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1.
Gibberellin A17, abscisic acid, and 4′-dihydrophaseic acid were identified by GC-MS of derivatized extracts from both immature and mature seeds of pear. Immature seeds also contained phaseic acid, gibberellins A25 and A45, and two presumed mono-hydroxylated derivatives of GA45, one of which was tentatively identified as 3β-hydroxy-GA45. Several presumed metabolites of abscisic acid were detected in both mature and immature seeds. 相似文献
2.
Extracts of Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) shoots were purified by reversed and normal phase HPLC; gibberellin (GA)-like compounds detected by radioimmunoassay with antibodies against GA4 and the Tan-ginbozu dwarf rice micro-drop biossay were analyzed by GC-MS. Three major components were identified as GA4 , GA7 , and GA9 while smaller amounts of GA1 , GA3 and putative GA9 -glucosyl ester were also present. 相似文献
3.
4.
Three native gibberellins of Pinus attenuata pollen, GA3, GA4 and GA7 have been characterized by GC-MS and a fourth, less polar, GA with chromatographic characteristics similar to GA9 was shown to be present. At least two other as yet unidentified, less polar GA-like substances are also present in the dormant and/or germinating pollen. The concentration of the GA9-like substance, and of GA4 and GA7, decreases during germination, while peaks of biological activity of a more polar nature increase. The most predominant of the polar peaks present 15 hr after germination was GA3. 相似文献
5.
Extracts of mature silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) needles, current-year, and one-year old (A) and seven to nine-year old (B), were purified by reversed and normal phase HPLC. Gibberellin (GA)-like compounds were detected by the Tan-ginbozu dwarf rice micro-drop bioassay and corresponding fractions were analyzed by GC-MS. GA9 was present in small amounts, while a major component was a cellulase-hydrolysable GA9 conjugate which was assumed to be GA9 glucosyl ester. It is proposed that GA9 glucosyl ester plays a key role in the regulation of endogenous GA levels in silver fir needles. 相似文献
6.
GC-MS identification of endogenous gibberellins and gibberellin conjugates as their permethylated derivatives 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A convenient method of preparing permethyl derivatives of GAs and GA-glucosides is described using NaH and MeI in DMF. The permethyl derivatives of the glucosides give sharp GC peaks and their MS provide information for the identification of the GA and carbohydrate moieties. The detection and characterization of endogenous GAs and GA-glycosides in pods of Phaseolus coccineus by GC-MS of permethylated extracts are described. Permethylation of carbohydrates, IAA, ABA and cytokinins by the same method is described. 相似文献
7.
T. Moritz 《Physiologia plantarum》1995,95(1):67-72
Short photoperiod induces growth cessation in seedlings of Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.] Karst.). Application of different gibberellins (GAS) to seedlings growing under a short photoperiod show that GA9 and GA20 can not induce growth. In contrast application of GA, and GA4 induced shoot elongation. The results indicate that 3β-hydroxylation of GA9 to GA4 and of GA20 to GA1 is under photoperiodic control. To confirm that conclusion, both qualitative and quantitative analyses of endogenous GAs were performed. GA1 , GA3 , GA4 , GA7 , GA9 , GA12 , GA15 , GA15 , GA20 , GA29 , GA34 and GA51 were identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in shoots of Norway spruce seedlings. The effect of photoperiod on GA levels was determined by using deuterated and 14 C-labelled GAs as intermal standards. In short days, the amounts of GA9 , GA4 and GA1 are less than in plants grown in continuous light. There is no significant difference in the amounts of GA3 , GA12 , and GA20 between the different photoperiods. The lack of accumulation of GA9 and GA20 under short days is discussed. 相似文献
8.
In young needles of the Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) GA9 has been shown by GC and HPLC to be the main gibberellin. As minor compounds GA7, GA3 and GA8 have been tentatively identified by HPLC. In addition to the free gibberellins small amounts of GA9 glucosyl ester and a not yet identified ester of GA20 have been isolated.
From the group of endogenous inhibitors ABA has been identified by GC-MS and ABA glucosyl ester by HPLC. After enzymatic hydrolysis
of the ester, ABA and glucose have been quantified by GC and GOD-POD reaction giving the ratio 1:1. Another plant growth inhibitor
has been identified as the methyl ester of jasmonic acid. 相似文献
9.
Gibberellic acid (GA3) and 13-deoxy-gibberellic acid (GA7) were identified in extracts of germinating barley as their 14C-methyl esters. The maximal level of GA3 was estimated by an isotopic dilution procedure to be 1·5 ng per grain. Germinating barley incorporated 2-14C-mevalonic acid into several terpenes, whose specific radioactivities were measured, but incorporation into GA3 could not be detected. Cell-free embryo extracts from germinating barley converted 2-14C-mevalonic acid into isopentenol, dimethylallyl alcohol, farnesol and squalene, while 14C-isopentenyl pyrophosphate was incorporated into geraniol, farnesol, geranylgeraniol and squalene. There was no detectable incorporation into the gibberellin intermediate ent-kaurene. 相似文献
10.
Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of gibberellins 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A method for the qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of gibberellins (GAs) was examined, and a systematic method consisting of six steps was established. By this method endogenous GAs in some organs of Pharbitis nil were quantitatively analysed. 相似文献
11.
Variation in amino acid patterns of 121 species (72 genera) of grass caryopses is extensively consistent with taxonomic groupings. The patterns of pooids and chloridoids are distinguishable from one another and from those of eu-panicoids and andropogonoids; the bamboos, Oryza, Stipeae, Ehrharta and Microlaena, which share certain morphological and anatomical features, also share a characteristic amino acid profile, while profiles of danthonoioids, Triodia and Aristida are clearly non-pooid. Caryopsis amino acid patterns vary independently of photosynthetic pathway. Embryos from taxonomically diverse genera all show very similar amino acid profiles, which differ strikingly from those of the endosperms, and the amino acid patterns of whole caryopses are dominated by their endosperms, which are responsible for the taxonomic variation. ‘Chemical scores’ of the caryopsis proteins, but not total protein contents, correlate to some extent with taxonomic groupings. 相似文献
12.
Seed dormancy and germination: the role of abscisic acid and gibberellins and the importance of hormone mutants 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Over the past decades many studies have aimed at elucidating the regulation of seed dormancy and germination. Many hypotheses have been proposed and rejected but the regulatory principle behind changes in dormancy and induction of germination is still a black box. The majority of proposed mechanisms have a role for certain plant hormones in common. Abscisic acid and the gibberellins are the hormones most frequently suggested to control these processes. The development of hormone-deficient mutants made it possible to provide direct evidence for the involvement of hormones in germination and dormancy related processes.In the present paper an attempt is made to assess the role of abscisic acid and gibberellins in the transitions between dormant and non-dormant states and germination. First a conceptual framework is presented in which the different states of dormancy and germination are defined in order to contribute to a solution of the semantic confusion about these terms that has existed since the beginning of seed physiology.It is concluded that abscisic acid plays a pivotal role during the development of primary dormancy and gibberellins are involved in the induction of germination. Changes in sensitivity to these hormones occur during changes in dormancy. Both synthesis of and responsiveness to the hormones are controlled by natural environmental factors such as light, temperature and nitrate. 相似文献
13.
When grown on PDL medium for 11 days the strain REC-193A of Gibberella fujikuroi produces the usual range of gibberellins and ent-kaurenoid metabolites. After 3–5 days under the same conditions of culture, this slow growing strain produces virtually none of these metabolites. These short term cultures were found to convert gibberellin A12-aldehyde into gibberellins A12 (8.3 % A14 (45%), A4 (ca. 17%) and A7 (ca. 6%). Under identical conditions of culture gibberellin A12 was largely unmetabolised. These results show that 3-hydroxylation is the first step in the conversion of gibberellin A12-aldehyde into gibberellins A14, A4 and A7. 相似文献
14.
Weidner Stanisław Każarnowicz Marta Frączek Ewa Amarowicz Ryszard Karamać Magdalena 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2006,28(6):627-634
Some posttranslational processes that occur in embryos of germinating triticale caryopses treated with different concentrations
of abscisic acid (ABA) were examined. ABA increased the ratio of cytoskeleton-bound polysomes in the total population of polysomes
and depressed the share of free and membrane-bound polysomes. Using exogenous RNase, stability of the total polysomal population
as well as each polysomal fraction was investigated. The total extractable polysomes isolated from embryonic tissues of germinating
triticale caryopses treated with ABA were more stable than the polysomes isolated from the control sample caryopses. The contribution
of the polysomes that were not digested by RNase was increased by higher concentrations of ABA applied during germination.
At high concentrations of ABA (50, 100 μM), the quantitative contribution of polysomes in the total ribosomal fraction was
almost 100% of the amount of polysomes before digestion and the modifications observed consisted mainly of the shift of the
so-called heavy polysomes towards light polysomes, containing a few ribosomes. Within each polysomal population, cytoskeleton-bound
polysomes (CBP and CMBP) were the most stable, which may imply that the bonds between polysomes and these protein filaments,
created in all eukaryotic cells increased their stability. It is assumed that mRNAs are stabilised or destabilised by interaction
of proteins with their various sequences. A plant hormone may depress or elevate the quantities of these proteins, thus regulating
the stability of different mRNAs. The results confirm the multi-faceted mechanism of ABA-induced response, where one of the
constituents is the effect of ABA on the stability of mRNAs molecules. The co-ordinated regulation of mRNAs synthesis and
their stability provide plants with improved adaptability. 相似文献
15.
Elongation of internode segments of dwarf pea seedlings excised 4 mm below the plumular hook was stimulated by GA3 but not by GA1 or GA5. However, all three gibberellins induced cell elongation in the region from which this segment was isolated on application to intact seedlings. It is concluded that GA1 and GA5 are converted to a GA3-like hormone. Measurement of epidermal cell elongation in the epicotyl further indicates that GA3 or a GA3-like hormone may be the functional form of the hormone required for cell elongation. 相似文献
16.
Red blood cell membranes have been labeled with several covalent and non-covalent inhibitors of anion transport and their heat capacity profiles determined as a function of temperature. Covalent inhibitors include the amino reactive agents 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid, 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid, pyridoxal phosphate and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitro benzene. The non-covalent inhibitors include several well known local anesthetics. The study was undertaken in order to identify regions of the membrane involved in anion transport. Covalent modification in all cases resulted in a large upward shift of the C transition, which is believed to involved a localized phospholipid region. Evidence is presented which indicates that Band III protein and this phospholipid region are in close physical proximity on the membrane. Addition of non-covalent inhibitors affects the membrane in either or both of two ways. In some cases, a lowering and broadening of the C transition occurs; in other the B1 and B2 transitions are altered. These latter transitions are believed to involve both phospholipid and protein, including Band III. These results may indicate that the non-covalent inhibitors produce their inhibitory effect on anion transport at least in part by interacting with membrane phospholipid. 相似文献
17.
Whole plants of Poa huecu have yielded a new flavone characterized as 5,7,3′-trihydroxy-4′,5′-dimethoxyflavone as well as tricin, selagin, umbelliferone and scopoletin. 相似文献
18.
Significant female flowering of 6- to 11-year-old seedlings and grafted ramets of sexually mature scions of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) was promoted by both topical and spray applications of a gibberellin (GA) A4/7 mixture (1.6 to c. 5 mg per plant in total) during that period (June to September) when sexual differentiation of lateral primordia would be expected to take place. Girdling was used in most experiments to enhance the GA4/7 effect, as was the auxin, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Average frequency of flowering branches on treated plants over all experiments ranged from 27 to 59% (control ranged from 0 to 36%) and average number of female strobili was increased from 2- to 6-fold by growth regulator treatment, relative to controls. Within an experiment, clonal or family frequency of flowering for treated plants ranged from 11 to 67% (controls were 0 to 28%), and number of female strobili was increased from 2- to 14-fold by growth regulator treatment, relative to controls. Movement of the flowering stimulus from the point of application was apparent in several experiments, the response in adjacent branches being correlated positively with increasing dosage of GA4/7. Significant male flowering occurred only in one experiment, girdling and GA4/7 treatment being promotive factors. The use of spray applications of GA4/7+ NAA is warranted to induce early and enhanced flowering in lodgepole pine seedlings and vegetative propagules for genetic improvement programs. 相似文献
19.
Rick C. Heupel Bernard O. Phinney Clive R. Spray Paul Gaskin Jake MacMillan Peter Hedden Jan E. Graebe 《Phytochemistry》1985,24(1):47-53
The native hormones from tassels of maize (Zea mays) were re-investigated. The previous identification by GC/SIM of GA1, GA8 and GA29 in normal tassels was confirmed by full GC/MS scans at the correct Kovats retention indices. In tassels of dwarf-1 mutants, GA44,?GA19, GA17, GA20 and the 16,17-dihydro, 7β,16α,17-trihydroxy derivative of ent-kaurenoic acid were identified by GC/MS. Gibberellin A1 was not found in the mutant tassels. [14C]Gibberellin A53 was fed to tassels of the dwarf-5 mutant. In the ethyl acetate-soluble acidic fraction from the feeds, [14C]GA44 was identified by GC/MS; [14C]GA19 and [14C]GA29 were identified by GC/SIM. The GA29 is probably a metabolite of the feeds because the dwarf-5 mutant is known to control the step copalyl pyrophosphate to ent-kaurene in the maize GA-biosynthetic pathway and because GA29 was not identified in a control experiment. The n-butanol fractions obtained from the feeds were shown, by GC/MS, to contain [14C]GA53 after hydrolysis, suggesting that conjugated [14C]GA53 is a major metabolite from GA53 feeds. [17-13C, 17-3H2]Gibberellin A20 was fed to normal, dwarf-1 and dwarf-5 tassels. In each case, analysis of the purified ethyl acetate-soluble acidic extracts by GC/MS led to the identification of [13C]GA29 and unmetabolized [13C]GA20 in which no 13C-isotope dilution was observed. 相似文献
20.
Endogenous gibberellins (GAs) were extracted from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) stems and detected by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry from which GA1, GA3, GA19,, GA20, GA29, and probably, GA44 were detected. The detection of these GAs suggests that the early 13-OH biosynthetic pathway is prevalent in safflower shoots. Deuterated GAs were used as internal standards and GA concentrations were determined in stems harvested at weekly intervals. GA1 and GA19 levels per stem increased but concentrations per gram dry weight decreased over time. GA20 was only detected in young stem tissue.Gibberellic acid (GA3) was also applied in field trials and both GA3 and the GA biosynthetic inhibitor, paclobutrazol, were applied in growth chamber tests. GA3 increased epidermal cell size, internode length, and increased internode cell number causing stem elongation. Conversely, paclobutrazol reduced stem height, internode and cell size, cell number and overall shoot weight. In field tests, GA3 increased total stem weight, but decreased leaf weight, flower bud number and seed yield. Thus, GA3 promoted vegetative growth at the expense of reproductive commitment. These studies collectively indicate a promotory role of GAs in the control of shoot growth in safflower, and are generally consistent with gibberellin studies of related crop plants.
Author for correspondence 相似文献