3-colporate pollen grains. This supports the alleged monophyletic status of the genus. Exine morphology and structure, however, is extremely diverse considering the size of the genus, with eight distinct pollen types and four subtypes being discerned. In some members the grains have uniform macroreticulate, striate or striato-reticulate sculpturing, whereas in others the poles have striate, striato-reticulate or reticulate-perforate sculpturing with various types of reticulate or rugulate sculpturing at the mesocolpia. Taxonomic groupings revealed by the pollen characters suggest elationships between taxa that were not previously apparent. It is suggested that evolutionary diversification among species of Adenandra is often more strikingly reflected by pollen morphology than by macromorphology, hence the eurypalynous state of the genus.     

The diversity of the immunohistological staining pattern of Sternberg-Reed cells

Lymph node tissue of eight cases of Hodgkin's disease of all different subtypes was studied with an immunoperoxidase technique for the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG), J chain, kappa and lambda light chains, and alpha-1-antitrypsin in different types of Sternberg-Reed cells. It was found that L&H type Sternberg-Reed cells of the nodular lymphocyte predominance type contained IgG, J chain, and one type of light chain per individual cell. It is concluded that these findings indicate that L&H type Sternberg-Reed cells produce IgG and, consequently, are B immunoblasts. Typical and lacunar type Sternberg-Reed cells of mixed cellularity and nodular sclerosis subtypes were found to contain IgG and both types of light chains per individual cell. J chain was absent from these cells are alpha-1-antitrypsin was found in some of them in a paranuclear pattern, comparable to that in histiocytes. It is concluded that these findings exclude the production of IgG by these types of Sternberg-Reed cells and it is suggested that these Sternberg-Reed cells may be related to histiocytes on the basis of the similarity in the staining pattern for alpha-1-antitrypsin.     

中国芸香科植物的花粉形态

本文用光学显微镜对我国21属52种2变种芸香科(Rutaceae)植物的花粉形态进行了详细地观察研究,其中对6属6种进行了扫描电镜观察。本科花粉具沟孔,是花粉单类型的科之一。根据萌发孔的数目和外壁纹饰特点,本文将芸香科的花粉分为具3孔沟和4-6孔沟两个花粉类型,并根据各属花粉形态特征,作出了花粉形态分属检索表。此外,本文还对花椒(Zanthoxylum L.)和Fagara两属的合并问题及花椒与吴茱萸(Evodia Scop.)两属之间的亲缘关系等问题进行了讨论。     

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF ENDOTHECIAL THICKENINGS IN THE ORCHIDACEAE

Endothecial cell thickenings were examined in anther macerations of representative species from 210 genera of the Orchidaceae. Nearly all species examined possessed the characteristic thickened walls which, in several tested species, gave a positive reaction to phloroglucinol, indicating the presence of lignin. Four basic thickening types were identified; distribution of the types was found to be largely in agreement with previously recognized suprageneric groups. Type I thickenings are tightly packed channels of loops or helices and were found in the “neottioid” genera, the Apostasioideae, and putatively basal genera in the remaining subfamilies. Because of its occurrence in the Apostasioideae, which is believed to be the most basal subfamily, Type I is hypothesized to be the plesiomorphic thickening type for the remainder of the Orchidaceae. Type II thickenings appear as scattered loops and may be a synapomorphy for the Orchidoideae, as they were found in all genera sampled from the subfamily except Disperis. Type III thickenings are circular in appearance and were found in the Cypripedioideae and in some members of the Spiranthoideae and Epidendroideae. Type IV thickenings show little regular arrangement, appearing to be scattered bars, and were observed primarily in the Epidendroideae and also in some Spiranthoideae. Three subtypes were recognized in Type III and Type IV. Some genera, such as Triphora, Goodyera, and Elythranthera, had thickenings that appeared intermediate between the recognized types. In general, terrestrial genera were found to have regularly arranged, well-developed thickenings, while many epiphytic groups showed congested, irregular, thinner thickenings.     

Pollen types in Southern New World Convolvulaceae and their taxonomic significance

Pollen morphology from 143 collections representing 11 genera and 75 species of native South American Convolvulaceae was analyzed with LM and SEM. Exine structure and sculpture allow to distinguish three main types, in two of these types some subtypes were recognized. 1) Tectate, microechinate-perforate exine, with ramified columellae. On the basis of apertures three subtypes were distinguished: tricolpate in Aniseia, Bonamia, Convolvulus, Cressa, Dichondra, Merremia and Jacquemontia blanchetii; penta-hexacolpate in Merremia umbellata; and pantoporate with elliptic and circular pores, in Calystegia. 2) Tectate, microechinate-perforate exine with microspines and single columellae in concordant pattern, relates pantocolpate pollen of Jacquemontia and Evolvulus. From pollen data generic status of J. blanchetii should be considered. 3) Semitectate, echinate or gemmate, microechinate-microreticulate exine with single columellae is exclusive of pantoporate pollen of Ipomoea. Four subtypes were recognized in this genera, which are discussed in relation to Austins infrageneric classification.     

Morphology of pollen and orbicules in some Dioscorea species and its systematic implications

Pollen and orbicule morphology of 35 Dioscorea L. species is described based on observations with light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Pollen and orbicule characters are critically evaluated and discussed in the context of existing hypotheses of systematic relationships within the genus. Pollen is mostly bisulcate (sometimes monosulcate) with a perforate, microreticulate or striate sexine. Our results indicate that pollen data may be significant at sectional rank. The close relationship between sections Asterotricha and Enantiophyllum proposed by Burkill and Ayensu is supported by pollen morphology as all species investigated share bisulcate, perforate pollen with small perforations and a high perforation density. Macromorphological differences between the two compound-leaved sections Botryosicyos and Lasiophyton are also supported by pollen morphology; pollens of these two sections have very different perforation patterns. Orbicules in Dioscorea are mostly spherical and possess a smooth or spinulose surface. The latter is often correlated with a striate sexine.     

MACROH2A2, a new member of the MARCOH2A core histone family

MACROH2As are core histones that have a unique hybrid structure consisting of an amino-terminal domain that closely resembles a full-length histone H2A followed by a large nonhistone region. The human MACROH2A1 gene, on chromosome 5, encodes two MACROH2A subtypes, MACROH2A1.1 and MACROH2A1.2, produced by alternate splicing. Here we report the identification of MACROH2A2, a new MACROH2A subtype encoded by a separate gene on human chromosome 10, MACROH2A2. The amino acid sequence of human MACROH2A2 is 68% identical to human MACROH2A1.2. We show by immunofluorescence on mouse tissue sections that MACROH2A2, like MACROH2A1.2, is concentrated in the inactive X chromosome. However, MACROH2A2 has a very different pattern of expression in the cell types present in the liver and kidney. When MACROH2A2 and MACROH2A1.2 are present in the same nucleus, they have a similar, though nonidentical, pattern of localization, with both subtypes present in the inactive X chromosome. Our results suggest a developmental role for MACROH2A subtypes.     

Topographic patterns of odorant receptor expression in mammals: a comparative study

In a comparative study, molecular probes for various odorant receptor subtypes were employed in in situ hybridization experiments on tissue sections through the nose from different mammalian species. OR37 reactive neurons were found exclusively in the rodent species, where they were clustered in very similar position within the nasal cavities; an OR37-related receptor subtype was not detectable in the rabbit. All other subtypes tested, hybridized across species borders to neurons that were distributed within distinct zones of the olfactory epithelium. Most receptor types were found in the same zone in all species; however, a few subtypes which are expressed in the medial zone in rat were found in the dorsal zone in guinea pig.     

Muscle fiber typing in routinely processed skeletal muscle with monoclonal antibodies

Muscle fiber typing is conventionally performed using mATPase enzyme histochemistry on cryostat sections. After pre-incubation of sections at pH 4.3, 4.6 and 10.3, based on the pattern of enzyme reactivity, the fibers can be classified in types I, II (subtypes A, AB and B) and the intermediate C (I and II) fibers. We have attempted to perform fiber typing of human psoas muscle by immunohistochemistry, using monoclonal antibodies R11D10 (specific for cardiac and type I skeletal myosin) and MY-32 (specific for fast muscle fibers) on cryostat as well as on paraffin sections. Staining of consecutive cryostat sections showed that type I fibers are R11D10 reactive whereas type II fibers are MY-32 reactive. Subtyping of type II fibers could not be performed by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative analysis of type I and II fibers showed that enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis are in close agreement.     

Pollen morphology of Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae) and its relation to systematics

This paper adds new data on the pollen and orbicule morphology of 61 Dioscorea L. (Dioscoreaceae) species to the survey of Schols et al . (2001). The results indicate that pollen characters may be significant in infrageneric systematics in Dioscorea . Pollen and orbicule characters are described based on observations with light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and are critically evaluated and discussed in the context of existing hypotheses of systematic relationships within the genus. Pollen is mostly disulculate (sometimes monosulcate) with a perforate, microreticulate, striate, gemmate, rugulate, or cerebroid perforate sexine. The basal section Stenophora is one of the few sections with monosulcate pollen. Brachyandra , Cardiocapsa , and Seriflorae , three Malagasy sections, are characterized by striate pollen. Pollen morphology strongly supports section Enantiophyllum as a monophyletic group. The correlation between pollen size and tuber type, as suggested previously by P. Su (1987), is confirmed by our data. As found in our earlier survey, orbicules in Dioscorea are mostly spherical with a smooth or spinulose surface.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 143 , 375–390.     

青藏高原东缘风毛菊亚属16种植物果皮微形态研究

采用扫描电子显微镜对青藏高原东缘风毛菊亚属中的16种植物果实表皮微形态特征进行观察,结果表明：（1）果皮纹饰类型为：条纹型,有隔条纹型和网纹型。（2）根据种内个体间、组内种间以及组间的比较, 认为在风毛菊亚属中, 果实表皮显微特征在种内个体间比较稳定, 变异很小; 同组内种间表现出较大的相似性而不同组间存在着一定差异。说明在组和组下等级的分类学处理以及在系统位置和亲缘关系的探讨上, 果实显微特征具有重要的分类学价值。     

Laminar distribution of the multiple opioid receptors in the human cerebral cortex

Quantitative autoradiographic assessment of cerebral cortical laminar distribution of μ, δ and κ opioid receptors was carried out in coronal sections of five post-mortem human brains obtained at autopsy. The cortical areas studied were: cingulate, frontal, insular, parietal, parahippocampal, temporal, occipitotemporal, occipital and striate area. In general, the laminar patterns of distribution for the three types of receptors are distinctive. Peak levels of δ opioid binding are in laminae I, II, and IIa. μ-Receptors are located in lamina III followed by I and II in cingulate, frontal, insular and parietal cortices and lamina IV in temporal and occiptotemporal cortices. κ-Receptors are found concentrated in laminae V and VI. The patterns of opioid binding in cortical laminae showed remarkable consistency in all five brains examined. In contrast to other cortical areas, the parahippocampal gyrus, at the level of the amygdaloid formation, demonstrated peak κ receptor density in laminae I, II and III. μ-Opioid binding was undetectable in the lateral occipital cortex and in the striate area. Special issue dedicated to Dr. Eric J. Simon.     

Gender distinctions in recognition of partly masked geometric figures

Visual recognition of entire and partly masked geometric figure by men and women was studied. Probabilities of correct recognition of the entire (control) and partly masked figures (without some parts of their lines or corners) under conditions of their near-threshold tachistoscopic presentation were compared. A gradual decrease in recognition probability with increasing masking was observed. It was more pronounced for figures without some corners than for figures without part of their sides. Reliable gender differences were found: men better than women recognized figures, especially, with masked corners. Possible reasons for gender differences in recognition of geometrical figures are discussed, in particular, the role of striate sensitivity to a single light bar and a line crossing in the observed phenomena.