聚乙烯塑料生物降解研究进展

聚乙烯(polyethylene,PE)塑料是全球通用合成树脂中产量最丰富的品种,也是最难降解的塑料之一,其在环境中大量积累已造成严重的生态污染。传统的垃圾填埋、堆肥和焚烧处理技术难以满足生态环境的保护要求,生物降解是解决塑料污染问题的一种生态友好、成本低廉、前景可期的方法。本文对PE塑料的化学结构、降解微生物的种类、降解酶和代谢途径等方面进行了综述,结合国内外PE塑料生物降解的前沿和热点问题,建议重点开展高效降解菌株筛选、人工合成菌群构建、降解酶的挖掘与改造等方面的研究,为PE塑料生物降解研究提供路径选择和理论借鉴。     

聚乳酸(PLA)生物降解的研究进展

聚乳酸(Polylactic Acid,PLA)是一种新兴的,由可再生资源--乳酸聚合而成的高分子聚酯.因为其具有优良的物理化学性能、生物相容性及生物可降解性,且对环境及人体无毒害作用,而被认为是一种最具潜力的绿色生物塑料.作为环境友好材料,聚乳酸日益受到人们的重视.基于可循环利用的考虑,其生物降解的研究也成为当前研究的一个重要方面.本文综述了PLA生物降解领域的相关进展,包括降解的微生物学、相关酶学及分子生物学,系统阐述了PLA可能的生物降解机制.并对生物系统处理PLA废弃物的可行性进行了探讨.     

聚乳酸的生物降解

聚乳酸(polylactic acid, PLA)因其良好的理化性能、生物相容性和生物降解性而备受关注，已被认为是石油基塑料最具潜力的替代者，但在实际应用中仍然存在降解缓慢循环周期长的问题，因此对PLA的生物降解深入研究对于解决塑料垃圾污染和缓解能源危机至关重要。近年来，有关微生物(放线菌、细菌和真菌)和酶(蛋白酶、脂肪酶、酯酶和角质酶)降解PLA的研究已经取得了一定的进展。本文从降解微生物、降解酶和降解机制等方面综述了PLA生物降解的研究进展，并展望了PLA生物降解研究未来的发展趋势。     

塑料生物降解检测方法的研究进展

塑料处理不当造成的污染问题已成为全球性难题。目前的解决办法除回收利用与使用可生物降解塑料替代之外,最主要途径仍是寻求高效的塑料降解方法。其中,采用微生物或酶处理塑料的方法因其具有条件温和、不产生次生环境污染的优势而受到越来越多的关注。塑料生物降解技术的核心是高效解聚微生物/酶,然而当前的分析检测方法无法满足塑料生物降解资源的高效筛选,因此开发准确、快速的塑料降解过程分析方法,对于生物降解资源筛选和降解效能评价具有重要意义。本文介绍了近年来在塑料生物降解领域的常用分析检测技术,包括高效液相色谱、红外光谱、凝胶渗透色谱以及透明圈测定等,重点讨论了荧光分析策略在快速表征塑料生物降解过程中的应用,为进一步规范塑料生物降解过程的表征与分析研究,以及开发更高效的塑料生物降解资源筛选方法提供借鉴。     

聚氨酯塑料生物降解的研究现状

目前,聚氨酯(PUR)塑料占据全球塑料市场的6%左右,然而,由于处置不合理,大量聚氨酯塑料被丢弃到环境当中,造成了严重的资源浪费和环境污染等问题。废弃塑料的资源再利用已成为各个国家关注的重要问题。废弃塑料处理主要包括掩埋、焚烧以及机械回收、物理化学和生物利用等。与传统物理和化学法的降级利用相比,生物法因其绿色安全和潜在的高值化利用而成为研究者关注的热点。然而,塑料高分子特殊的分子结构使得目前塑料生物处理依然存在诸多问题,难以实现规模化应用。本文综述了PUR的化学结构和PUR降解性微生物的筛选方法,并总结了PUR降解微生物和降解酶的研究现状以及评价其降解效果的方法,为推进PUR生物降解研究提供了一定参考。     

生物降解聚烯烃类塑料研究进展

聚烯烃类塑料是一类以C–C键为骨架的高分子材料,被广泛应用于日常生活的各个领域。由于具有稳定的化学性质并且难以被环境中的微生物快速降解,聚烯烃塑料废弃物在全球范围内持续积累,造成了严重的环境污染及生态危机。近年来,利用生物方法降解聚烯烃类塑料引起了研究人员的广泛关注。自然界丰富的微生物资源为生物降解聚烯烃类塑料废弃物提供了可能,已经有一些对聚烯烃塑料具有降解能力的微生物被陆续报道。本文总结了聚烯烃类塑料生物降解资源及生物降解机制的研究进展,提出了目前聚烯烃类塑料生物降解过程存在的问题,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

生物降解材料聚乳酸的研究进展

介绍了可生物降解材料聚乳酸的合成、改性、应用以及聚乳酸生物降解性的研究进展,进行了较详细地综述和总结,并对聚乳酸的发展前景进行了展望。     

PET塑料废弃物及微塑料生物降解与转化的研究现状与展望

塑料工业的发展在给人类社会带来方便的同时,也导致大量的废旧塑料垃圾不断产生,给全球生态系统带来了严重的负担.我国是塑料生产和消费大国,在塑料的研究和治理等方面都面临空前的国际舆论压力,近年来,我国相继推出一系列限塑禁塑政策,发展高效塑料降解策略已成为生态、环境、能源等领域发展的迫切需求.聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)是...     

可降解塑料的微生物降解研究进展

塑料材料的广泛使用给环境带了巨大的污染和处理压力,使用可降解塑料替代传统塑料是解决这一问题的重要途径。可降解塑料的生物降解是由相应的微生物和降解酶来完成的。综述了目前常见的生物降解塑料的微生物降解研究和进展情况,明确了微生物在可降解塑料生物降解中的重要性。     

聚碳酸酯塑料生物降解及其线路化设计潜能

双酚A型聚碳酸酯(bisphenol-A polycarbonate, PC)是一种应用广泛的热塑性工程塑料,常用于医用材料和电子设备等产品。PC塑料废弃物在环境中的大量累积对生态系统和人类健康带来危害。微生物降解被认为是一种可持续发展的PC废弃物资源回收利用技术。本文综述了目前PC塑料降解的国内外研究成果,包括PC塑料的污染现状及其生物和非生物的降解,特别对PC塑料的降解微生物和降解酶研究进行了详细的总结,并在这些研究成果的基础上,提出了PC塑料降解可能的线路化设计,为潜在的PC塑料废弃物的循环利用和高值化应用提供一定的借鉴。     

Biological degradation of plastics: a comprehensive review

Lack of degradability and the closing of landfill sites as well as growing water and land pollution problems have led to concern about plastics. With the excessive use of plastics and increasing pressure being placed on capacities available for plastic waste disposal, the need for biodegradable plastics and biodegradation of plastic wastes has assumed increasing importance in the last few years. Awareness of the waste problem and its impact on the environment has awakened new interest in the area of degradable polymers. The interest in environmental issues is growing and there are increasing demands to develop material which do not burden the environment significantly. Biodegradation is necessary for water-soluble or water-immiscible polymers because they eventually enter streams which can neither be recycled nor incinerated. It is important to consider the microbial degradation of natural and synthetic polymers in order to understand what is necessary for biodegradation and the mechanisms involved. This requires understanding of the interactions between materials and microorganisms and the biochemical changes involved. Widespread studies on the biodegradation of plastics have been carried out in order to overcome the environmental problems associated with synthetic plastic waste. This paper reviews the current research on the biodegradation of biodegradable and also the conventional synthetic plastics and also use of various techniques for the analysis of degradation in vitro.     

Biosynthesis of polylactic acid and its copolymers using evolved propionate CoA transferase and PHA synthase

For the synthesis of polylactic acid (PLA) and its copolymers by one‐step fermentation process, heterologous pathways involving Clostridium propionicum propionate CoA transferase (Pct_Cp) and Pseudomonas sp. MBEL 6‐19 polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase 1 (PhaC1_Ps6‐19) were introduced into Escherichia coli for the generation of lactyl‐CoA endogenously and incorporation of lactyl‐CoA into the polymer, respectively. Since the wild‐type PhaC1_Ps6‐19 did not efficiently accept lactyl‐CoA as a substrate, site directed mutagenesis as well as saturation mutagenesis were performed to improve the enzyme. The wild‐type Pct_Cp was not able to efficiently convert lactate to lactyl‐CoA and was found to exert inhibitory effect on cell growth, random mutagenesis by error‐prone PCR was carried out. By employing engineered PhaC1_Ps6‐19 and Pct_Cp, poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐lactate), P(3HB‐co‐LA), containing 20–49 mol% lactate could be produced up to 62 wt% from glucose and 3HB. By controlling the 3HB concentration in the medium, PLA homopolymer and P(3HB‐co‐LA) containing lactate as a major monomer unit could be synthesized. Also, P(3HB‐co‐LA) copolymers containing various lactate fractions could be produced from glucose alone by introducing the Cupriavidus necator β‐ketothiolase and acetoacetyl‐CoA reductase genes. Fed‐batch cultures were performed to produce P(3HB‐co‐LA) copolymers having 9–64 mol% of lactate, and their molecular weights, thermal properties, and melt flow properties were determined. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 150–160. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

New insights into polyurethane biodegradation and realistic prospects for the development of a sustainable waste recycling process

Polyurethanes are polymeric plastics that were first used as substitutes for traditional polymers suspected to release volatile organic hazardous substances. The limitless conformations and formulations of polyurethanes enabled their use in a wide variety of applications. Because approximately 10 Mt of polyurethanes is produced each year, environmental concern over their considerable contribution to landfill waste accumulation appeared in the 1990s. To date, no recycling processes allow for the efficient reuse of polyurethane waste due to their high resistance to (a)biotic disturbances. To find alternatives to systematic accumulation or incineration of polyurethanes, a bibliographic analysis was performed on major scientific advances in the polyurethane (bio)degradation field to identify opportunities for the development of new technologies to recondition this material. Until polymers exhibiting oxo- or hydro-biodegradative traits are generated, conventional polyurethanes that are known to be only slightly biodegradable are of great concern. The research focused on polyurethane biodegradation highlights recent attempts to reprocess conventional industrial polyurethanes via microbial or enzymatic degradation. This review describes several wonderful opportunities for the establishment of new processes for polyurethane recycling. Meeting these new challenges could lead to the development of sustainable management processes involving polymer recycling or reuse as environmentally safe options for industries. The ability to upgrade polyurethane wastes to chemical compounds with a higher added value would be especially attractive.     

Preparation of photoluminescent nano-biocomposite nacre from graphene oxide and polylactic acid

Nano-biocomposites of inorganic and organic components wereprepared to produce long-persistent phosphorescent artificial nacre-like materials. Biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA), graphene oxide (GO), and nanoparticles (13–20 nm) of lanthanide-doped aluminate pigment (NLAP) were used in a simple production procedure of an organic/inorganic hybrid nano-biocomposite. Both polylactic acid and GO nanosheets were chemically modified to form covalent and hydrogen bonding. The high toughness, good tensile strength, and great endurance of those bonds were achieved by their interactions at the interfaces. Long-persistent and reversible photoluminescence was shown by the prepared nacre substrates. Upon excitation at 365 nm, the nacre substrates generated an emission peak at 517 nm. When ultraviolet light was shone on luminescent nacres, they displayed a bright green colour. The high superhydrophobicity of the generated nacres was obtained without altering their mechanical characteristics.     

Use of low MW polylactic acid and lactide to stimulate growth and yield of soybeans

Polylactic acid (PLA) is an environmentally friendly, degradable polymer which has been suggested for use as a matrix for controlled release of herbicides. The growth stimulation and yield improvement potential of low molecular weight (MW), poly(D,L-lactic acid) and D,L-lactide were evaluated using preplant soil incorporation with soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Greenhouse studies confirmed that both lactide and PLA increased soybean leaf area, pod number, bean number and bean and plant dry weight. Soybean seed yield was increased most dramatically (130%; 2.3 fold) by weekly 30 ppm lactide addition and also by single addition of low MW (3500 Daltons) PLA (40.6%; 1.4 fold). Low levels of PLA were stimulatory (15–30 ppm), while higher levels were inhibitory, with some interaction with growth conditions being evident. The stimulatory component was most readily provided by weekly lactide addition, but was also provided by slow-release, hydrolytic breakdown of PLA in the soil, with 3500 Daltons MW being better than higher MW PLA. In field studies at two locations, PLA (16.8 and 45.8 kg ha^–1) increased soybean plot yield as much as 18%, being reflected in increases in both growth and per plant yield components (plant dry wt, seed number, seed dry wt, and number of branch pods and seeds). The levels used in field studies were selected to be similar to the level of a typical carrier used in slow release of herbicides. This study suggests that use of PLA as an encapsulation matrix for herbicides could provide reduced environmental impact and improved weed control, while at the same time increasing yield of soybeans through release of a plant growth stimulant in the form of oligomeric or monomeric lactic acid.     

细菌降解萘、菲的代谢途径及相关基因的研究进展

多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是一类在环境中广泛存在的具有毒性的污染物,微生物降解是其在自然界中降解的主要途径,因而尤为重要。随着研究的深入,关于微生物降解PAHs的分子降解机制、途径等的认识逐渐积累。以下对细菌降解萘、菲的研究进展进行了概述,介绍了萘的水杨酸降解途径,菲的水杨酸、邻苯二甲酸及其他降解途径,同时也包括降解过程中涉及的降解基因簇,如nah-like、phn、phd、nid和nag等以及细菌在PAHs胁迫条件下其他相关基因的表达与调节等方面的最新进展。这些进展可为降解菌株的分子及遗传机制研究提供理论依据,将促进通过基因工程优化降解菌、更有效地检测PAHs环境污染及实现PAHs污染的生物修复。     

生物可降解塑料在不同环境条件下的降解研究进展北大核心CSCD

当前社会塑料制品的使用需求持续增加,塑料垃圾处理压力不断增大,减缓塑料污染成为当务之急,生物可降解塑料因可在一定生物活性环境下较快降解而备受关注,具有广阔的应用前景。生物可降解塑料降解条件复杂,影响因素众多,对不同生物可降解塑料降解规律,降解微生物和功能酶的透彻掌握,是实现其全面利用和高效资源化处理处置的基础和前提。文章系统梳理了常见生物可降解塑料的种类、性能、优缺点和主要用途,全面综述了生物可降解塑料的降解机理、降解微生物和功能酶,以及生物可降解塑料在不同环境条件下的降解周期和程度,以期为生物可降解塑料的微生物降解研究提供借鉴,为生物可降解塑料废弃物的高效处理处置和彻底降解提供科学参考。     

餐厨垃圾协同剩余污泥发酵产酸的生物过程与影响因素研究进展

资源化利用是应对餐厨垃圾(Kitchen waste,KW)和剩余污泥(Excess sludge,ES)快速增加的有效方法,而厌氧发酵获得挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile fatty acids,VFAs)是其中的重要方式之一,但单一底物限制了VFAs的高效生产.近年来,不同底物厌氧共发酵产生VFAs被广泛研究与应用,...