气候变化下中国不同植被区总初级生产力对干旱的响应

干旱变化具有明显的空间分异,不同植被类型对干旱的响应亦有差别。开展气候变化下不同植被覆盖类型对干旱响应的差异分析,厘清温升干旱化进程对植被的影响,对了解植被发展动态及预测未来格局有着非常重要的意义。基于1982—2017年的总初级生产力(GPP)数据和同时期东安格利亚大学气候研究中心(CRU)时间序列(TS)气候数据,分析了中国8个植被区GPP和干旱的变化趋势,通过对比标准化降水指数(SPI)和标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)的趋势差异识别了典型的温升干旱化区域,在此基础上研究气温上升如何影响GPP对干旱的响应,进一步讨论了不同植被类型对干旱的敏感性差异。结果表明：(1) 36年来8个植被区除青藏高原高寒植被区呈湿润化,其他植被区均呈现变干趋势;(2)气温上升大面积加剧了温带荒漠区和温带草原区的变干趋势;(3)亚热带常绿阔叶林区和热带季风雨林、雨林区的GPP受温度和干旱影响相当,青藏高原高寒植被区和针叶、落叶林混交林区的GPP受温度主导,其他植被区GPP均受干旱主导。     

Site-level evaluation of satellite-based global terrestrial gross primary production and net primary production monitoring

Operational monitoring of global terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) and net primary production (NPP) is now underway using imagery from the satellite‐borne Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Evaluation of MODIS GPP and NPP products will require site‐level studies across a range of biomes, with close attention to numerous scaling issues that must be addressed to link ground measurements to the satellite‐based carbon flux estimates. Here, we report results of a study aimed at evaluating MODIS NPP/GPP products at six sites varying widely in climate, land use, and vegetation physiognomy. Comparisons were made for twenty‐five 1 km² cells at each site, with 8‐day averages for GPP and an annual value for NPP. The validation data layers were made with a combination of ground measurements, relatively high resolution satellite data (Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus at ～30 m resolution), and process‐based modeling. There was strong seasonality in the MODIS GPP at all sites, and mean NPP ranged from 80 g C m^?2 yr^?1 at an arctic tundra site to 550 g C m^?2 yr^?1 at a temperate deciduous forest site. There was not a consistent over‐ or underprediction of NPP across sites relative to the validation estimates. The closest agreements in NPP and GPP were at the temperate deciduous forest, arctic tundra, and boreal forest sites. There was moderate underestimation in the MODIS products at the agricultural field site, and strong overestimation at the desert grassland and at the dry coniferous forest sites. Analyses of specific inputs to the MODIS NPP/GPP algorithm – notably the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the vegetation canopy, the maximum light use efficiency (LUE), and the climate data – revealed the causes of the over‐ and underestimates. Suggestions for algorithm improvement include selectively altering values for maximum LUE (based on observations at eddy covariance flux towers) and parameters regulating autotrophic respiration.     

Warming increases the proportion of primary production emitted as methane from freshwater mesocosms

Methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are the dominant gaseous end products of the remineralization of organic carbon and also the two largest contributors to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect. We investigated whether warming altered the balance of CH₄ efflux relative to gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) in a freshwater mesocosm experiment. Whole ecosystem CH₄ efflux was strongly related to temperature with an apparent activation energy of 0.85 eV. Furthermore, CH₄ efflux increased faster than ER or GPP with temperature, with all three processes having sequentially lower activation energies. Warming of 4 °C increased the fraction of GPP effluxing as CH₄ by 20% and the fraction of ER as CH₄ by 9%, in line with the offset in their respective activation energies. Because CH₄ is 21 times more potent as a greenhouse gas, relative to CO₂, these results suggest freshwater ecosystems could drive a previously unknown positive feedback between warming and the carbon cycle.     

Modelling the effects of changes in solar radiation on gross primary production in subtropical evergreen needle-leaf plantations

太阳辐射是陆地生态系统碳水循环的能量来源。太阳辐射的变化对植被吸收大气CO₂具有重要影响。该文通过辐射观测数据建立散射辐射比例与晴空指数的关系, 结合生态过程模型(BEPS)和通量观测数据, 模拟分析了太阳辐射变化对千烟洲常绿针叶林总初级生产力(GPP)的影响。研究结果表明: 千烟洲森林生态系统的阴叶对年GPP总量的贡献达67%, 太阳辐射变化对阴叶光合作用的影响决定了冠层GPP的变化; 太阳辐射强度和分布的年际差异导致年GPP对太阳辐射变化的响应不同, 2003、2004和2005年太阳辐射分别变化-5.44%、-1.83%和6.26%, 可使千烟洲生态系统当年GPP总量达到最大值; 在季节上, 太阳辐射的增加会导致5-6月GPP上升, 7-9月GPP下降, 使年GPP变化程度降低; 在天尺度上, 晴空指数在0.43时, 太阳辐射变化对GPP的影响最小。     

Terrestrial gross primary production: Using NIRV to scale from site to globe

Terrestrial photosynthesis is the largest and one of the most uncertain fluxes in the global carbon cycle. We find that near‐infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIR_V), a remotely sensed measure of canopy structure, accurately predicts photosynthesis at FLUXNET validation sites at monthly to annual timescales (R² = 0.68), without the need for difficult to acquire information about environmental factors that constrain photosynthesis at short timescales. Scaling the relationship between gross primary production (GPP) and NIR_V from FLUXNET eddy covariance sites, we estimate global annual terrestrial photosynthesis to be 147 Pg C/year (95% credible interval 131–163 Pg C/year), which falls between bottom‐up GPP estimates and the top‐down global constraint on GPP from oxygen isotopes. NIR_V‐derived estimates of GPP are systematically higher than existing bottom‐up estimates, especially throughout the midlatitudes. Progress in improving estimated GPP from NIR_V can come from improved cloud screening in satellite data and increased resolution of vegetation characteristics, especially details about plant photosynthetic pathway.     

Forest carbon use efficiency: is respiration a constant fraction of gross primary production?

Carbon‐use efficiency (CUE), the ratio of net primary production (NPP) to gross primary production (GPP), describes the capacity of forests to transfer carbon (C) from the atmosphere to terrestrial biomass. It is widely assumed in many landscape‐scale carbon‐cycling models that CUE for forests is a constant value of ∼0.5. To achieve a constant CUE, tree respiration must be a constant fraction of canopy photosynthesis. We conducted a literature survey to test the hypothesis that CUE is constant and universal among forest ecosystems. Of the 60 data points obtained from 26 papers published since 1975, more than half reported values of GPP that were not estimated independently from NPP; values of CUE calculated from independent estimates of GPP were greater than those calculated from estimates of GPP derived from NPP. The slope of the relationship between NPP and GPP for all forests was 0.53, but values of CUE varied from 0.23 to 0.83 for different forest types. CUE decreased with increasing age, and a substantial portion of the variation among forest types was caused by differences in stand age. When corrected for age the mean value of CUE was greatest for temperate deciduous forests and lowest for boreal forests. CUE also increased as the ratio of leaf mass‐to‐total mass increased. Contrary to the assumption of constancy, substantial variation in CUE has been reported in the literature. It may be inappropriate to assume that respiration is a constant fraction of GPP as adhering to this assumption may contribute to incorrect estimates of C cycles. A 20% error in current estimates of CUE used in landscape models (i.e. ranging from 0.4 to 0.6) could misrepresent an amount of C equal to total anthropogenic emissions of CO₂ when scaled to the terrestrial biosphere.     

太阳辐射变化对亚热带人工常绿针叶林总初级生产力影响的模拟分析

太阳辐射是陆地生态系统碳水循环的能量来源。太阳辐射的变化对植被吸收大气CO₂具有重要影响。该文通过辐射观测数据建立散射辐射比例与晴空指数的关系, 结合生态过程模型(BEPS)和通量观测数据, 模拟分析了太阳辐射变化对千烟洲常绿针叶林总初级生产力(GPP)的影响。研究结果表明: 千烟洲森林生态系统的阴叶对年GPP总量的贡献达67%, 太阳辐射变化对阴叶光合作用的影响决定了冠层GPP的变化; 太阳辐射强度和分布的年际差异导致年GPP对太阳辐射变化的响应不同, 2003、2004和2005年太阳辐射分别变化-5.44%、-1.83%和6.26%, 可使千烟洲生态系统当年GPP总量达到最大值; 在季节上, 太阳辐射的增加会导致5-6月GPP上升, 7-9月GPP下降, 使年GPP变化程度降低; 在天尺度上, 晴空指数在0.43时, 太阳辐射变化对GPP的影响最小。     

A cross-biome comparison of daily light use efficiency for gross primary production

Vegetation light use efficiency is a key physiological parameter at the canopy scale, and at the daily time step is a component of remote sensing algorithms for scaling gross primary production (GPP) and net primary production (NPP) over regional to global domains. For the purposes of calibrating and validating the light use efficiency ( ε _g) algorithms, the components of ε _g– absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and ecosystem GPP – must be measured in a variety of environments. Micrometeorological and mass flux measurements at eddy covariance flux towers can be used to estimate APAR and GPP, and the emerging network of flux tower sites offers the opportunity to investigate spatial and temporal patterns in ε _g at the daily time step. In this study, we examined the relationship of daily GPP to APAR, and relationships of ε _g to climatic variables, at four micrometeorological flux tower sites – an agricultural field, a tallgrass prairie, a deciduous forest, and a boreal forest. The relationship of GPP to APAR was close to linear at the tallgrass prairie site but more nearly hyperbolic at the other sites. The sites differed in the mean and range of daily ε _g, with higher values associated with the agricultural field than the boreal forest. ε_g decreased with increasing APAR at all sites, a function of mid‐day saturation of GPP and higher ε _g under overcast conditions. ε _g was generally not well correlated with vapor pressure deficit or maximum daily temperature. At the agricultural site, a ε _g decline towards the end of the growing season was associated with a decrease in foliar nitrogen concentration. At the tallgrass prairie site, a decline in ε _g in August was associated with soil drought. These results support inclusion of parameters for cloudiness and the phenological status of the vegetation, as well as use of biome‐specific parameterization, in operational ε _g algorithms.     

Warming alters the metabolic balance of ecosystems

The carbon cycle modulates climate change, via the regulation of atmospheric CO₂, and it represents one of the most important services provided by ecosystems. However, considerable uncertainties remain concerning potential feedback between the biota and the climate. In particular, it is unclear how global warming will affect the metabolic balance between the photosynthetic fixation and respiratory release of CO₂ at the ecosystem scale. Here, we present a combination of experimental field data from freshwater mesocosms, and theoretical predictions derived from the metabolic theory of ecology to investigate whether warming will alter the capacity of ecosystems to absorb CO₂. Our manipulative experiment simulated the temperature increases predicted for the end of the century and revealed that ecosystem respiration increased at a faster rate than primary production, reducing carbon sequestration by 13 per cent. These results confirmed our theoretical predictions based on the differential activation energies of these two processes. Using only the activation energies for whole ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration we provide a theoretical prediction that accurately quantified the precise magnitude of the reduction in carbon sequestration observed experimentally. We suggest the combination of whole-ecosystem manipulative experiments and ecological theory is one of the most promising and fruitful research areas to predict the impacts of climate change on key ecosystem services.     

A simulation of the importance of length of growing season and canopy functional properties on the seasonal gross primary production of temperate alpine meadows

Background and Aims: Along snowmelt gradients, the canopies of temperate alpine meadowsdiffer strongly in their structural and biochemical properties.Here, a study is made of the effects of these canopy dissimilaritiescombined with the snow-induced changes in length of growingseason on seasonal gross primary production (GPP). Methods: Leaf area index (LAI) and community-aggregated values of leafangle and leaf nitrogen content were estimated for seven alpineplant canopies distributed along a marked snowmelt gradient,and these were used as input variables in a sun–shadecanopy bulk-photosynthesis model. The model was validated forplant communities of early and late snowmelt sites by measuringthe instantaneous CO₂ fluxes with a canopy closed-chamber technique.A sensitivity analysis was conducted to estimate the relativeimpact of canopy properties and environmental factors on thedaily and seasonal GPP. Key Results: Carbon uptake was primarily related to the LAI and total canopynitrogen content, but not to the leaf angle. For a given levelof photosynthetically active radiation, CO₂ assimilation washigher under overcast conditions. Sensitivity analysis revealedthat increase of the length of the growing season had a highereffect on the seasonal GPP than a similar increase of any otherfactor. It was also found that the observed greater nitrogencontent and larger LAI of canopies in late-snowmelt sites largelycompensated for the negative impact of the reduced growing season. Conclusions: The results emphasize the primary importance of snow-inducedchanges in length of growing season on carbon uptake in alpinetemperate meadows. It was also demonstrated how using leaf-traitvalues of the dominants is a useful approach for modelling ecosystemcarbon-cycle-related processes, particularly when continuousmeasurements of CO₂ fluxes are technically difficult. The studythus represents an important step in addressing the challengeof using a plant functional-trait approach for biogeochemicalmodelling.     

1980—2013年中国陆地生态系统总初级生产力对干旱的响应特征

干旱事件通过影响陆地生态系统的组成、结构和功能显著改变整个陆地生态系统碳循环。陆地生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)是全球陆地碳通量中最大的组成部分,反映了陆地生态系统的生产力水平。本研究利用基于过程模型模拟的GPP数据(DLM GPP)、基于通量观测升尺度的GPP数据(FLUXCOM GPP)和标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),量化分析了1980—2013年中国陆地生态系统GPP和干旱的时空格局,讨论了不同时间尺度上GPP对干旱的响应特征。结果表明:1980—2013年,两种不同GPP数据在中国地区呈现的时间变化趋势的空间分布格局较为一致,上升趋势主要分布在西南地区,下降趋势主要分布在东北大部分地区;中国干旱面积的长期时间变化趋势略有下降,其中干旱化趋势主要位于秦岭淮河以南地区,而西北内陆地区则呈现明显的湿润化趋势;时间尺度上,GPP与SPEI年际变化格局基本吻合,1986、1997、2001和2011年等干旱年份的GPP显著降低;空间尺度上,北方大部分地区的GPP与SPEI呈正相关,南方大部分地区呈负相关,干旱对GPP的影响在半干旱地区表现更加明显; GPP对干旱的响应格局与选取干旱指数...     

Calibration of Terra/MODIS gross primary production over an irrigated cropland on the North China Plain and an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau

This paper evaluated the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) gross primary production (GPP) product (MOD17) by using estimated GPP from eddy‐covariance flux measurements over an irrigated winter wheat and maize double‐cropping field on the North China Plain in 2003–2004, and an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau in 2002–2003. The mean annual GPP from MOD17 accounted for 1/2–2/3 of the surface estimated mean annual GPP for the alpine meadow, but only about 1/5–1/3 for the cropland. This underestimation was partly attributed to low estimates of leaf area index by a MODIS product (MOD15) because it is used to calculate absorbed photosynthetically active radiation in the MOD17 algorithm. The main reason is that the parameter maximum light use efficiency (ε_max) in the MOD17 algorithm was underestimated for the two biomes, especially for the cropland. Contrasted to the default, ε_max was optimized using surface measurements. The optimized ε_max for winter wheat, maize and meadow was 1.18, 1.81 and 0.73 g C/MJ, respectively. By using the surface measurements and optimized ε_max , the MOD17 algorithm significantly improved the accuracy of GPP estimates. The optimum MOD17 algorithm explained about 82%, 68%, and 79% of GPP variance for winter wheat, maize, and meadow, respectively. These results suggest that it is necessary to adjust the MOD17 parameters for the estimation of cropland and meadow GPP, particularly over cropland.     

Climate‐driven uncertainties in modeling terrestrial gross primary production: a site level to global‐scale analysis

We used a land surface model to quantify the causes and extents of biases in terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) due to the use of meteorological reanalysis datasets. We first calibrated the model using meteorology and eddy covariance data from 25 flux tower sites ranging from the tropics to the northern high latitudes and subsequently repeated the site simulations using two reanalysis datasets: NCEP/NCAR and CRUNCEP. The results show that at most sites, the reanalysis‐driven GPP bias was significantly positive with respect to the observed meteorology‐driven simulations. Notably, the absolute GPP bias was highest at the tropical evergreen tree sites, averaging up to ca. 0.45 kg C m^?2 yr^?1 across sites (ca. 15% of site level GPP). At the northern mid‐/high‐latitude broadleaf deciduous and the needleleaf evergreen tree sites, the corresponding annual GPP biases were up to 20%. For the nontree sites, average annual biases of up to ca. 20–30% were simulated within savanna, grassland, and shrubland vegetation types. At the tree sites, the biases in short‐wave radiation and humidity strongly influenced the GPP biases, while the nontree sites were more affected by biases in factors controlling water stress (precipitation, humidity, and air temperature). In this study, we also discuss the influence of seasonal patterns of meteorological biases on GPP. Finally, using model simulations for the global land surface, we discuss the potential impacts of site‐level reanalysis‐driven biases on the global estimates of GPP. In a broader context, our results can have important consequences on other terrestrial ecosystem fluxes (e.g., net primary production, net ecosystem production, energy/water fluxes) and reservoirs (e.g., soil carbon stocks). In a complementary study (Barman et al., 2013 ), we extend the present analysis for latent and sensible heat fluxes, thus consistently integrating the analysis of climate‐driven uncertainties in carbon, energy, and water fluxes using a single modeling framework.     

不同数据集的1982—2017年中国总初级生产力的时空动态

了解陆地生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)时空变化及其与气候因子的关系,可以为植被恢复及保护提供重要依据。基于气象数据和3套公开的GPP数据集(EC-LUE GPP、GLASS GPP和NIRv GPP),本研究系统分析了中国1982—2017年GPP的时空变化特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明: 3套GPP数据均表明,1982—2017年,中国年和季节的GPP呈逐年上升趋势,1998和2002年明显高于研究期间的平均水平,1989和1992年明显低于多年平均GPP。1982—2017年,中国大部分地区GPP呈显著上升趋势,3套GPP数据显著增加的区域分别占整个研究区的75.7%、73.0%和69.6%。年GPP与降水和温度均存在显著正相关关系,但空间异质性较强。其中GPP与温度呈正相关的区域主要分布在西北和华中地区,GPP与降水呈正相关的区域主要分布在华北地区。不同季节的GPP受气温、降水影响的区域存在明显的时空异质性。温度是春、秋和冬季GPP的限制因子,而夏季GPP主要受降水影响。     

Annual cycle of gross primary production and respiration in the Viroin River (Belgium)

Gross primary production, community respiration and reaeration coefficient were determined during an annual cycle on the Viroin River (South Belgium), based on the daily variations of dissolved oxygen concentration. Reaeration coefficient remains remarkably constant (0.26 h⁻¹) during the year in spite of discharge variations. The autotrophic community is dominated by ‘Ranunculus fluitans’. Primary production parallels the variations of total solar radiations. It ranges from 0 in winter to 8 g O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹ in summer. In spring and summer, respiration variations parallel those of primary production (average value: 10 g O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹); in the dry autumn, decomposition of dying macrophytes considerably enhances the community respiration (15 g O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹). A P/R diagram is used to characterize the trophic state of the Viroin.     

Crossing regimes of temperature dependence in animal movement

A pressing challenge in ecology is to understand the effects of changing global temperatures on food web structure and dynamics. The stability of these complex ecological networks largely depends on how predator–prey interactions may respond to temperature changes. Because predators and prey rely on their velocities to catch food or avoid being eaten, understanding how temperatures may affect animal movement is central to this quest. Despite our efforts, we still lack a mechanistic understanding of how the effect of temperature on metabolic processes scales up to animal movement and beyond. Here, we merge a biomechanical approach, the Metabolic Theory of Ecology and empirical data to show that animal movement displays multiple regimes of temperature dependence. We also show that crossing these regimes has important consequences for population dynamics and stability, which depend on the parameters controlling predator–prey interactions. We argue that this dependence upon interaction parameters may help explain why experimental work on the temperature dependence of interaction strengths has so far yielded conflicting results. More importantly, these changes in the temperature dependence of animal movement can have consequences that go well beyond ecological interactions and affect, for example, animal communication, mating, sensory detection, and any behavioral modality dependent on the movement of limbs. Finally, by not taking into account the changes in temperature dependence reported here we might not be able to properly forecast the impact of global warming on ecological processes and propose appropriate mitigation action when needed.     

Determination of phytoplankton losses by comparing net and gross growth

By comparing primary production (¹⁴C) and biomass variation it is possible to calculate the total losses of phytoplankton. For the mesotrophic drinking water reservoir Saidenbach, average loss rates of -0.31 d^-1 for the total phytoplankton and -0.99 d^-1 for nanoplankton were determined from September 1980 to May 1981. The greater the share of nanoplankton in the total phytoplankton, the less the real activity as reflected in biomass changes observed. The considerable (mainly nanoplankton) losses, however, cannot be explained by grazing or sedimentation. They are assumed to be caused by high mortality of flagellates due to a relatively high depth of mixing and their retention in the aphotic layer.     

Gross primary production responses to warming,elevated CO2, and irrigation: quantifying the drivers of ecosystem physiology in a semiarid grassland

Determining whether the terrestrial biosphere will be a source or sink of carbon (C) under a future climate of elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) and warming requires accurate quantification of gross primary production (GPP), the largest flux of C in the global C cycle. We evaluated 6 years (2007–2012) of flux‐derived GPP data from the Prairie Heating and CO₂ Enrichment (PHACE) experiment, situated in a grassland in Wyoming, USA. The GPP data were used to calibrate a light response model whose basic formulation has been successfully used in a variety of ecosystems. The model was extended by modeling maximum photosynthetic rate (A_max) and light‐use efficiency (Q) as functions of soil water, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, vegetation greenness, and nitrogen at current and antecedent (past) timescales. The model fits the observed GPP well (R² = 0.79), which was confirmed by other model performance checks that compared different variants of the model (e.g. with and without antecedent effects). Stimulation of cumulative 6‐year GPP by warming (29%, P = 0.02) and eCO₂ (26%, P = 0.07) was primarily driven by enhanced C uptake during spring (129%, P = 0.001) and fall (124%, P = 0.001), respectively, which was consistent across years. Antecedent air temperature (Tair_ant) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD_ant) effects on A_max (over the past 3–4 days and 1–3 days, respectively) were the most significant predictors of temporal variability in GPP among most treatments. The importance of VPD_ant suggests that atmospheric drought is important for predicting GPP under current and future climate; we highlight the need for experimental studies to identify the mechanisms underlying such antecedent effects. Finally, posterior estimates of cumulative GPP under control and eCO₂ treatments were tested as a benchmark against 12 terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs). The narrow uncertainties of these data‐driven GPP estimates suggest that they could be useful semi‐independent data streams for validating TBMs.     

长江流域陆地植被总初级生产力时空变化特征及其气候驱动因子

长江流域是我国重要的工农业生产区和生态安全屏障。深入开展长江流域陆地植被总初级生产力（GPP）时空变化特征和驱动因子研究,对了解变化环境下区域植被生长状况和生物固碳能力、掌握生态环境质量具有重要意义。基于MODIS GPP遥感数据产品、土地利用和气象观测数据,采用趋势分析和偏相关分析法,系统研究了2000-2015年间长江流域陆地植被GPP时空变化特征,探讨了不同二级水资源区内气候因子对GPP变化影响的空间差异,揭示了不同土地利用类型GPP变化特征以及气候因子作用。结果表明：1）长江流域陆地植被覆盖区GPP在0.3-2765 gC m^-2 a^-1之间,均值约990.46 gC m^-2 a^-1,多年平均GPP总量为1.735 P gC;2）近年来,长江流域GPP呈不显著上升趋势,趋势率为2.39 gC m^-2 a^-1。空间上,GPP上升区和下降区分别占总流域面积的68%和32%。各二级水资源区内,除了洞庭湖流域和太湖流域GPP呈下降趋势外,其他区GPP均呈上升趋势;3）不同土地利用类型GPP均值在198.50-1276.90 gC m^-2 a^-1之间。各土地利用类型中除水田GPP呈微弱下降外,其他均呈上升趋势,尤其是高、中、低覆盖度草地GPP上升趋势较为显著;4）不同气候因子对植被GPP变化的影响程度在不同二级水资源区、不同土地利用类型间均存在一定差异,但就长江流域整体而言,GPP年际变化受温度影响显著,其次是蒸发,而降水等其他气候因子的影响不大。