枯草芽孢杆菌生物拌种剂对玉米病害的田间防效研究

目的：明确枯草芽孢杆菌生物拌种剂对玉米病虫害的防病和增产效果,为推广应用提供科学依据。方法：将2种杀虫剂分别加入枯草芽孢杆菌生物拌种剂中充分摇匀后,按肥种比1∶50比例均匀混拌玉米种子,阴干后播种。结果：枯草芽孢杆菌生物拌种剂对玉米根腐病防效达80.1%-96.7%,对玉米黑穗病的防效达74.6%-83.3%,对地下害虫防效达66.7%-77.8%,增产率达8.7%-15.7%。结论：该生物拌种剂可以大面积示范推广使用。     

芸豆拌种药剂筛选试验总结

通过芸豆拌种药剂筛选试验看出:在防治根腐病方面,参试药剂防效不够理想。防效最好的ND药剂(八一农大种衣剂)也只有56.5%。苦宁、菌克毒克,防效均低于30%以下。     

枯草芽孢杆菌fmb60菌株非核糖体肽类化合物对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用

铜绿微囊藻是一种分布广泛的水华微藻,可对人类健康和生态环境造成严重危害,而枯草芽孢杆菌作为一种生防微生物可通过非核糖体肽合成酶合成多种生物活性物质。因此,枯草芽孢杆菌fmb60非核糖体肽(Non-ribosomal peptide,NRP)类产物对铜绿微囊藻生长抑制作用的研究在水华治理方面具有重要的意义。利用基因组挖掘技术从枯草芽孢杆菌fmb60中分离鉴定出bacillibactin、表面活性素(Surfactin)和芬芥素(Fengycin)3种NRP类产物,进而通过添加不同浓度的NRP类产物研究其对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,结果显示其对铜绿微囊藻4 d的半效应浓度值EC50.4 d为26.5 mg/L,且随着样品浓度的增加,枯草芽孢杆菌fmb60的NRP类产物对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用增强。当向其分别加入50 mg/L的样品时,培养4 d的铜绿微囊藻Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yield参数分别比对照组降低了2.8%、1.7%、2.0%。表明枯草芽孢杆菌fmb60 NRP类产物能够显著抑制铜绿微囊藻的光合作用强度及代谢合成,从而为枯草芽孢杆菌抑藻剂的开发奠定理论基础。     

芽孢杆菌对黄瓜根腐病的防治效果

枯草芽孢杆菌B29从黄瓜根际土壤分离,经实验室平板抑菌活性和温室盆栽防效测定,发现该菌对黄瓜根腐病有较强的抑菌作用,温室防效达79．7％-83．3％,且对瓜苗有一定的促生长作用。     

固定化微生物菌剂与蕹菜对中华鳖养殖污水的净化效果研究

为解决中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)养殖所造成的水环境污染问题,研究利用海藻酸钠、沸石对复合光合菌剂和枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂分别进行固定化,并研究了不同固定化微生物菌剂与蕹菜对中华鳖养殖污水的净化效果。结果表明:净化处理15d后,利用固定化微生物菌剂与蕹菜共同处理组对中华鳖养殖污水的净化处理效果最好,养殖污水的CODMn、NH 4+-N、NO3-N、NO 2-N、PO34的去除率分别为88.7%、87.3%、90.8%、98.3%、74.9%。蕹菜处理组对于NO3-N、NO 2-N、NH 4+-N的去除率显著高于固定化复合光合菌剂处理组和固定化枯草芽孢杆菌处理组。固定化复合光合菌剂处理组对于NO3-N、NO 2-N、NH 4+-N的去除率显著高于固定化枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂处理组,但固定化枯草芽孢杆菌处理组对于污水的CODMn的去除率最高,可达90.6%。     

大豆根腐病生防菌KJB04-11的鉴定及其产生的脂肽类抗生素

从大豆根围筛选到1株对尖孢镰刀菌和立枯丝核菌都具有很好拮抗作用的菌株KJB04-11,经形态观察、生理生化特征和16SrDNA序列分析,属于枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillussubtilis)。具有抗菌活性的KJB04-11发酵液无菌滤液对热和酸碱具有较强的稳定性。采用SephadexG-25柱层析、反相HPLC和冷冻干燥从KJB04-11发酵液中分离纯化了抗菌活性成分。由红外光谱、MALDI-TOF-MS、氨基酸组成及脂肽合成酶基因扩增结果推测该菌株产生的抗菌物质为C16、C17的mycosubtilin和C15的surfactin。田间试验表明,大豆种子经KJB04-11发酵液包衣处理对大豆根腐病防效为53.6%,大豆产量提高12.5%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌和丙环唑对采后苹果炭疽病的防治效果

研究了离子束诱变的枯草芽孢杆菌B-24和丙环唑等对苹果采后炭疽病的防治效果及其几种防御酶活性的影响。结果表明:丙环唑对苹果炭疽病菌丝有明显的抑制效果,抑制浓度EC50为0.067μg/mL。代森锰锌的抑制作用最弱,其EC50为1806.984μg/mL。不同化学药剂和不同浓度的药剂之间,对苹果炭疽病的保护防效有显著差异。丙环唑对苹果炭疽病的防效最好,对寄主酶活的诱导作用也最强,能诱导苹果果实POD和PPO活性显著升高。代森锰锌防效差,POD活性和对照接近。同一药剂,浓度高的防效好,果实中酶活性也高。枯草芽孢杆菌在离体条件下活菌液对苹果炭疽病菌的抑制效果最好,抑制率为100%,表现出明显的拮抗作用。活体试验表明枯草芽孢杆菌能明显减轻苹果果实炭疽病的发生,接种枯草芽孢杆菌能诱导苹果果实POD和PPO活性的升高。     

玉米苗期抗旱促生微生物拌种剂应用效果初报

采用微生物拌种剂进行拌种处理和田间小区对比试验,研究微生物拌种剂在田间的应用效果。结果表明,使用微生物拌种剂可促进玉米根系发育,增加玉米株高、植株干物质积累和百粒重,出苗率提高4.6%,增产4.2%。试验结果为微生物拌种剂的推广应用提供了科学依据。     

生物菌剂防治柴胡根腐病及促生作用研究

目的:采用生物菌剂防治柴胡根腐病,减少化学农药防治该病引起柴胡药材农药残留对人体造成伤害,并减少对土壤的污染。方法:使用泡囊-丛枝菌根剂浸种、灌根,地衣芽孢杆菌浸种,50%多菌灵拌种、灌根,采用单因子方差分析法并用SPSS软件对实验数据进行处理。结果:在预防柴胡死苗方面,泡囊-丛枝菌根剂处理最好,死苗率降低了12.5%,其次为地衣芽孢杆菌处理,降低了11.1%,多菌灵处理降低10.6%;泡囊-丛枝菌根剂不仅在防治柴胡死苗方面效果显著,而且具有促进柴胡根增粗、增重的作用,平均单枝增重率高达123%。结论:生物菌剂泡囊-丛枝菌根剂有效抑制北柴胡根腐病,同时促进根系生长发育,且对环境友好。     

枯草芽孢杆菌磁场诱变株对采后番茄灰霉病的控制效果研究

对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)进行了磁场诱变,获得了39个诱变株,通过与番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea Pers.)拮抗作用的研究,获得3株高效拮抗菌。实验结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌BS0.25-1,BS1.25和BS0.10-1为高效拮抗菌株,其中BS1.25对采后番茄灰霉病防治效果较好,20℃下贮藏5天后,先接种BS1.25的处理防效达100%,显著好于对照,为较理想的拮抗菌。     

木霉菌在玉米病害生物防治中的作用机制及应用

目前,世界上共有分属于10个属（Trichoderma,Gliocladium,Chaetomium,Bacillus,Burkhoderia,Streptomyces and Pseudomonas,Pantoea,Enterobacter,Macrobacterium）中的微生物被试验用于玉米病害的生物防治,其中细菌14种,真菌17种,放线菌1种。国际上由木霉菌开发的生物杀菌剂和生物肥料有50余种,其中以哈茨木霉T22菌株开发的产品最为著名。目前在我国也开发出了4种木霉菌剂型（可湿性粉剂、颗粒剂、水分散粒剂和种衣剂）,正式登记的木霉菌杀菌剂有7种,其中6种为可湿粉剂,1种为水分散粒剂,主要登记用于防治番茄、观赏百合、黄瓜的立枯病、猝倒病、根腐病、灰霉病、霜霉病以及小麦的纹枯病,但尚无木霉菌生物农药被登记用于防治玉米病害。以木霉菌为主要成分登记的菌肥产品有11种,其中在玉米上应用的有2种。由课题组研制的木霉菌颗粒剂和种衣剂通过土壤穴施和种子包衣可有效防治玉米茎腐病和纹枯病,其中木霉菌颗粒剂防效达65%-87%。近期研制的木霉菌可湿性粉剂对玉米小斑病的防效达50%-60%。国际上已鉴定出多种可诱导玉米获得系统抗性的木霉菌源激发子,其中包括Sm1、纤维素酶、疏水蛋白和Avr4 /Avr9等效应因子。本课题组近年鉴定出Thc6（锌指蛋白类转录因子）、PAF-AH和Thph1/Thph2的编码产物在系统诱导以JA/ET信号调控的玉米抗弯孢菌叶斑病中具有重要作用,符合植物免疫MAMPs模式,为全面认识木霉菌诱导免疫机理提供了重要理论依据。木霉菌诱导玉米从根至叶片的防御反应系统传导机制还需深入研究。     

Effect of mycorrhiza and biofertilisers on reducing the incidence of Fusarium root and pod rot diseases of peanut

Pathogenicity tests of twenty-six fungal isolates were tested on peanut plants (Giza 5 cv.) and the results revealed that, Fusarium oxysporum isolate (No. I) followed by F. solani (No. II) then F. moniliforme (No III) significantly caused highest incidence of root rot disease. Also, F. moniliforme (No III) followed by F. solani (No II) then F. oxysporum (No I) gave the highest incidence of pod rot disease. The effectiveness of vescular arbuscular-mycorrhiza (VAM) at different application rates on the incidence of root rot, pod rot diseases and plant growth parameters of peanut was studied. All soil treatments with each rate of VAM significantly reduced root and pod rot diseases compared with control (rate 0%). The best reduction in the severity of both diseases with VAM was found at the rate of 3%. Application of rhizobacterin, microbin and cerialin biofertilisers at the different concentrations decreased the severity of both root rot and pod rot severity diseases compared with non-treated seeds. The greatest reduction in both diseases was achieved at a concentration of 8/100?g seeds. The highest number of pods and fresh weight (g) was achieved in seed supplemented with each biofertiliser at concentration of 8/100?g seed.     

夏大豆病虫害系统最优控制研究

１９９３－１９９６年作者研究了豆田１６种可控因素对夏大豆病虫害、天敌和产量的综合效应。根据既控病虫增产又保护生态的原则,综合评价了可控因素,提出了夏大豆病早了优控制策略：同穴（４：１式）或间作（９：２式）,鲁豆４,６月１０日前后播种、１８００ｇ／ｈｍ＾２微肥拦种,Ｎ４５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,Ｐ２Ｏ５６０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,Ｋ２０１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,有机肥２２５００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,甲拦磷０．３６％拌种,多菌     

青霉TS67菌株对大豆根腐病和玉米小斑病的防治效果评价

采用盆栽试验的方法,通过病情指数和防治效率等指标研究青霉TS67菌株的发酵液、发酵上清液和菌体对大豆根腐病及玉米小斑病的影响,实验结果的SPSS统计分析表明,青霉TS67的所有处理均能显著(P<0.01)抑制大豆根腐病及玉米小斑病的发生,其中采用TS67菌株与大豆尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的混合物进行拌种,对大豆根腐病的防治效果最好,防治效率迭63.98%;在玉米小斑病发病前喷洒TS67菌株的发酵液,对玉米小斑病的防治效果最好,防治效率达到53.34%.此外实验结果还表明用青霉TS67进行大豆拌种能有效促进大豆幼苗生长.     

花青素对神经退行性疾病保护作用的研究进展

对近年来花青素在神经退行性疾病中的研究进展进行综述,并从抑制氧化应激、缓解神经炎症、缓解兴奋性毒性和抑制蛋白异常聚集等方面对花青素的神经保护作用机制进行探讨,为进一步了解和研究花青素类化合物在神经退行性疾病中的预防作用提供科学依据。     

Evaluation of seed dressing and soil application formulations of Trichoderma species for integrated management of dry root rot of chickpea

The efficacy of the newly developed seed dressing and soil application formulations of Trichoderma viride, T. virens and T. harzianum were evaluated individually and in combinations under pot and field experiments for the management of dry root rot (Rhizoctonia bataticola) of chickpea (Cicer arientinum). In pot experiments, T. harzianum based seed dressing formulation, Pusa 5SD, and soil application formulations, Pusa Biogranule 5 (PBG 5) and Pusa Biopellet 10G (PBP 10G), were found to be effective in reducing dry root rot incidence in chickpea and increasing the seed germination, shoot and root lengths of the crop. Under field experiments, a combination of soil application of T. harzianum based PBP 10G and seed treatment with Pusa 5SD+carboxin was found to be the best by providing the highest seed germination, shoot and root lengths and grain yield and the lowest dry root rot incidence in chickpea.     

Assessment of suitability and suppressiveness of on-farm green compost as a substitute of peat in the production of lavender plants

Suppression of root rot diseases of ornamental plants is a potential benefit of formulating soilless container media with compost. A green compost (green nursery compost, GNC), obtained by a circular-economy approach from residues of pruning of woody plants and grass clippings during the nursery activities was analysed for its suppressiveness of root rot diseases using lavender. To this end, a bioassay was develop by formulating potting mixes containing GNC with two rates of peat substitution (25% and 50%) and infested with the root rot pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora nicotianae. Contrasting results were obtained by using both substrates with a significant reduction of root rot by S. sclerotiorum, no effect on the containment of that by P. nicotianae, and an increase of symptoms caused by R. solani. The specific suppressiveness observed may be attributed to the colonisation of compost by specific groups of antagonistic microorganisms. This hypothesis was investigated by the analysis of culturable fungal community, which resulted in the isolation of Trichoderma harzianum and T. atroviride as preponderant fungal species. Trichoderma representative isolates exerted in vitro antagonistic activities against the target pathogens with varying efficiencies indicating the employment of multiple complementary mechanisms, which may have contributed to the observed specific suppressiveness. Both substrates containing GNC resulted suitable for nursery cultivation of lavender, showing a growth performance similar to that obtained with peat-based substrate. Present results indicate that on-farm compost is a suitable component of mixed-peat substrates capable to support plant growth and provide specific disease suppression.     

自然林下与田间根腐三七根际微生物群落特征及比较分析

【背景】三七根际微生物群落特征与其土传根腐病害密切相关,而针对自然林下根腐三七的相关研究鲜见报道。【目的】比较分析自然林下与田间根腐三七根际土壤微生物群落的组成特征,结合土壤理化性质与酶活性分析,为三七根腐病害防治与仿野生栽培提供科学依据。【方法】采集自然林下与田间根腐三七根际土壤,利用高通量测序技术,分析土壤细菌与真菌群落的物种组成与多样性,并测定土壤理化性质和酶活性。【结果】自然林下与田间根腐三七根际土壤中细菌和真菌群落组成具有明显差异,自然林下根腐三七根际土壤中担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)的相对丰度较高,而田间根腐三七根际土壤中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)的相对丰度较高。在属分类水平,镰刀菌属(Fusarium)是自然林下根腐三七根际土壤中的优势菌群,相对丰度为17.30%,而癣囊腔菌属(Plectosphaerella)是田间根腐三七根际土壤中的优势菌群,相对丰度为22.55%;Candidatus Ba...