State of the Journal

Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres -     

Using the Unfolded State as the Reference State Improves the Performance of Statistical Potentials

Distance-dependent statistical potentials are an important class of energy functions extensively used in modeling protein structures and energetics. These potentials are obtained by statistically analyzing the proximity of atoms in all combinatorial amino-acid pairs in proteins with known structures. In model evaluation, the statistical potential is usually subtracted by the value of a reference state for better selectivity. An ideal reference state should include the general chemical properties of polypeptide chains so that only the unique factors stabilizing the native structures are retained after calibrating on reference state. However, reference states available as of this writing rarely model specific chemical constraints of peptide bonds and therefore poorly reflect the behavior of polypeptide chains. In this work, we proposed a statistical potential based on unfolded state ensemble (SPOUSE), where the reference state is summarized from the unfolded state ensembles of proteins produced according to the statistical coil model. Due to its better representation of the features of polypeptides, SPOUSE outperforms three of the most widely used distance-dependent potentials not only in native conformation identification, but also in the selection of close-to-native models and correlation coefficients between energy and model error. Furthermore, SPOUSE shows promising possibility of further improvement by integration with the orientation-dependent side-chain potentials.     

Aztec State Making: Ecology, Structure, and the Origin of the State

It has become increasingly difficult to account for state formation solely in terms of ecological variables. It is suggested that consideration of prestate political structure and the interplay of ecological variables and political dynamics (political ecology) would enhance our understanding of why and how states emerge. The Aztecs provide a case for examination. [Aztecs, ecology, political competition, state origins]