悬浮培养HEK-293 N3S细胞生产重组腺病毒Ad-GFP的实验研究

利用5L生物反应器悬浮培养HEK-293 N3S细胞生产携带绿色荧光蛋白基因的重组腺病毒(recombinant adenovirus-green fluorescent protein,Ad-GFP),为规模化生产腺病毒基因药物建立一种稳定可行的生产工艺。复苏的种子细胞进行逐级放大最后接入5L搅拌式生物反应器中,采用含5％胎牛血清（FBS）的DMEM/F12培基灌流培养293 N3S细胞,当细胞密度达到(2～4)×10⁶个/mL时感染Ad-GFP,48h后收获细胞,经两步氯化铯超速离心获得纯化的Ad-GFP。采用紫外分光光度计比色法和高压液相色谱法（HPLC）测定病毒颗粒数和纯度,采用组织培养半数感染剂量（TCID₅₀）法检测腺病毒的感染滴度。连续培养10～12d,细胞密度可达到(2～4)×10⁶6个/mL左右,纯化的Ad-GFP感染滴度和颗粒数分别为1.0×10¹¹IU/mL和1.68×10¹²VP/mL,比活性为6.0%,A₂₆₀A₂₈₀比值为1.33,产品纯度达到99.2%。建立了5L生物反应器悬浮培养293 N3S细胞生产重组腺病毒Ad-GFP的生产工艺,对携带其他基因的重组腺病毒药物生产具有一定的指导意义。     

乳酸脱氢酶基因调控对HEK-293细胞代谢和腺病毒生产的影响

减少乳酸积累一直是哺乳动物细胞生物技术产业的一个目标。体外培养动物细胞时,乳酸积累主要是2种代谢途径作用的综合结果:一方面,葡萄糖在乳酸脱氢酶A(lactate dehydrogenase A,LDHA)的作用下生成乳酸;另一方面,乳酸可通过乳酸脱氢酶B(LDHB)或乳酸脱氢酶C(LDHC)氧化为丙酮酸重新进入三羧酸循环。本研究综合评估了乳酸代谢关键基因调控对人胚胎肾细胞(human embryonic kidney 293 cells,HEK-293)细胞生长、代谢和人腺病毒(human adenovirus,HAdV)生产的影响,有效提高了HEK-293细胞的HAdV生产能力,并为哺乳动物细胞的乳酸代谢工程调控提供了理论基础。通过改造乳酸代谢关键调控基因(敲除ldha基因以及过表达ldhb和ldhc基因),有效改善了HEK-293细胞的物质和能量代谢效率,显著提高了HAdV的生产。与对照细胞相比,3个基因改造均能促进细胞生长,降低乳酸和氨的积累,明显增强细胞的物质和能量代谢效率,显著提高了HEK-293细胞的HAdV生产能力。ldhc基因过表达对HEK-293细胞的生长、代谢和HAdV生产调控最显著,最大细胞密度提高了约38.7%,乳酸对葡萄糖得率和氨对谷氨酰胺得率分别下降了33.8%和63.3%,HAdV滴度提高了至少16倍。此外,相比于对照细胞株,改造细胞株的腺苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)生成速率、ATP/O_(2)比率、ATP与腺苷二磷酸(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)的比值以及还原型辅酶Ⅰ(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NADH)含量均有不同程度的提高,能量代谢效率明显改善。     

一次性生物反应器悬浮培养HEK293细胞生产Ad-IFNγ 的工艺

腺病毒载体是极具发展前景的基因治疗载体之一,为获得一条新型腺病毒规模化生产工艺,研究采用5 L振荡激流式一次性生物反应器悬浮培养HEK293细胞来生产重组腺病毒载体。细胞经种子链逐步扩增后,接种至AP10生物反应器,采用CD293无血清培养基流加培养悬浮HEK293细胞,细胞密度达约2.0×106个/m L时,以30 MOI(Multiplicity of infection)感染重组Ad-IFNγ(Recombinant adenovirus-interferon gamma),48 h后收获细胞,3次冻融裂解离心收获上清病毒粗产品。采用壳蛋白免疫法快速测定粗产品滴度。结果表明,采用振荡激流式一次性生物反应器,流加HEK293细胞悬浮培养6 d,密度可达2.0×106个/m L,Ad-IFNγ粗产量达1.49×1013 IFU(Infectious unit),单细胞包装量达3 800 IFU/cell。采用阴离子交换层析法纯化重组腺病毒,回收率35.9%。建立了利用5 L激流式一次性生物反应器悬浮培养HEK293细胞生产重组腺病毒载体Ad-IFNγ的初步工艺。     

高渗胁迫和灌流培养策略提高HEK 293细胞生产重组腺病毒载体产量

由于各种疾病在全球范围内的肆虐,国际市场对重组腺病毒载体(adenoviral vector,Adv)疫苗的需求量急剧增加,而工艺研究是解决这一问题的有效手段之一。在细胞接毒前施加高渗胁迫可以提高分批培养模式下的Adv产量,新兴的灌流培养也可以显著提高Adv的产量。将高渗胁迫工艺与灌流培养相结合,有望进一步提升高细胞密度生产过程中的Adv产量。本研究利用摇瓶结合拟灌流培养作为生物反应器灌流培养的缩小模型,使用渗透压为300–405 mOsm的培养基研究了高渗胁迫对细胞生长和Adv生产的影响。结果显示,在细胞生长阶段使用370 mOsm的高渗透压培养基,在病毒生产阶段使用300 mOsm的等渗透压培养基的灌流培养工艺有效地提高了Adv的产量。进一步研究发现这可能归因于病毒复制后期HSP70蛋白的表达量增加。将这种工艺放大至生物反应器中,Adv的产量达到3.2×10¹⁰ IFU/mL,是传统灌流培养工艺的3倍。本研究首次将高渗胁迫工艺与灌流培养相结合的策略应用于HEK 293细胞生产Adv,同时揭示了高渗胁迫工艺增产Adv的可能原因,为HEK 293细胞生产其他类型Adv的工艺优化提供了借鉴。     

VK3诱导悬浮培养的胡萝卜细胞凋亡

Menadione (VK3), a quinone that undergoes redox cycles leading to the formation of superoxide radicals, was found to induce cell death in suspension culture of carrot cells. The effect of menadione was in a dose-dependent manner. 100-800 mumol/L menadione caused 10-33 percent cell death. When concentration of menadione reached 1 mmol/L, 100 percent of cell death was observed. DNA cleavage, a hallmark of apoptosis was further studied. DNA ladders were observed in cells treated with 600 and 800 mumol/L menadione but not with lower concentration treatments where only very low percentage of cell death was found. There was no DNA ladders in the cells treated with 1 mmol/L menadion indicating that necrosis may occur. In situ detection of nuclear DNA fragmentation by TUNEL reaction revealed fragmented nuclear DNA in cells treated with 100-800 mumol/L menadion but not in cells treated with 1 mmol/L menadione.     

藏红花细胞悬浮培养动力学研究

基于已经建立的藏红花细胞悬浮培养体系,研究了其悬浮培养动力学.结果表明,悬浮培养时细胞的生长周期约为20 d,在20 d时生物量达到最大,为12.3 g DW/L,但是藏红花素的合成周期大约为28 d,在28 d时藏红花素的含量和产量达到最大,分别为95.8 mg/g和0.92 g/L.藏红花素的积累与细胞的生长之间的关系为半生长偶联型,为其生物反应器放大培养提供了参数等理论依据.     

搅拌式生物反应器悬浮培养水母雪莲细胞的研究

应用 2L通气搅拌式生物反应器一步批式培养水母雪莲细胞。采用倾斜式搅拌桨代替透平桨 ,研究了搅拌转速、通气量和接种量对细胞生长和黄酮合成的影响 ,发现在 75r min、70 0～1000L min和 4.0～ 5.0gDCW L接种量下细胞生长和黄酮合成比较好。经过 12d培养细胞干重达 13.8gDCW L ,黄酮产量 416mg L ,黄酮含量占细胞干重的 30%。水母雪莲细胞生长及黄酮合成的进程表明 ,黄酮积累与细胞生长呈正相关。对细胞聚集体分布的研究发现 ,流变压力使细胞聚集体分裂 ,使反应器中细胞生长受到影响 ,黄酮产量较摇瓶中降低     

重组腺病毒Ad-Mig基因治疗裸鼠肾细胞癌的实验研究

目的:研究腺病毒介导的小鼠Mig基因对BALB/c裸鼠肾细胞癌的抗肿瘤效果,探讨肾细胞癌治疗的新途径.方法:利用786-O肾癌细胞皮下注射BALB/c裸鼠建立肾细胞癌模型,应用携带Mig基因的重组腺病毒(Ad-Mig)直接进行瘤内注射治疗,观察裸鼠皮下肿瘤生长情况和荷瘤裸鼠的生存期;用乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放法检测CTL和NK的杀伤活性.结果:Mig基因能显著抑制荷瘤裸鼠皮下肿瘤的生长,并使鼠生存期明显延长,还能显著增强鼠脾细胞NK和CTL杀伤活性.结论:重组腺病毒Ad-Mig基因对鼠肾细胞癌有显著治疗效果.     

石竹细胞悬浮培养研究

石竹细胞继代周期为 7d时 ,悬浮细胞培养系生长最快 ,生长率最高 ,而且培养物中胚性细胞较多 ,并能保持较快的分裂和生长 ,能促进已形成的大细胞团的生长和分化。转代时接种物与新鲜培养基的体积比以1∶2较好 ,悬浮系细胞生长最快 ,生长率最高 ,以 1∶2和 1∶3的高倍稀释接种有利于胚性细胞的形成及产生小的胚性细胞团 ,对悬浮系添加椰乳和水解乳蛋白的混合物 ,可较大幅度地提高悬浮细胞系的生长速率 ,单独添加上述两种物质的效果均不如二者的综合效应好。在 6种不同激素组合中 ,配方 2 (2 ,4 D 1 .5mg/L +NAA0 .5mg/L +6 BA 0 .5mg/L)最好 ,生长率最高。配方 5 (2 ,4 D 1 .5mg/L +NAA 0 .5mg/L +6 BA 1 .0mg/L)其次 ;配方 1 (2 ,4 D 1 .0mg/L +NAA 0 .5mg/L +6 BA 0 .5mg/L)次之。     

悬浮培养CHO 细胞生产重组人促红细胞生成素条件的优化*

目的:通过对贴壁培养CHO细胞筛选驯化,得到高表达的细胞后进行悬浮培养生产重组人促红细胞生成素(rHuEPO)。方法:利用96孔板和24孔板对CHO细胞进行筛选,得到高表达细胞株后进行驯化,使其适合悬浮培养,经过摇瓶扩增后接种到生物反应器中无血清培养,每天监测葡萄糖含量,测rHuEPO表达量。结果:悬浮培养CHO细胞生产rHuEPO,生产周期短,表达量比贴壁培养高出很多,操作方便,减少污染,易于放大,并建立了适合悬浮培养的CHO细胞株,为工业化悬浮培养CHO细胞生产rHuEPO提供了技术基础。结论:经过工艺优化后利用无血清悬浮培养生产促红细胞生成素平均表达量较贴壁培养高,生产周期短,有利于降低生产成本。     

Comparison of manufacturing techniques for adenovirus production

We have compared three different production methods, which may be suitable for the large scale production of adenovirus vectors for human clinical trials. The procedures compared 293 cells adapted to suspension growth in serum-free medium in a stirred tank bioreactor, 293 cells on microcarriers in serum-containing medium in a stirred tank bioreactor, and 293 cells grown in standard tissue culture plasticware. With a given virus, yields varied between 2000 and 10,000 infectious units/cell. The stirred tank bioreactor routinely produced between 4000 and 7000 infectious units/cell when 293 cells were grown on microcarriers. The 293 cells adapted to suspension growth in serum-free medium in the same stirred tank bioreactor yielded between 2000 and 7000 infectious units/cell. Yields obtained from standard tissue culture plasticware were up to 10,000 infectious units/cell. Cell culture conditions were monitored for glucose consumption, lactate production, and ammonia accumulation. Glucose consumption and lactate accumulation correlated well with the cell growth parameters. Ammonia production does not appear to be significant. Based on virus yields, ease of operation and linear scalability, large-scale adenovirus production seems feasible using 293 cells (adapted to suspension/serum free medium or on microcarriers in serum containing medium) in a stirred tank bioreactor. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Optimization of HEK-293S cell cultures for the production of adenoviral vectors in bioreactors using on-line OUR measurements

The culture of HEK-293S cells in a stirred tank bioreactor for adenoviral vectors production for gene therapy is studied. Process monitoring using oxygen uptake rate (OUR) was performed. The OUR was determined on-line by the dynamic method, providing good information of the process evolution. OUR enabled cell activity monitoring, facilitating as well the determination of the feeding rate in perfusion cultures and when to infect the culture. Batch cultures were used to validate the monitoring methodology. A cell density of 10 × 10⁵ cell/mL was infected, producing 1.3 × 10⁹ infectious viral particles/mL (IVP/mL).To increase cell density values maintaining cell specific productivity, perfusion cultures, based on tangential flow filtration, were studied. In this case, OUR measurements were used to optimize the dynamic culture medium feeding strategy, addressed to avoid any potential nutrient limitation. Furthermore, the infection protocol was defined in order to optimize the use of the viral inoculum, minimizing the uncontrolled release of particles through the filter unit mesh. All these developments enabled an infection at 78 × 10⁵ cell/mL with the consequent production of 44 × 10⁹ IVP/mL, representing a cell specific productivity 4.3 times higher than for the batch culture.     

An anti-apoptotic HEK293 cell line provides a robust and high titer platform for transient protein expression in bioreactors

ABSTRACT

HEK293 transient expression systems are used to quickly generate proteins for research and pre-clinical studies. With the aim of engineering a high-producing host that grows and transfects robustly in bioreactors, we deleted the pro-apoptotic genes Bax and Bak in an HEK293 cell line. The HEK293 Bax Bak double knock-out (HEK293 DKO) cell line exhibited resistance to apoptosis and shear stress. HEK293 DKO cells sourced from 2 L seed train bioreactors were most productive when a pH setpoint of 7.0, a narrow pH deadband of ±0.03, and a DO setpoint of 30% were used. HEK293 DKO seed train cells cultivated for up to 60 days in a 35 L bioreactor showed similar productivities to cells cultivated in shake flasks. To optimize HEK293 DKO transfection cultures, we first evaluated different pH and agitation parameters in ambr15 microbioreactors before scaling up to 10 L wavebag bioreactors. In ambr15 microbioreactors with a pH setpoint of 7.0, a wide pH deadband of ±0.3, and an agitation of 630 rpm, HEK293 DKO transient cultures yielded antibody titers up to 650 mg/L in 7 days. The optimal ambr15 conditions prompted us to operate the 10 L wavebag transfection without direct pH control to mimic the wide pH deadband ranges. The HEK293 DKO transfection process produces high titers at all scales tested. Combined, our optimized HEK293 DKO 35 L bioreactor seed train and 10 L high titer transient processes support efficient, large-scale recombinant protein production for research studies.     

Scale-up of the adenovirus expression system for the production of recombinant protein in human 293S cells

Human 293S cells, a cell line adapted to suspension culture, were grown to 5×10⁶ cells/mL in batch with calcium-free DMEM. These cells, infected with new constructions of adenovirus vectors, yielded as much as 10 to 20% recombinant protein with respect to the total cellular protein content. Until recently, high specific productivity of recombinant protein was limited to low cell density infected cultures of no more than 5×10⁵ cells/mL. In this paper, we show with a model protein, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1C how high product yield can be maintained at high cell densities of 2×10⁶ cells/mL by a medium replacement strategy. This allows the production of as much as 90 mg/L of active recombinant protein per culture volume. Analysis of key limiting/inhibiting medium components showed that glucose addition along with pH control can yield the same productivity as a medium replacement strategy at high cell density in calcium-free DMEM. Finally, the above results were reproduced in 3L bioreactor suspension culture thereby establishing the scalability of this expression system. The process we developed is used routinely with the same success for the production of various recombinant proteins and viruses.Abbreviations CFDMEM calcium-free DMEM - CS bovine calf serum - hpi hours post-infection - J+ enriched Joklik medium - MLP major late promoter - MOI multiplicity of infection (# of infectious viral particle/cell) - q specific consumption rate (mole/cell.h) - pfu plaque forming unit (# of infectious viral particle) - Y yield (g/E6 cells or mole/cell)