贵州埃迪卡拉纪瓮安生物群化石含量的统计分析

贵州瓮安埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组（635-551Ma）上磷矿段保存了大量精美的磷酸盐化微体球粒化石,它们主要由多细胞藻类、疑源类和处于不同发育阶段的多种动物胚胎化石组成,此外还包括少量后生动物的幼、成体化石。本文以贵州瓮福磷矿陡山沱组上磷矿段灰白色球粒状白云质磷块岩为研究对象,在总结瓮安生物群中不同生物化石的鉴别特征基础上,定量统计采自该层位的两组岩石样品（WA—I和WA-r1）的酸处理砂样中的所有化石。统计结果表明,瓮安陡山沱组该磷块岩中化石质量和岩石中磷酸盐组分质量成正线性相关,两个样品中化石占全部磷酸盐组分的质量百分比均在10％左右,其中多细胞藻类和疑源类化石占全部化石含量均少于10％。这一结果客观地反映了瓮安生物群的化石丰度,证实了保存在瓮安陡山沱组上磷矿段灰色富氧含磷埋藏相中的瓮安生物群主要由动物胚胎化石组成的特征。     

海南乐东鹿母湾组沟鞭藻和疑源类及其沉积环境

海南乐东洪帽剖面鹿母湾组中,首次发现丰富的由沟鞭藻和疑源类组成的浮游微体植物群,共计10属25种(沟鞭藻6属20种,包括1新种。疑源类4属5种),组成以Laciniadinium granulatum-Granodiscus granulatus为特征的藻类组合。根据组合中主要属种的生长环境,认为海南乐东鹿母湾组沉积时期主要为干旱的热带(或亚热带)气候环境;有些海相沟鞭藻的发现,不能完全排除鹿母湾组沉积受弱海水的影响,水域较平静。     

山西永济白草坪组具刺疑源类的发现及其地质意义

该文着重报道了山西永济白草坪组(一般认为系中元古界上部相当于蓟县系的层位),以具刺疑源类为主的微化石群,计有4类6属15种,其中包括1新属,4新种,1新组合,1亲近种,2未定种,新属是具细网状纹饰的复杂具刺疑源类Shuiyousphaeridium Yan gen.nov.,4新种是Shuiyousphaeridium membraniferum Yan sp.nov.,Dictyosphaera incrassate Yan sp.nov.,Foliomorpha stipuliferaYan sp.nov.,Manicosiphoninema shuiyouense Yan sp.nov.。本微化石群以球形疑源类为主体,以具刺疑源类的大量发育为特征,并伴生有推测是绿藻和褐藻的化石,其组合面貌与蓟县上前寒武系各组皆有明显区别,具有更高的进化程度,从生物地层标志推测白草坪组所在的汝阳群应归入震旦系。白草坪组具刺疑源类可能是横裂甲藻的原始分子,它在地层对比和藻类进化方面皆具有重要意义。     

淮南地区新元古代九里桥组的疑源类化石组合及其生物地层学意义

淮南地区新元古代九里桥组主要由砂质和泥质灰岩、叠层石灰岩以及白云质灰岩组成,含有著名的“淮南生物群”的重要分子。研究采用浸解法在该组碳酸盐岩中发现了大量的疑源类化石,它们以球形亚类为主,在组合面貌上继承了其下伏刘老碑组的疑源类组合特征。但化石个体较大,多细胞植物碎片含量明显增加,化石在不同层位的分布不均匀是九里桥组疑源类组合的显著特征。另外在该组中还发现了一些新的疑源类化石如：Bailikania diligena,?Lomentunella vagtinata Hermann。文中还对九里桥组的凝源类组合与宏体化石、叠层石礁体的发育之间的关系等进行了探讨。     

塔里木盆地YJ1X井中奥陶统一间房组燧石结核中的有机壁微体化石

位于新疆塔里木盆地塔北隆起的YJ1X井中奥陶统钻遇富含硅质结核的一间房组地层,通过对硅质结核进行切片观察,发现大量丝状蓝藻化石及少数疑源类化石。经鉴定疑源类化石共包括:Aremoricanium sp.,Cheleutochroa oculata,Cymatiogalea sp.,Cymatiosphaera sp.,Dictyotidium microreticulatum,Leiosphaeridia sp.,Polygonium gracile,Pterospermella sp.;丝状蓝藻类化石两属四种,包括:Siphonophycus typicum,S.kestron,S.solidum,Oscillatoriopsis longa;多细胞球状藻类化石1种:Eoentophysalis sp.。其中丝状蓝藻类化石均为奥陶系一间房组的首次报道。该化石组合的发现为塔里木盆地奥陶系一间房组燧石结核中微体化石的研究提供了新资料,大量破碎的藻席及少数疑源类反映了本区沉积环境由浅水相变为深水相的过程。     

湖北宜昌奥陶系庙坡组疑源类

湖北宜昌地区庙坡组是达瑞威尔阶/桑比阶界线附近的地层,该段地层产出分异度较高,丰度适中的疑源类组合。该组合包括16属,28种,其中7个未定命名种,可与国内、外同期疑源类组合进行对比。庙坡组疑源类组合既产出晚奥陶世特征分子,也产出阿伦尼格期(弗洛阶上部—达瑞威尔阶底部)的特征分子,显示出一定的过渡特色。组合以Baltisphaeridium(17%—52%),Leiosphaeridia(6%—78%)占优势;反映了其沉积环境为离岸较远的外陆棚环境。     

南海北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷WZ6-X井晚始新世—早中新世孢粉组合及其古环境

对南海北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷WZ6-X井1 460～3 600 m井段80块样品进行了孢粉分析,除少数井段样品外,多数样品孢粉化石均较丰富。共鉴定孢粉80属85种,另见疑源类及沟鞭藻等孢型化石。根据孢粉特征分子和优势属种的分布规律,结合疑源类和藻类的分布特征,将1 460～3 600 m井段划分为4个孢粉组合:1 460～1 490 m为Polypodiaceaesporites-Polypodiisporites usmensis组合,地层时代为早中新世,本组合含较丰富的沟鞭藻化石,指示了滨浅海沉积环境;1 670～2 180 m划分为Quercoidites-Tricolporopollenites-Cupuliferoipollenites组合,时代为晚渐新世,疑源类和盘星藻Pediastrum含量高,揭示沉积环境为沼泽;2 210～3 090 m为Pinuspollenites-Magnastriatites hawardtii组合,时代为早渐新世,含丰富的Pediastrum,指示了湖泊和沼泽环境;3 130～3 600 m为Taxodiaceaepollenites-Alnipollenites-Granodiscus-Leiosphaeridia组合,时代为晚始新世,疑源类丰富,主要为湖泊沉积。     

湖南界岭邵东段微体植物群

湖南界岭微体植物群由５６属１４５种小孢子及很少量的疑源类与虫牙组成,并以Ｓｐｅｌａｅｏｔｒｉｌｅｔｅｓ ｈｕｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ的百分含量最高和同时含泥盆纪与石炭纪双重时代色彩的分子为特征。但其地质时代属晚泥盆世晚期或晚法门期。     

华北地台前寒武纪“后生动物化石”评述北大核心

最新的古生物学和分子生物学研究表明,动物的最早祖先应该早于埃迪卡拉纪,可能在大约635—850Ma的成冰纪就已经出现,但是缺乏可靠的化石证据。华北地台的前寒武纪沉积地层发育,前人曾在这套地层中陆续报道过大量的"后生动物化石"。然而,这些化石的动物属性均存在疑问。文中通过整理1979年以来报道过的相关化石,将其分为"水母状化石"、"遗迹化石"和"蠕虫状化石"3类,结合部分新材料的研究,分别对其形态、保存特征和最新研究进展进行评述。认为其中大部分属假化石、MISS构造或可能的藻类化石,但以下几类化石作为可能的动物化石,具有进一步研究的价值:1)辽南五行山群的水母状化石;2)辽南兴民村组的水母状化石;3)部分遗迹化石(如辽南五行山群的Skolithos、北京青白口系的遗迹化石);以及4)"淮南生物群"的蠕虫状化石。     

湖北宜昌黄花场大湾组一些疑源类

湖北宜昌黄花场大湾组底部的疑源类有14属34种,其中9新种和8未定种,主要由下列4属Baltisphaeridium,Gorgonisphaeridium,Peteinosphaeridium及Veryhachium的分子组成,约占总类型的53.0％,其次为Leiosphaeria及Tectiheca两属的分子,约占14.7％。其组合指示的地质时代属早奥陶世Arenigian期。     

BASAL CAMBRIAN MICROFOSSILS FROM THE YURTUS AND XISHANBLAQ FORMATIONS (TARIM, NORTH-WEST CHINA): SYSTEMATIC REVISION AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION OF MICRHYSTRIDIUM-LIKE ACRITARCHS

Abstract:  Micrhystridium -like acritarchs are widely distributed in basal Cambrian cherts and phosphorites in South China. This paper describes similar acritarchs from the basal Cambrian Yurtus and Xishanblaq formations in Tarim, north-west China. The taxonomy of these acritarchs is revised. The basal Cambrian acritarch assemblage in Tarim and South China is characterized by three genera: Asteridium Moczydłowska, Heliosphaeridium Moczydłowska and Comasphaeridium Staplin, Jansonius and Pocock. This assemblage is named the Asteridium - Heliosphaeridium - Comasphaeridium (AHC) acritarch assemblage. In both South China and Tarim, the AHC acritarch assemblage is associated with the tubular microfossil Megathrix longus Yin L. and the small shelly fossil Kaiyangites novilis Qian and Yin G. This assemblage also occurs in the Lower Tal Formation in the Lesser Himalaya. Correlation with small shelly fossil (SSF) assemblages indicates that the AHC assemblage is restricted to the Meishucunian Stage, and possibly to the lower Meishucunian ( Anabarites trisulcatus - Protohertzina anabarica and Siphogonuchites triangularis - Paragloborilus subglobosus SSF assemblages). The AHC assemblage is broadly similar to the Asteridium tornatum - Comasphaeridium velvetum (acritarch) Zone in the East European Platform, which is considered to be Nemakit-Daldynian (and possibly Tommotian) in age.     

黔东早—中寒武世凯里组疑源类组合及其界线意义

通过对台江八郎和丹寨两条剖面凯里组中疑源类化石的分析,研究,台江剖面产疑源类化石有17属35各（12未定种）,其中以Leiosphaeridia,Synsphareidium,Cymatiosphaera,Pterospermella最为丰富,可划分为3个组合,即Cymatiosphaera cf.cristata-Fimbriaglomerella memebrancea组合,Cristallinium-Micrhystridium-Pterospermella组合和Dictyotidium-Granomarginata组合,丹寨平寨剖面凯里组所产疑源类化石有：13属21种（5未定种）,同样划分为3个组合,即Leiosphaeridia-Tasmanites组合,Retisphaeridium-Micrhystridium tentatium组合和Baltisphaeridium-Bubomorpha hunjiangensis组合,本文对两条剖面中的凝源类化石的组成,相对含量做了详细的统计,发现在八郎剖面9－2层和平寨剖面3层疑源类的丰度,分异度开始发生明显的变化,表现由早寒武世向中寒武世疑源类组合面貌的转变,这一疑源类转变层位正好是与三叶虫划分的中,下寒武统界线的层位位置相一致,这充分表明疑源类化石可作为划分中,下寒武统的极有价值的微体生物化石证据。     

新疆哈密地区晚泥盆世疑源类化石的发现及地质意义

从新疆哈密地区石城子北剖面7件样品获得分异度较高、有机质壁显著炭化保存的疑源类化石,根据其形态特征,共鉴定出14个形态属和15个形态种(其中8个未定种,3个比较种)。结合国内外古生代晚泥盆世已知疑源类组合进行比较,清楚表明当前获得的疑源类组合代表了晚泥盆世海洋微体浮游植物群面貌。我国涉及晚古生代疑源类生物地层的调查研究相对薄弱,而有关晚泥盆世疑源类化石的发现和报道更为匮乏,当前疑源类化石的发现,填补和丰富了新疆乃至国内晚泥盆世疑源类化石研究资料。该发现佐证了关于卡拉麦里洋在早石炭世闭合的认识;作为基础食物链的海洋微体浮游植物是重要成烃生物,晚泥盆世疑源类的保存预示研究区域具有石油、天然气勘察的前景。     

Palynostratigraphy of Middle Cambrian to lowermost Ordovician stratal sequences in the High Zagros Mountains, southern Iran: Regional stratigraphic implications, and palaeobiogeographic significance

A palynological investigation of Cambro-Ordovician stratal sequences in the High Zagros Mountains of southern Iran permits the definition of a series of successive acritarch assemblage zones of chronostratigraphic significance, much improving the current knowledge of the Lower Palaeozoic stratigraphy of this important area for oil exploration. The five acritarch assemblage zones can be readily correlated with previously established palynostratigraphic schemes constrained by co-occurrence of independent age evidence, confirming the utility of organic-walled microfossils for the detailed biostratigraphic characterization of sedimentary units. The proposed biozonation will facilitate accurate dating of the southern Iranian Cambrian sequences during future drilling of deep test oil wells. Acritarch assemblage zone I (Middle Cambrian), occurs at the base of Member C of the Mila Formation; assemblages zone II (late Middle to earliest Late Cambrian) extends through the middle and upper part of the same lithostratigraphic unit; zone III (early Late Cambrian in age) characterizes the lower part of the Ilebeyk Formation; zone IV (middle Late Cambrian up to Cambrian/Ordovician transitional levels) occurs in the middle and upper part of the Ilebeyk Formation; finally, acritarch assemblage zone V ranges through the basal part of the Zardkuh Formation and proves an early Tremadocian age for the latter unit. The Mid-Late Cambrian acritarch associations show a marked Avalonian palaeobiogeographical affinity, also sharing a high proportion of taxa with typical Baltican and North Africa–Gondwanan assemblages; on the other hand, they are clearly different from known Laurentian (North America) fossil microphytoplankton suites. These results are in general agreement with current palaeogeographical models which place Avalonia, Baltica, and the North African part of Gondwana, all at relatively high southern palaeolatitudes, in contrast with the sub-equatorial position of Laurentia. However, the presence of many typical “Avalonian” taxa in the Iranian Mid-Late Cambrian assemblages would suggest a closer position of Iran to Avalonia than currently envisaged. The observed breakdown of acritarch biogeographic differentiation in earliest Ordovician times possibly represents a major disruption of oceanic current patterns and a lessened palaeolatitudinal thermal gradient.     

浙江常山黄泥塘全球层型剖面的中奥陶世疑源类

浙江常山黄泥塘剖面在1996-1997年被国际奥陶系分会和国际地质科学联合会(IUGS)确立为全球中奥陶统达瑞威尔阶(Dariwillian)层型剖面,从该剖面宁国组Azygograptus suectcus-Exigraptus clavus笔石带至Undulograptus sinicus笔石亚带下部的页岩及灰岩中获得丰富的,保存不很好的疑源类化石,它们包含26个形态属,41个已知种和12个未定名种.该宁国组疑源类组合极少有环冈瓦纳古陆的“冷水“类型,根据疑源类类型在地层柱的首次出现,可划分两个与Azygograptus suecicus和Undulograptus austrodentatus笔石带相吻合的疑源类生物地层单元,结合中国南方在奥陶纪的古地理位置加以讨论,当前疑源类组合表明,中奥陶世环冈瓦纳古陆的“冷水“洋流至下扬子区已很微弱.     

The messaoudensis-trifidum acritarch assemblage (Ordovician: late Tremadoc-early Arenig) of the Barriga Shale Formation, Sierra Morena (SW-Spain)

The "messaoudensis-trifidum acritarch assemblage" is currently considered to be characteristic of latest Tremadoc-earliest Arenig cold-water environments on the periphery of Gondwana, at high latitudes in the southern hemisphere. An integrated biostratigraphical study on both acritarchs and graptolites was until now only available for localities in northwest England. Reinvestigation of the "messaoudensis-trifidum acritarch assemblage" from the Barriga Formation (Sierra Morena, southwestern Spain), which contains some graptolite horizons that can be attributed to the latest Tremadoc (pre-phyllograptoides and pre-approximatus graptolite biozones), strengthens the biostratigraphical potential of the "messaoudensis-trifidum assemblage", and the importance of some of the acritarch taxa recovered from these levels. It is concluded that the acritarch genera Coryphidium Vavrdová, 1972, Peteinosphaeridium Staplin et al., 1965 emend. Playford et al., 1995, Striatotheca, Burmann, 1970, and the Veryhachium lairdii group (rectangular veryhachiids) appear in the latest Tremadoc, and should not be considered as indicators of the base of the Arenig, as previously suggested.     

贵州三都地区阿伦尼克期疑源类的发现及其意义

本文首报报道了发现贵州三都地区同高组下段的疑源类化石,属种丰富,保存完好,它们多见于阿伦尼克期至兰维尔期,其中有些分子仅限一阿伦尼克期,根据组合中出现较多的Ｓｔｒｉａｔｏｔｈｅｃａ,Ｃｏｒｙｐｈｉｄｉｕｍ和Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌｉｄｉｕｍ等,认为本区可能属地中海疑源类生物区,详细研究这些化石对认识疑源类组合与笔石带的关系有重要意义。     

Wengania globosa在陕西勉县茶店陡山沱组磷块岩中的发现

本文报道陕西勉县茶店陡山沱组磷块岩中的疑源多细胞生物化石,其中Ｗｅｎｇａｎｉａｇｌｏｂｏｓａ属于首次报道。勉县茶陡山组磷块岩中的化石组合与贵州瓮安陡山沱组与可以直接对比,进一步了此两地的磷块岩属同期沉积产物。这一发现表明新元古代磷块岩中可能保存了多细胞生物早期演化中最精采的章节,因而进一步深入研究陡山沱组磷块岩大有必要。本文还讨论了疑在Ｍｅｇｈｙｓｔｒｉｃｈｏｓｐｈａｅｒｉｄｉｕｍ ｃｈａｄｉａｎ