氮稳定同位素技术在陆地生态系统氮循环研究中的应用

在过去几十年中, 氮(N)稳定同位素技术的发展提高了人们对于陆地生态系统氮循环的认识。该文回顾了氮稳定同位素技术在研究生态系统氮循环中的历史, 综述了最近十多年来氮稳定同位素技术在陆地生态系统氮循环研究中的典型案例, 包括利用氮同位素自然丰度鉴定植物氮来源、指示生态系统氮状态和量化过程速率, 利用¹⁵N标记技术示踪氮的去向和再分布等。该文同时指出这些应用中存在的问题, 以及在陆地生态系统上氮稳定同位素技术今后研究的重点发展方向。     

氮肥形态对冬小麦根际土壤氮素生理群活性及无机氮含量的影响

采用大田盆栽方法研究了硝态氮肥、铵态氮肥、酰胺态氮肥3种氮肥形态对冬小麦品种豫麦50生育中后期(拔节期、开花期、花后14 d、花后28 d)根际土壤氮转化相关微生物活性、酶活性和根际土壤NH+4离子、NO-3离子含量的影响。结果表明:随着生育期的推进,除脲酶外,氨化细菌、硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌、反硝化细菌和蛋白酶活性变化的均为"倒V"型变化特征,以花后14 d活性最强;而脲酶活性在拔节期最强,并且其活性远大于其它微生物及酶。氮肥形态对根际土壤氮素生理群及无机氮的影响不同。酰胺态氮肥促进了根际氨化细菌、反硝化细菌、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性,而硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌在硝态氮肥条件下活性较强。除拔节期外,土壤中NH+4离子在铵态氮肥处理下含量较高,NO-3离子在酰氨态氮肥处理下含量较高。因此,酰胺态氮能够促进小麦根际土壤有机氮的分解,硝态氮肥可以促进土壤中氨的转化,以利于小麦根系的吸收与利用。氮肥形态主要是通过影响土壤中氮素生理类群及酶的活性,从而影响土壤中无机氮的含量。     

长期氮添加对草甸草原生态系统氮库的影响

大气氮沉降增加深刻影响生态系统物种多样性、生产力及其稳定性,研究草原生态系统N库如何响应不断增加的大气氮沉降至关重要。本研究在内蒙古额尔古纳草甸草原开展刈割和不同水平外源氮添加试验,设置6个氮添加水平: 0、2、5、10、20和50 g·m^-2·a^-1,同时设置刈割处理,分为刈割和不刈割2个水平。在连续处理的第7年,采集群落中优势植物地上部分、群落根、地表凋落物和0～100 cm分层土壤样品,测定N含量并计算N库储量。结果表明: 氮添加显著增加植物地上部分和凋落物N含量,以及羊草、植物群落和凋落物的N库及生态系统N库总量。刈割处理显著增加羊草叶片和凋落物N含量,降低羊草、植物群落和凋落物N库,但并不改变它们对氮添加的响应格局。此外,刈割和氮添加对植物群落N库存在显著的交互作用。在不刈割处理下,高水平氮添加使更多的氮储存在凋落物中等待分解,植物群落N库的饱和阈值出现在10 g·m^-2·a^-1;在刈割处理下,植物群落N库表现为随氮添加量增加而不断增加,并且在相同水平氮添加条件下刈割后进入到植物群落N库中的氮更多。刈割可以缓解氮沉降不断增加对生物多样性和生态系统稳定性造成的不利影响,并可以在一定程度上推迟氮沉降增加引起的生态系统氮饱和的发生。     

The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the release of soil nitrogen

Summary The effect of fertilizer nitrogen on the available amount of soil nitrogen was investigated in a greenhouse experiment. To 9 different soils, 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg N/ha were applied, resp., as (N¹⁵H₄)₂SO₄ with an atom excess N-15 of 1%.No priming effect could be found for any of the treatments. The available amount of soil N, expressed as A_N value, was not affected by rate of N-fertilizer application.     

On the importance of quantifying bioavailable nitrogen instead of total nitrogen

Monitored and modeled data provided the basis for the establishment of two nitrogen (N) budgets covering the Kattegat-Belt Sea area in the period 2000–2009: one for total nitrogen (TN) and one for bioavailable nitrogen (N_bio). Our results show a significant difference between the two budgets, and we argue that N_bio is more important than TN for our understanding of the sources causing marine eutrophication. Consequently, an optimal strategy for abatement of eutrophication aims at minimizing N_bio rather than TN. The TN budget shows that advection from the adjacent seas is the dominant source of N to the Kattegat-Belt Sea area. The loadings from land and atmosphere only account for 14 and 9 % of the TN loadings, respectively. However, when the bioavailability of the different N sources is taken into account, the supply from land and atmosphere becomes relatively more important, now accounting for 21 and 16 %, respectively (37 % in total). The ecological relevance of land and atmosphere loadings is most likely even larger since a fraction of the input from the Skagerrak is exported again before it can support primary production. Water action plans have reduced the direct loadings of TN from land and atmosphere by about 35 % since the 1980s. The contributions from land and atmosphere accounted for 47 % of the N_bio loadings in the 1980s. Hence, loadings from land and atmosphere have only decreased by 10 % points since the 1980s: from 47 to 37 %. The largest sink of TN in the study areas is advection to the adjacent seas (71 %) whereas denitrification and burial only accounts for 17 and 11 %, respectively.     

Algal nitrogen fixation in the tropics

Summary a)Nitrogen fixation in rice fields. Nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae grow abundantly in tropical regions and are particularly common in paddy fields. Their possible role in the nitrogen accumulation of soil has been studied. The most vigorous nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae have been assessed for use as green manure in rice fields and favorable effects have been reported in India and other countries. b)Nitrogen fixation by algae in water. The planktonic blue-green algae occur abundantly at certain time of the year in sea water and lake water, and some of them are known to be nitrogen fixers. Certain Japanese species of blue-green algae can withstand high temperatures including ten nitrogen-fixing species from hot-spring waters. c)Nitrogen fixation by symbiotic blue-green algae. Certain species of blue-green algae form associations with other organisms such as fungi, liverworts, ferns and seed plants. The relationship between these two organisms is on one occasion commensal and on others symbiotic. Certain symbiotic blue-green algae are provided with the ability to fix the atmospheric nitrogen.     

追施氮肥当年与翌年对桉树生长及各部位氮贮量的影响

采用田间定位试验方法,研究了追施氮肥当年与翌年对桉树各部位生物量和氮贮量的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,追施氮肥翌年桉树生物量增加幅度显著高于当年,说明氮肥对于提高桉树生物量具有一定累积作用,追肥的增产效果明显;追施氮肥也使全树氮贮量在2007年与2008年分别提高30.2%和73.5%;与2007年相比,2008年对照处理桉树生物量增加35.9%,追施氮肥处理生物量提高1倍以上,而对照处理树木体内氮贮量降低13.1%,追氮处理提高15.7%;这主要是由于3龄桉树树叶生物量的明显降低,对照与追施氮肥处理树叶中氮贮量分别降低46.5%和36.9%,其也是桉树中氮贮量降低最显著的部位。     

Changing nitrogen source on the yield and nitrogen content of soybeans

Summary Soybean plants were grown in nutrient culture solutions containing 150 ppm of N either as an equal concentration of NH₄ ⁺ or NO₃ ^–, or all NO₃ ^–. At the R2 stage of growth for some plants, the N form was changed to either all NO₃ ^– or all NH₄ ⁺, but at the same total N concentration as before. Highest seed yield was obtained with all NO₃ ^– over the entire growth period, the poorest when the N form was switched from an equal ratio of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^– to all NH₄ ⁺ at the R2 stage. Kjeldahl N concentrations in the plant leaves and seed were highest when NH₄ ⁺ was part or all of the N source in the nutrient solution. These results may partially explain why the literature is inconsistent on the effect of added fertilizer N on soybean seed yield, and may pose a problem in using leaf Kjeldahl N concentration to determine plant N sufficiency.     

浮床黑麦草对城市生活污水氮循环细菌繁衍和脱氮效果的影响

通过设施大棚内容积为1.5m3的人工模拟池试验,研究了浮床黑麦草对模拟城市生活污水氮循环细菌繁衍和脱氮效果的影响。通过研究,阐明浮床植物去除污染水体氮素的可能途径。研究结果表明:浮床黑麦草对模拟城市生活污水总氮和氨氮的去除效果分别达到了31.6%和43.0%;浮床黑麦草根际和根系正下方是各类氮循环细菌生长的最佳区域;浮床黑麦草处理有效地提高了系统氮循环细菌的数量,16d的试验结束时细菌总数(A,单位为CFU.mL-1)达到最大值,其lg(A/(CFU.mL-1))增加至8.82,各类氮循环细菌比对照高3-5个数量级;同时,浮床黑麦草处理显著提高了氮循环细菌的群落多样性,系统内氨化菌、硝化菌、亚硝化菌和反硝化菌共存;明确了浮床黑麦草的吸收同化和氮循环细菌的生物脱氮是浮床黑麦草净化水质的两个重要途径。     

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition has caused nitrogen enrichment and eutrophication of lakes in the northern hemisphere

We compiled chemical data and phytoplankton biomass (PB) data (chlorophyll a ) from unproductive lakes in 42 different regions in Europe and North America, and compared these data to inorganic nitrogen (N) deposition over these regions. We demonstrate that increased deposition of inorganic N over large areas of Europe and North America has caused elevated concentrations of inorganic N in lakes. In addition, the unproductive lakes in high N deposition areas had clearly higher PB relative to the total phosphorus (P) concentrations illustrating that the elevated inorganic N concentrations has resulted in eutrophication and increased biomass of phytoplankton. The eutrophication caused by inorganic N deposition indicates that PB yield in a majority of lakes in the northern hemisphere is (was) limited by N in their natural state. We, therefore, suggest that P limitation largely concerns lakes where the balance between N and P has been changed because of increased anthropogenic input of N.     

Variability in nitrogen stable isotope ratios of macroalgae: consequences for the identification of nitrogen sources

In our research, we collected and analyzed numerous macroalgal specimens (738) for isotopic analysis sampled over a year at monthly intervals across 20 sites within the Urías lagoon complex, a typical subtropical coastal ecosystem located in the Gulf of California. We quantified and characterized (chemically and isotopically) the N loads received by Urías throughout a year. We studied the spatial‐temporal variation of the chemical forms and isotopic signals of the available N in the water column, and we monitored in situ different environmental variables and other hydrodynamic parameters. Multiple N sources (e.g., atmospheric, sewage, seafood processing, agriculture and aquaculture effluents) and biogeochemical reactions related to the N cycle (e.g., ammonia volatilization, nitrification and denitrification) co‐occurring across the ecosystem, result in a mixture of chemical species and isotopic compositions of available N in the water column. Increased variability was observed in the δ¹⁵N values of macroalgae (0.41‰–22.67‰). Based on our results, the variation in δ¹⁵N was best explained by spatio‐temporal changes in available N and not necessarily related to the N sources. The variability was also explained by the differences in macroalgal biology among functional groups, species and/or individuals. Although the δ¹⁵N‐macroalgae technique was a useful tool to identify N sources, its application in coastal ecosystems receiving multiple N sources, with changing environmental conditions influencing biogeochemical processes, and high diversity of ephemeral macroalgal species, could be less sensitive and have less predictive power.     

Post-flowering nitrogen uptake leads to the genotypic variation in seed nitrogen accumulation of oilseed rape

Plant and Soil - The conventional management adopted in many Mediterranean olive orchards makes them more vulnerable to climate change and attacks by pathogens, due to the decreased chemical plant...