Fine structure and metamorphosis of the wax gland cells in a psyllid insect,Anomoneura mori schwartz (Homoptera)

The fine structure of the wax gland of Anomoneura nymph and its metamorphic change were investigated. In the nymph, this organ encircles the anus, and consists of two kinds of cells, derived from epidermal cells: (1) very tall, slim wax cells, which produce and secrete the wax, and (2) flat interstitial cells found among the wax cells. The whole gland is covered by a wax-secreting cuticle with a delicate surface sculpture. Each wax cell has a long, wide duct which opens at the cuticle and penetrates the entire cell. Its cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum while that of interstitial cells contains rough endoplasmic reticulum. During each nymphal molt, the cluster of primordial wax gland cells — derived from the epidermis — proliferates rapidly and forms the gland of the next instar. The gland of the preceding instar meanwhile degenerates. Interstitial cells play an important role in cuticle formation and shedding at each molt. These cells alone produce and deposit the new cuticle of the next instar; the wax cells, specialized for wax production, cannot produce cuticle. The apical portion of the wax cell is cut off from the main cell body by growth of the surrounding interstitial cells. Thereafter, the wax cells degenerate, resulting in the rapid disappearance of the previous instar's wax gland. Adults lack this gland entirely.     

New psyllids (Insecta: Homoptera: Psylloidea) from Canada

Psylla kananaskensis sp. nov. and Psylla subspiculata sp. nov. are described from specimens collected off Salix sp. in the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta, Canada. Psylla kananaskensis is close to P. arcuata Loginova; P. subspiculata is close to P. spiculata Jensen and P. parallela Crawford. A new dioecous subspecies of Psylla myrtilli is also described from specimens collected off Vaccinium myrtillus L. in the same locality. In addition the following species are recorded from Canada for the first time: Aphalara nubifera Patch, Craspedolepta alaskensis (Ashmead), C. minutissima (Crawford), C. subpunctata (Foerster), Trioza obtusa (Patch) and T. pletschi Tuthill.     

First record of the mulberry psyllid Anomoneura mori Schwarz (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae) from Taiwan

The mulberry psyllid Anomoneura mori Schwarz is reported for the first time from Taiwan. This species is associated with the mulberry tree and is a pest of sericulture. Adults and larvae are described and illustrated for identification. The topic of invasive species is further discussed.     

Endosymbiotic microbiota of the bamboo pseudococcid Antonina crawii (Insecta, Homoptera)

We characterized the intracellular symbiotic microbiota of the bamboo pseudococcid Antonina crawii by performing a molecular phylogenetic analysis in combination with in situ hybridization. Almost the entire length of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and cloned from A. crawii whole DNA. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed that the clones obtained included three distinct types of sequences. Nucleotide sequences of the three types were determined and subjected to a molecular phylogenetic analysis. The first sequence was a member of the gamma subdivision of the division Proteobacteria (gamma-Proteobacteria) to which no sequences in the database were closely related, although the sequences of endosymbionts of other homopterans, such as psyllids and aphids, were distantly related. The second sequence was a beta-Proteobacteria sequence and formed a monophyletic group with the sequences of endosymbionts from other pseudococcids. The third sequence exhibited a high level of similarity to sequences of Spiroplasma spp. from ladybird beetles and a tick. Localization of the endosymbionts was determined by using tissue sections of A. crawii and in situ hybridization with specific oligonucleotide probes. The gamma- and beta-Proteobacteria symbionts were packed in the cytoplasm of the same mycetocytes (or bacteriocytes) and formed a large mycetome (or bacteriome) in the abdomen. The spiroplasma symbionts were also present intracellularly in various tissues at a low density. We observed that the anterior poles of developing eggs in the ovaries were infected by the gamma- and beta-Proteobacteria symbionts in a systematic way, which ensured vertical transmission. Five representative pseudococcids were examined by performing diagnostic PCR experiments with specific primers; the beta-Proteobacteria symbiont was detected in all five pseudococcids, the gamma-Proteobacteria symbiont was found in three, and the spiroplasma symbiont was detected only in A. crawii.     

Endosymbiotic Microbiota of the Bamboo Pseudococcid Antonina crawii (Insecta, Homoptera)

We characterized the intracellular symbiotic microbiota of the bamboo pseudococcid Antonina crawii by performing a molecular phylogenetic analysis in combination with in situ hybridization. Almost the entire length of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and cloned from A. crawii whole DNA. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed that the clones obtained included three distinct types of sequences. Nucleotide sequences of the three types were determined and subjected to a molecular phylogenetic analysis. The first sequence was a member of the γ subdivision of the division Proteobacteria (γ-Proteobacteria) to which no sequences in the database were closely related, although the sequences of endosymbionts of other homopterans, such as psyllids and aphids, were distantly related. The second sequence was a β-Proteobacteria sequence and formed a monophyletic group with the sequences of endosymbionts from other pseudococcids. The third sequence exhibited a high level of similarity to sequences of Spiroplasma spp. from ladybird beetles and a tick. Localization of the endosymbionts was determined by using tissue sections of A. crawii and in situ hybridization with specific oligonucleotide probes. The γ- and β-Proteobacteria symbionts were packed in the cytoplasm of the same mycetocytes (or bacteriocytes) and formed a large mycetome (or bacteriome) in the abdomen. The spiroplasma symbionts were also present intracellularly in various tissues at a low density. We observed that the anterior poles of developing eggs in the ovaries were infected by the γ- and β-Proteobacteria symbionts in a systematic way, which ensured vertical transmission. Five representative pseudococcids were examined by performing diagnostic PCR experiments with specific primers; the β-Proteobacteria symbiont was detected in all five pseudococcids, the γ-Proteobacteria symbiont was found in three, and the spiroplasma symbiont was detected only in A. crawii.     

中国19种蜡蝉的核型研究(同翅目：蜡蝉总科)

研究了中国19种蜡蝉的染色体数目、性别决定和染色体行为。2n=28(26+XO)被认为是蜡蝉科的原始核型特征。由于蜡蝉精巢具有被膜,减数分裂前期Ⅰ具有弥散期,因此作者认为蜡蝉与半翅目的关系更为密切。     

十二种沫蝉的染色体研究 (同翅目： 沫蝉总科)

观察了同翅目头喙亚目12种沫蝉雄性的染色体数目和减数分裂行为。通过对沫蝉总科现有核型资料的分析,认为沫蝉总科的核型特点是：①染色体较小,数目较多,总科内染色体数目变化范围较大,众数为2n=26（24+XO）;②染色体的易位现象极为普遍,因此可以推测,通过染色体的易位导致染色体数目增加是核型进化的主要机制;③减数分裂前期Ⅰ具有典型的花束期,但没有弥散期。因此从精子发生来看沫蝉总科与叶蝉总科、角蝉总科和蝉总科的关系更为密切,而与蜡蝉总科的关系较远。头喙亚目的亲缘关系可能是：蜡蝉总科+{蝉总科+［沫蝉总科+（叶蝉总科+角蝉总科）］}。     

Spiroplasma symbiont of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Insecta: Homoptera)

From a laboratory strain of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, we discovered a previously unknown facultative endosymbiotic bacterium. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 16S ribosomal DNA revealed that the bacterium is a member of the genus Spiroplasma. The Spiroplasma organism showed stable vertical transmission through successive generations of the host. Injection of hemolymph from infected insects into uninfected insects established a stable infection in the recipients. The Spiroplasma symbiont exhibited negative effects on growth, reproduction, and longevity of the host, particularly in older adults. Of 58 clonal strains of A. pisum established from natural populations in central Japan, 4 strains possessed the Spiroplasma organism.     

Spiroplasma Symbiont of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Insecta: Homoptera)

From a laboratory strain of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, we discovered a previously unknown facultative endosymbiotic bacterium. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 16S ribosomal DNA revealed that the bacterium is a member of the genus Spiroplasma. The Spiroplasma organism showed stable vertical transmission through successive generations of the host. Injection of hemolymph from infected insects into uninfected insects established a stable infection in the recipients. The Spiroplasma symbiont exhibited negative effects on growth, reproduction, and longevity of the host, particularly in older adults. Of 58 clonal strains of A. pisum established from natural populations in central Japan, 4 strains possessed the Spiroplasma organism.     

Etude de la chambre filtrante de Planococcus citri (Insecta,Homoptera)

Résumé Le tube digestif des cochenilles se caractérise par la présence d'un dispositif intestinal appelé chambre filtrante. Celle-ci, formée par l'accolement des deux extrêmités de l'intestin moyen, est supposée intervenir dans le transit alimentaire en éliminant par «voie raccourcie» l'eau ingérée en excès, mais ce rôle est resté jusque là hypothétique.Chez Planococcus citri, l'étude cytologique et histochimique révèle des caractères propres aux parties de l'intestin moyen participant à la réalisation de ce dispositif. Ces caractères suggèrent une fonction particulière qui peut être liée à un mouvement de l'eau. Les cellules sont de taille très réduite. Par endroits, des différences ultrastructurales s'observent entre les deux anses accolées (présence de vacuoles et d'espaces extracellulaires développés). Les cellules non modifiées de l'anse de départ présentent un caractère morphologique particulier, le système d'espaces intercellulaires et un caractère histochimique dominant, l'importante quantité de glycogène. Les cellules non modifiées de l'anse de retour présentent une structure inhabituelle, les «expansions tubulaires» associées aux microvillosités. En absence du «plasmalemma mitochondrial complex» le passage de l'eau se ferait par osmose dans deux directions: d'une part à travers les épithéliums amincis, d'autre part par le réseau d'espaces intercellulaires.

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Studies on the filter-chamber of Planococcus citri risso (Insecta, Homoptera)Histochemistry and ultrastructure

Summary The digestive tract of the coccids is characterized by the presence of a filter chamber formed by the apposition of the two extremities of the midgut. It is supposed that the filter chamber plays a role in the elimination of excess water by a short circuit but this assumption is still hypothetical.In Planococcus citri, cytological and histochemical studies have revealed structural peculiarities in those parts of the midgut which participate in the organization of the filter chamber, which suggest a particular function. The cells are highly reduced in size. In certain regions ultrastructural differences exist between the two apposed extremities of the midgut such as the presence of a vacuole and of highly developed extra-cellular spaces. These features may be related to water transport. The conventional cells of the proximal end of the midgut show the presence of a system of intercellular spaces and are very rich in glycogen. The conventional cells of the distal end of the midgut possess extracellular microtubules associated with the microvilli. In absence of a plasmalemma mitochondrial complex the transport of water could occur by osmosis across the thinned epithelium and the network of intercellular spaces.

Cet article recouvre en partie le travail d'une thèse de Docteur-Ingénieur soutenue à l'Université Paris VI en 1972.     

Two new species of the genus Philaenus (Homoptera, Aphrophoridae) from Iran

Two new species of Philaenus from Iran are described. Philaenus elbursianus sp. n. belongs to the Ph. signatus species group from the nominotypical subgenus. Philaenus iranicus sp. n. differs considerably from all the known representatives of the genus and was separated in a new subgenus Gyrurus subgen. n. The occurrence of this highly peculiar species in Iran may indicate that the center of origin of the genus Philaenus lies in this territory and not in the Mediterranean region as it was considered before.     

Two New Genera of Braconinae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) from the Afrotropical Region

Paxillibracon gen.n. (type species: Merinotus tessmanni Szépligeti, 1914) from Spanish Guinea is described and illustrated. Paxillibracon is related to Bacuma Cameron, from which it is distinguished. Tsavobracon gen.n. (type species: Ipobracon erlangeri Szépligeti, 1914) from Somalia and Kenya is described and illustrated, and separated from Digonogastra Viereck. It is associated with the dry season fauna of semi-arid areas.     

Characterization of fulgorid waxes (Homoptera:Fulgoridae:Insecta)

A series of waxes produced by three fulgorid species are shown to be mixtures of homologs indentical to those previously found in the unrelated cochineal insect Dactylopius confusus. Using direct insertion probe mass spectrometry, the intact wax was found to give characteristic spectra obviating the need for extensive hydrolysis. The utility of these compounds as taxonomic characters in Fulgoridae is discussed.     

同翅类昆虫的雄性生殖系统及精子发生(昆虫纲:半翅目)

本文比较了同翅类昆虫雄性生殖系统的结构、减数分裂期间染色体的行为和精子尾部的超微结构。研究表明蜡蝉总科和异翅类的精巢具有被膜,而蝉总科、叶蝉总科、沫蝉总科、角蝉总科、木虱总科、蚜总科、粉虱总科和蚧总科的精巢均不具有被膜。也可以根据精巢小叶的形状将精巢分为三类,蝉总科、叶蝉总科、沫蝉总科、角蝉总科、蚜总科和粉虱总科的精巢小叶为球形,蜡蝉总科、木虱总科和蚧总科的精巢小叶为管状,而异翅类的精巢小叶为片层状。减数分裂可以被分为5类:①蝉型(Cicadoidtype);②蜡蝉型(Fulgoroidtype);③木虱型(Psyloidtype);④蚜型(Aphidoidtype);⑤粉虱型(Aleyrodoidtype)和⑥蚧型(Coccoidtype),至少具有四个类群的减数分裂前期I具有弥散期,它们是:木虱总科、蜡蝉总科、蚧总科和异翅类。除粉虱总科和蚧总科的精子尾部退化以外,其余种类的精子鞭毛均具有典型的9 9 2轴丝结构。     

Two new species of genus Rhopalopsole (Insecta, Plecoptera, Leuctridae) from China

Two new species of Rhopalopsole Klapálek from China are described: Rhopalopsole exiguspina Du & Qian, sp. n. and Rhopalopsole ampulla Du & Qian, sp. n., which were collected in Guizhou province, China.     

Two new species of the stonefly genus Amphinemura (Insecta,Plecoptera, Nemouridae) from China

Two new species of the genus Amphinemura Ris from China are described and illustrated, i.e. A. annulata Du & Ji, sp. n. from Zhejiang, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Guizhou Province, and A. lingulata Du & Wang, sp. n. from Shaanxi and Sichuan Province. A. annulata is similar to A. tricintusidens Wang & Zhu in having an apical cavity of the epiproct, but the epiproct ventral sclerite and the median paraproct lobe of the two species are different. A. lingulata is related to A. didyma Zhu & Yang in having the similar epiproct, but they differ mostly in paraproct median and outer lobes.     

Morphological and ultrastructural organization of the male genital apparatus of some Aphididae (Insecta, Homoptera)

Ultrastructural investigations on the amphigonic reproductive mechanisms in Aphidoidea (Homoptera, Sternorryncha) species, of which little is known in the literature, can provide useful information on their reproductive biology. Morphological and ultrastructural investigations were carried out on the reproductive tract and on spermatozoa from sexually mature males of five species belonging to three subfamilies of Aphidoidea. The organization of the reproductive tract and of spermatozoa appears simple and similar in the examined species. Each testis consists of three follicles containing many cysts arranged in a progressive order of maturation from the distal to the proximal tract; spermiogenesis only occurs in sexually mature males, ending with the organization of sperm bundles. Gametes are neatly arranged in each bundle and kept together by a cap showing a particular organization. The distal tract of each spermiduct is enlarged and full of gametes; close to the testis the two spermiducts merge together, except in Drepanosiphum platanoidis where the spermiducts run independently. The various tracts of each examined gland showed no peculiar differences either in the same species or among the species. Some interesting hypotheses are proposed in this work about the probable roles of the investigated structures in the reproductive mechanisms of these insects.