胃缺血/再灌注损伤引起大鼠脑室旁核及孤束核c-fos表达

目的:观察电和化学刺激下丘脑室旁核(PVN) 对大鼠胃缺血/再灌注损伤(GI/RI)的影响及孤束核(NTS)在其中的作用和GI-RI后PVN、NTS内c-fos表达的情况.方法:夹闭大鼠腹腔动脉30 min,松开动脉夹血流复灌1 h制备GI/RI模型,应用Fos免疫组织化学法(ABC法)观察GI-RI后中枢神经系统内c-fos表达的情况.结果:①电和化学刺激PVN后,GI/RI减轻.②损毁双侧NTS后,能取消电刺激PVN对GI-RI的影响.③GI-RI能引起PVN、NTS等核团内c-fos表达增加.结论:GI-RI的伤害性刺激影响了PVN、NTS的功能.PVN、NTS参与了对GI-RI的调控.     

电刺激下丘脑外侧区对大鼠胃缺血-再灌注损伤的影响

采用夹闭大鼠腹腔动脉30min,松开动脉夹血流复灌60min的胃缺血－再灌注损伤(gastric ischemia reperfusion injury,GI-RI)模型,用电和化学刺激,电损毁的方法观察了下丘脑外侧区（lateral hypothalamic area,LHA)对GI－RI的影响,并对其机制进行了初步分析,结果表明：（1）以0．2,0．4,0．6mA的电流强度刺激LHA,GI－RI均显著加重,且有强度－效应依赖关系,LHA内注射L－谷氨酸（L－Glu)后,对LI－RI的效应与电刺激相似,电损毁双侧LHA,GI－RI面积较电刺激组明显减小;（2）损毁双侧背侧迷走复合体（dorsal vagal complex,DVC)或切损毁是LHA,GI－RI面积较电刺激组明显减小;（2）损 侧背侧迷走复合体（dorsal vagal complex,DVC)或切断膈下迷走神经均能取消电刺激LHA加重GI－RI的作用。（3）电刺激LHA使缺血－再灌注（ischemia-reperfusion,I-R)的胃粘膜丙二醛（MDA）含量升高,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性降低;（4）电刺激LHA使I－R的胃液量和总酸排出量增多,而酸度,胃蛋白酶活性和胃壁结合粘液量等无明显改变,结果提示;LHA是对GI－RI具有加重作用的中枢部位,其作用是通过DVC及迷走神经下传的,电刺激LHA加重GI－RI的作用与胃粘膜MDA含量增加,SOD活性降低,胃液量和总酸排出量增加等因素有关,而似与酸度,胃蛋白酶活性,胃壁结合粘液量等因素无关。     

弧束核参与剌激下丘脑室旁核的镇痛作用

This study was undertaken to evaluate the analgesic effect of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) stimulation with tail stimulation-vocalization test. The mechanism of this analgesia was analysed with nuclear lesion and microinjection technique. The main results were as follows: (1) Electrical stimulation of the PVN could significantly enhance the pain threshold and increase the content of AVP in brainstem measured by radioimmunoassay. (2) Solitary tract nucleus (STN) lesion could eliminate the analgesic effect induced by PVN stimulation. (3) Intranuclear microinjection of AVP-antagonist and AVP-antiserum into the STN could block the analgesic effect of PVN stimulation. (4) Intranuclear microinjection of AVP into the STN could mimick the analgesic effect similar to that of PVN stimulation. These results suggest that electrical stimulation of the PVN could produce an analgesic effect. This effect might be mediated by the activation of VP-ergic neurons in PVN and upon releasing VP from the descending fibers, the activities of neurons in the STN are influenced.     

下丘脑室旁核加压素能神经元参与电针刺激对实验性...

It has been demonstrated in animal model of somatic pain that hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) participates in acupuncture analgesia, probably by mediation of vasopressin release. The role of PVN in acupuncture analgesia for experimental visceral pain in rats was further investigated in the present study. Experimental results demonstrated that electroacupuncture could inhibit the writhing response, produced by intraperitoneal injection of antimonium potassium tartrate and this inhibitory effect could be enhanced by electrical stimulation of PVN, but decreased by electrolytical lesion of PVN, intracerebroventricular injection of vasopressin antiserum (14 microliters) or the vasopressin antagonist, d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)-AVP (500 ng/5 microliters). Intraperitoneal administration of the latter drug (10 micrograms/kg), however, was ineffective. The above experimental results suggest that vasopressinergic neurons in PVN also participate in the inhibition of visceral pain by electroacupuncture.     

大鼠肢体缺血预处理对肝缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：研究肢体缺血预处理对大鼠肝缺血/再灌注损伤是否具有保护作用。方法：雄性SD大鼠32只,随机分为对照组（S组）;缺血/再灌注组（I/R组）;经典缺血预处理组（IPC组）;肢体缺血预处理组（远端缺血预处理组,RPC组）。S组仅行开腹,不作其他处理;IPC组以肝缺血5min作预处理;RPC组以双后肢缺血5min,反复3次作预处理,2个预处理组及I/R组均行肝缺血1h再灌注3h。取血用于血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）与血清谷草转氨酶（AST）检测。切取肝组织用于测定湿干比（W/D）、中性粒细胞（PMN）计数及观察显微、超微结构的变化。结果：与I/R组比较,IPC组,RPC组ALT,AST,W/D值,及PMN计数均明显降低（P〈0.01）,肝脏的显微及超微结构损伤减轻。结论：肢体缺血预处理对大鼠肝脏I/R损伤有明显的保护作用,强度与经典缺血预处理相当,其机制可能与抑制肝脏炎症反应、减轻肝脏水肿、改善肝组织微循环有关。     

孤束核参与刺激下丘脑室旁核的镇痛作用

本实验用电刺激鼠尾-嘶叫法测痛,观察电刺激下丘脑室旁核的镇痛效应,并采用核团损毁和核团内微量注射药物等方法分析其镇痛通路。实验结果如下:(1)电刺激下丘脑室旁核能产生明显的镇痛效应。同时,放射免疫测定发现脑干加压素含量升高。(2)损毁孤束核能取消刺激下丘脑室旁核的镇痛效应,但对基础痛阈无影响。(3)孤束核内微量注射加压素拮抗剂[d(CH_2)_5 TYr(Me)-AVP]60ng/0.6μl 和加压素抗血清0.6μl 都可明显对抗刺激下丘脑室旁核的镇痛效应。(4)直接在孤束核内微量注射加压素60ng/0.6μl,能模拟刺激下丘脑室旁核的镇痛效应。实验结果表明:电刺激下丘脑室旁核能产生镇痛效应,其机理之一可能是兴奋了下丘脑室旁核中加压素能神经元胞体,后者通过下行投射纤维在孤束核中释放加压素,影响孤束核神经元的活动,从而产生镇痛。     

腺苷预处理对大鼠心脏移植缺血再灌注损伤心肌的保护作用

目的探讨腺苷（adenosine,Ado）预处理在心脏移植缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法健康雄性Sprague．Dawley（SD）大鼠40只,建立大鼠同系异位心脏移植模型。随机分为3组：假手术组、对照组、实验组（供体心在获取前15min给予Ado预处理后4℃改良St．Thoms液10mL。主动脉根部灌注停跳）。术后5h测定血清中丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）含量,电镜观测心肌细胞超微结构变化。结果实验组MDA、CK-MB明显减少（P〈0．01）,SOD明显增加（P〈0．01）,心肌超微结构改变明显减轻。实验组的移植心脏存活时间较对照组明显延长[（22．1±2．9）dw（12．0±1．8）d,P〈0．01）]。结论Ado预处理对心脏移植缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,使受者的移植心脏存活期延长。     

实验性高血压大鼠室旁核加压素分泌的免疫细胞化学研究

精氨酸加压素（AVP）主要是由下丘脑室旁核（PVN）和视上核（SON）的加压素能神经元合成分泌。近年来的研究表明,AVP作为一种血管活性肽与高血压的发病有关。本文采用二肾一夹法制成高血压模型。应用光、电镜技术、免疫细胞化不技术和图象分析技术对实验性高血压大鼠PVN加压素神经元进行了研究,并与SON加压素神经元及正常大鼠进行比较,研究结果表明,实验性高血压大鼠PVN和SON内AVP阳性细胞中分泌颗粒密集呈棕黄色,正常大鼠组染色浅谈。图象分析检测两组PVN和SON中AVP阳性细胞平均灰度值,所得数据分别经统计学处理,实验组和正常组AVP神经元在PVN有显著性差异。在SON也有显著性差异。但在实验组内的PVN和SON之间无显著性差异,正常大鼠组PVN和SON之间亦无显著性差异。结果表明, 高血压大鼠在血压升高时,PVN和SON内加压素神经元的分泌增强。     

缺血预处理对大鼠肺缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 :观察缺血预处理 (IPC)对大鼠肺缺血 /再灌注 (I/R)损伤的保护作用 ,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法 :建立离体大鼠肺灌流模型 ,36只wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、I/R组和IPC组 ,处理完毕后分别测定平均肺动脉压(MPAP)、肺组织湿 /干重比、支气管肺泡灌洗液中肺表面活性物质磷脂及表面张力改变 ,肺组织标本送电镜检查。结果 :①电镜下观察IPC组肺损伤明显减轻。②肺组织湿 /干重比值IPC组为 4.41± 0 .2 4,显著低于I/R组 ,但仍高于缺血前 (P <0 .0 1) ;③IPC组大鼠缺血 1h后MPAP为 ( 1.88± 0 .2 9)kPa ,明显低于I/R组 (P <0 .0 1) ;④IPC组支气管肺泡灌洗液中总磷脂为 ( 2 33 .42± 14.0 5 ) μg/kg ,大聚体为 ( 10 5 .39± 6 .17) μg/kg ,与I/R组相比显著增高 ,但低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,三组之间小聚体含量没有显著差异 ;⑤IPC组表面张力为 ( 36 .88± 3.49)mN/m ,显著低于I/R组 ,与对照组相比则无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :缺血预处理对大鼠肺I/R损伤有保护作用 ,保护机制可能与促进肺表面活性物质 (PS)磷脂分泌、改善PS组成 ,从而提高PS功能有关。     

胆红素对大鼠肺脏缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的研究

目的探讨胆红素对实验性大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用并探讨其发生的机制。方法60只健康Wistar大鼠随机分为3组：手术对照（C）组,缺血再灌注（IR）组,胆红素干预（B）组。每组分别于缺血第45min、再灌注30min、60min、120min4个时点,经左房放血处死大鼠,观察肺组织病理形态变化,检测血浆丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的含量,测定肺组织干/湿重（D/W）比值,TUNEL法测定肺组织中细胞凋亡指数（AI）。结果①肺组织病理变化：缺血再灌注后IR组肺组织损伤进行性加重,毛细血管充血、肺泡间隔炎性细胞浸润、肺泡腔内炎性细胞及炎性液体渗出显著,B组肺组织充血、水肿、炎性细胞浸润较IR组减轻。②血浆MDA含量：IR组在缺血再灌注后血浆MDA含量明显增加,较C组和B组同时点均显著增高（P〈0.01）,而B组的MDA含量在缺血再灌注过程中的变化无显著性意义;③血浆SOD含量：经缺血再灌注后,IR和B组血浆SOD含量较C组同时点均显著下降（P〈0.05）,B组减少的程度明显小于IR组（P〈0.05）;④肺组织D/W比值：经缺血和再灌注后,IR组和B组的肺组织D/W比值都呈进行性下降（再灌注60、120minvs缺血45min,P〈0.01）;B组下降幅度明显小于IR组（再灌注60、120min时,B组vsIR组,P〈0.05）;⑤肺组织细胞AI的变化：IR组及B组缺血再灌注后均可见肺组织细胞凋亡现象,但与IR组相比,B组相同时点的肺组织细胞凋亡数显著减少（P〈0.05）;结论胆红素对于实验性大鼠肺脏缺血再灌注损伤具有一定的保护作用,其作用机制与清除氧自由基、抗氧化及抗细胞凋亡有关。     

Neuroregulative mechanism of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus on gastric ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

A rat model of gastric ischemia-reperfusion injury (GI-RI) was established by clamping the celiac artery for 30 min and allowing reperfusion for 1 h, on which the regulatory effect of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and its neural mechanisms were investigated. The results were: 1. Electrical stimulation of the PVN obviously attenuated the GI-RI. Microinjection of L-glutamic acid into PVN produced an effect similar to that of PVN stimulation. 2. Electrolytic ablation of the PVN aggravated the GI-RI. 3. Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) ablation could eliminate the protective effect of electrical stimulation of PVN on GI-RI. 4. Hypophysectomy did not alter the effect of electrical stimulation of PVN. 5. Vagotomy or sympathectomy both could increase the effect of PVN stimulation on GI-RI. These results indicate that the PVN participates in the development of GI-RI as a specific area in the CNS, exerting protective effects on the GI-RI. The NTS and vagus and sympathetic nerve may be involved in the regulative mechanism of PVN on GI-RI, but the PVN mechanism here is independent of the PVN-hypophyseal pathway.     

清醒大鼠室旁核微量注射心房钠尿肽对压力感受性反射敏感性的影响

心房钠尿肽(atriaI natriuretic peptide,ANP)作为一种神经递质或调质可能参与心血管活动的中枢调节。本实验在清醒大鼠室旁核(paraventricular nucleus,PVN)注射ANP,探讨其对压力感受性反射敏感性的影响,并通过侧脑室注射血管升压素受体Ⅰ阻断剂OPC-21268,观察ANP对压力感受性反射敏感性的调节是否与中枢血管升压素有关。实验中观察到,在PVN内微量注射ANP(6、60 ng/0.2μl)可明显提高压力感受性反射敏感性(P<0.05),侧脑室预先注射OPC-21268 (0,45 μg/3 μl)后,ANP对压力感受性反射敏感性的增强作用明显减弱(P<0.05)。静脉注射ANP(60 ng/0.04 ml)不影响压力感受性反射敏感性。上述结果提示,心房钠尿肽对压力感受性反射活动起易化作用,心房钠尿肽的这种中枢作用可能部分通过中枢血管升压素介导。     

The effects of nesfatin‐1 in the paraventricular nucleus on gastric motility and its potential regulation by the lateral hypothalamic area in rats

The current study investigated the effects of nesfatin‐1 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on gastric motility and the regulation of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Using single unit recordings in the PVN, we show that nesfatin‐1 inhibited the majority of the gastric distention (GD)‐excitatory neurons and excited more than half of the GD‐inhibitory (GD‐I) neurons in the PVN, which were weakened by oxytocin receptor antagonist H4928. Gastric motility experiments showed that administration of nesfatin‐1 in the PVN decreased gastric motility, which was also partly prevented by H4928. The nesfatin‐1 concentration producing a half‐maximal response (EC50) in the PVN was lower than the value in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, while nesfatin‐1 in the reuniens thalamic nucleus had no effect on gastric motility. Retrograde tracing and immunofluorescent staining showed that nucleobindin‐2/nesfatin‐1 and fluorogold double‐labeled neurons were observed in the LHA. Electrical LHA stimulation changed the firing rate of GD‐responsive neurons in the PVN. Pre‐administration of an anti‐ nucleobindin‐2/nesfatin‐1 antibody in the PVN strengthened gastric motility and decreased the discharging of the GD‐I neurons induced by electrical stimulation of the LHA. These results demonstrate that nesfatin‐1 in the PVN could serve as an inhibitory factor to inhibit gastric motility, which might be regulated by the LHA.

     

Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

There is a great evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemia −reperfusion(I/R)injury in skeletal muscle.Caffeic acid phenethyl ester(CAPE)is a component of honeybeep ropolis.It has antioxidant, anti−inflammatory and free radical scavenger properties.The aim of this study is to determine the protective effects of CAPE against I/R injury in respect of protein oxidation, neutrophil in filtration, and the activities of xanthine oxidase(XO)and adenosine deaminase(AD)onan<invivomodel of skeletal muscle I/R injury.Rats were divided into three equal groups each consisting of sixrats:Sham operation, I/R, and I/R plus CAPE(I/R+CAPE)groups.CAPE was administered intraperitoneally 60 min before the beginning of the reperfusion.At the end of experimental procedure, blood and gastrocnemius muscle tissues were used for biochemical analyses.Tissue protein carbonyl(PC)levels and the activities of XO, myeloperoxidase(MPO) and AD in I/R group were significantly higher than that of control(p0.01, p0.05, p0.01, p0.005, respectively).Administration of CAPE significantly decreased tissue PC levels, MPO and XO activities in skeletal muscle compared to I/R group(p0.01, p0.05, p0.05, respectively).In addition, plasma creatine phosphokinase(CPK), XO and ADactivities were decreased in I/R+CAPE group compared to I/R group(p0.05, p0.05, p0.001). The results of this study revealed that free radical attacks may play an important role in the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle I/R injury. Also, the potent free radical scavenger compound, CAPE, may have protective potential in this process. Therefore, it can be speculated that CAPE or other antioxidant agents may be useful in the treatment of I/R injury as well as diffused traumatic injury of skeletal muscle.     

Analogues of arginine vasopressin modified in position 2 and 3 with conformationally constrained dipeptide fragments.

This study describes the synthesis and some pharmacological properties of ten new analogues of arginine vasopressin (AVP) containing a conformationally constrained dipeptide fragment in the N-terminal part of their molecules. Amino acid residues in positions 2 and 3 of AVP and some of its agonistic analogues were replaced with -Phe-Phe and D-Phe-D-Phe, dipeptides having a -CH2-CH2- link bridging two nitrogens. All the new peptides were tested for vasopressor and antidiuretic activities. Four peptides with pA2 values ranging from 5.96 to 7.21 turned out to be weak or moderately potent V1a antagonists. The results supplied new information about the structure-activity relationship of AVP analogues. As some of these were unexpected, they point to the need for caution when extrapolating previously known effects of modifications to analogues having conformationally constrained fragments in their molecules.     

脑室内注射一氧化氮供体及一氧化氮合酶抑制剂对室旁核大细胞自发电活动的作用

在乌拉坦麻醉的成年ＳＤ大鼠上,用玻璃微电极细胞外记录的方法,观察了脑室内注射一氧化氮供体及一氧化氮合酶抑制剂对室旁核大细胞自发电活动的作用。结果发现：脑室内注射一氧化氮供体硝普钠对下丘脑室旁核中的加压素神经元产生剂量依赖性抑制作用;脑室内注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂对加压素神经元也产生抑制作用。上述两种药物对催产素神经元均无作用。这些结果提示：一氧化氮可能在调节加压素和催产素神经元活动中起着不同的作用。     

Conformational studies of vasopressin and mesotocin using NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling methods. Part I: Studies in water.

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and mesotocin (MT) belong to the neurohypophyseal hormone family. The former plays a very important role in the control of urine concentration and the blood pressure in mammals, whereas the latter stimulates uterine concentration and initiates birth in amphibians, marsupials, wallabies, birds, and fishes. Analysis of their 3D structure could be helpful for understanding the evolutionary relationship between all vasopressin- and oxytocin-like hormones. In addition, it allows design of new analogs with appropriate biological activity for humans and animals. In this paper, we present the conformational studies of AVP and MT, under the aqueous conditions. In our investigations, we used 2D NMR spectroscopy and time-averaged molecular dynamics calculations in explicit water. Our studies have shown that both peptides, despite displaying a high sequence homology, differ from each other with regard to the three-dimensional structure. They are in conformational equilibrium as a result of the cis/trans isomerization across the Cys(6)-Pro(7) peptide bond. Both peptides form beta-turns in their cyclic part, wherein the C-terminal fragment of MT is bent, whereas that of AVP is extended.     

Arginine vasopressin and a vasopressin antagonist peptide: Opposite effects on extinction of active avoidance in rats

Systemic injection of arginine vasopressin (AVP) (1 μ/rat) significantly prolonged extinction of a pole-jump, active avoidance response in rats; lateral ventricular injection of 1000-fold less AVP (1 ng/rat) produced similar results. A new AVP analogue, [1-deaminopenicillamine-2-(O-methyl)-tyrosine]arginine vasopressin (dPTyr-(Me)AVP), is known to antagonize behavioral and vascular effects of exogenous AVP at molar ratios of 5:1. At a dose of 100 μ/rat (subcutaneously) dPTyr-(Me)AVP produces, by itself, a behavioral effect opposite to that of exogenous AVP, namely a facilitation of extinction. Injections of dPTyr-(Me)AVP into the lateral ventricle were ineffective except at a dose of 10 μg/rat. These results confirm previous reports of the effect of vasopressin on delaying extinction of avoidance behavior, but suggest a site of action distant from the lateral ventricle.