NIH disease funding levels and burden of disease

Background

An analysis of NIH funding in 1996 found that the strongest predictor of funding, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), explained only 39% of the variance in funding. In 1998, Congress requested that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) evaluate priority-setting criteria for NIH funding; the IOM recommended greater consideration of disease burden. We examined whether the association between current burden and funding has changed since that time.

Methods

We analyzed public data on 2006 NIH funding for 29 common conditions. Measures of US disease burden in 2004 were obtained from the World Health Organization''s Global Burden of Disease study and national databases. We assessed the relationship between disease burden and NIH funding dollars in univariate and multivariable log-linear models that evaluated all measures of disease burden. Sensitivity analyses examined associations with future US burden, current and future measures of world disease burden, and a newly standardized NIH accounting method.

Results

In univariate and multivariable analyses, disease-specific NIH funding levels increased with burden of disease measured in DALYs (p = 0.001), which accounted for 33% of funding level variation. No other factor predicted funding in multivariable models. Conditions receiving the most funding greater than expected based on disease burden were AIDS ($2474 M), diabetes mellitus ($390 M), and perinatal conditions ($297 M). Depression ($719 M), injuries ($691 M), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ($613 M) were the most underfunded. Results were similar using estimates of future US burden, current and future world disease burden, and alternate NIH accounting methods.

Conclusions

Current levels of NIH disease-specific research funding correlate modestly with US disease burden, and correlation has not improved in the last decade.     

Exploring in the stream of behavior

Review of Observing Interaction: An Introduction to Sequential Analysis, 2nd Edition, by Roger Bakeman and John M. Gottman. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1997, xiii + 207 p., 32 fig., 19 tab., $24.95 (soft), $54.95 (hard).     

What it means to be female

Review of The Evolving Female: A Life-History Perspective, A. Gallowy, & A.L. Zihlman (Eds.), Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997, xix + 332 p., tables + figures, $60.00 cloth, $27.95 paper. In addition to the editors, the contributors are L.M. Fedigan, K. Ono, J. Reiter, B.B. Smuts, M. Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M.S.M. Pavelka, C.M. Pond, R. McFarland, S.M.B. Tarli, E. Repetto, G.A. Morelli, P. Draper, C. Panter-Brick, V.J. Vitzthum, A. Jolly, & B. McLeod.     

Cost-effectiveness of peer-delivered interventions for cocaine and alcohol abuse among women: a randomized controlled trial

Aims

To determine whether the additional interventions to standard care are cost-effective in addressing cocaine and alcohol abuse at 4 months (4 M) and 12 months (12 M) from baseline.

Method

We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis of a randomized controlled trial with three arms: (1) NIDA''s Standard intervention (SI); (2) SI plus a Well Woman Exam (WWE); and, (3) SI, WWE, plus four Educational Sessions (4ES).

Results

To obtain an additional cocaine abstainer, WWE compared to SI cost $7,223 at 4 M and $3,611 at 12 M. Per additional alcohol abstainer, WWE compared to SI cost $3,611 and $7,223 at 4 M and 12 M, respectively. At 12 M, 4ES was dominated (more costly and less effective) by WWE for abstinence outcomes.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first cost-effectiveness analysis simultaneously examining cocaine and alcohol abuse in women. Depending on primary outcomes sought and priorities of policy makers, peer-delivered interventions can be a cost-effective way to address the needs of this growing, underserved population.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01235091","term_id":"NCT01235091"}}NCT01235091     

Book Reviews

M icrobial I nteractions and C ommunities Vol. 1. (1982). Edited by A.T. Bull & J.H. Slater. 567 pp. London, New York: Academic Press. £33.80, US $69.50.
B ioactive M icrobial P toducts : S earch and D iscovery (Special Publications of the Society for General Microbiology No. 6) (1982). Edited by J.D. Bu'Lock, L.J. Nisbet & O.J. Winstanley. 148 pp. London and New York: Academic Press. £10.00, US $20.50.
I solation and I dentification M ethods for F ood P oisoning O rganisms (Society for Applied Bacteriology Technical Series No. 17). (1982). Edited by Janet E.L. Corry, Diane Roberts & F.A. Skinner. 406 pp. London and New York: Acadmic Press. £30.00, US $55.50.
P lasmids (Study in Biology No. 142) (1982). M.J. Day. 52 pp. London: Edward Arnold. £2.50.
S mith's I ntroduction T o I ndustrial M ycology 7th Edition (1981). A.H.S. Onions, D. Allsopp & H.O.W. Eggins. 398 pp. London: Edward Arnold. £37.50.     

A broader view of conservation

A review of Conservation in a Changing World, edited by Georgina M. Mace, Andrew Balmford, and Joshua R. Ginsburg. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998, 308 pp. $80.00 hard bound; $34.95 paperback.     

Takarazuka

Turning Leaves Chalfen, Richard M., Turning Leaves: The Photograph Collections of Two Japanese American Families. Albuquerque, N.M.: University of New Mexico Press, 1991, 269 pp., illus., $39.95 hardbound, $19.95 paper.     

Book review

The Fisheries Regime of the Exclusive Economic Zone by M. Dahmani (Mar‐tinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster, 1987). Pages XII, 188. $71.50

EEC Fisheries Law by R.R. Churchill (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster, 1987, pp. XXVII‐299) $80.     

Science Activities and the Retarded Child

Cobb, Vicki Lots of Rot New York; J. B. Lippincott, 1981 35 pp. $9.95 trade, $9.89 library. Reviewed by Frances B. Spuler.

Sheaffer, Robert The UFO Verdict: Examining the Evidence Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1981 242 pp. $15.95. Reviewed by R. F. Trimble.

Taylor, Ron The Story of Evolution New York: Warwick Press, 1981 80 pp. $9.90. Reviewed by A. Gilbert Wright.

D'Ignazio, Fred Small Computers: Exploring Their Technology and Future New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1981 146 pp. $8.90. Reviewed by Judith A. Douville.

Stwertka, Eve, and Albert Stwertka Industrial Pollution: Poisoning Our World (Impact Books) New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1981 96 pp. $7.45. Reviewed by Robert H. Bell.

Claypool, Jane Alcohol and You (Impact Books) New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1981 96 pp., $ 7.45. Reviewed by Austin T. Hyde, Jr., M.D.

The Johns Hopkins Atlas of Human Functional Anatomy, 2d ed. Leon Schlossberg, illustrator George D. Zuidema, editor Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980 115 pp. $17.50 hardcover, $10.95 paperback. Reviewed by Carl Gans.

Harper &; Row's Complete Field Guide to North American Wildlife, western edition (Assembled by Jay Ellis Ransom) New York: Harper &; Row, 1981 809 pp. $12.95 vinyl, $17.50 cloth. Reviewed by Donald J. Nash.

Houdini Miracle Mongers and their Methods: A Complete Exposé Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1981 240 pp. $13.95. Reviewed by R. F. Trimble.

Rublowsky, John Born in Fire: A Geological History of Hawaii New York: Harper &; Row, Publishers, 1981 84 pp. $9.95 ($9.89 library ed.). Reviewed by M. Grant Gross.

Lampton, Christopher Meteorology: An Introduction (Impact Books) New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1981 96 pp. $7.45. Reviewed by Ira W. Geer.

Fields, Alice Satellites New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1981 48 pp. $6.90. Reviewed by Frances B. Spuler.     

A laboratory manual for human blood analysis

By M.K. Bhasin and S.M.S. Chahal. Delhi: Kamla-Raj Enterprises. 1996. 327 pp. ISBN 81-85264-09-X. $70.00 (cloth). © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Hand Woven Coverlets

Quiltmaking-The modern Approach to a Traditional Craft: Drake Publishers Inc. List Price $8.95. Reviewed by Ann-Sargent Wooster

Man the Designer: The Macmillan Company List Price $1 1.95. Reviewed by Helen Marie Evans.

Masks, Face Coverings and Headgear: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company List Price $8.95. Reviewed by Norman Laliberte and Alex Mogelon.

Art Career Guide: Watson-Guptill List Price $7.95. Reviewed by Donald Holden.

American Crafts ……………… A Directory H. M. Gpusha Company List Price $3.95.

Making it Move: Ptlaum/Standard Student Handbook $3.00 Teacher Manual $2.00 16 mm animation film $35.00. Reviewed by John Trojanski and Louis Rockwood.

Creative Bookbinding: University of Washington Press Paperback edition $7.50 Also available in cloth, $15.00. Reviewed by Pauline Johnson

A Talley of Types: Cambridge University Press $14.95. Reviewed by Stanley Morison     

Heredity counseling

THE RISE AND FALL OF T. D. LYSENKO: By Zhores A. Medvedev. Translated by I. Michael Lerner. Columbia University Press, New York, 1969. 284 pp. $10.00.

TOO MANY: A STUDY OF EARTH'S BIOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS: By Georg Borgstrom. Macmillan &; Co., Ltd., London, 1969. 368 pp. $7.95.

POPULATION (Second edition): By William Petersen. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1969. 735 pp. $10.95.

THE INTELLECTUAL MIGRATION: EUROPE AND AMERICA, 1930–1960: Edited by Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969. 748 pp. $12.95.

CELL STRUCTURE AND ITS INTERPRETATION: Edited by M. McGee‐Russell and K. F. A. Ross. St. Martin's Press, New York, 1969. 433 pp. $25.00.

AN ATLAS OF MAMMALIAN CHROMOSOMES: By T. C. Hsu and Kurt Benirschke. Springer‐Verlag, New York. Volume 1, 1967, 200 pp., $9.40. Volume 2, 1968, 200 pp., $9.40. Volume 3, 1969, 200 pp., §9.40.

PRENATAL DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOUR: By J. M. Joffe. Pergamon Press, New York, 1969. 366 pp. $13.00.

DEVELOPMENTS IN FERTILITY CONTROL: Report of WHO Scientific Group. World Health Organization Technical Report Series, No. 424. Geneva, Switzerland, 1969. 36 pp. Price: $1.00.

BIOCHEMISTRY OF MENTAL DISORDERS: World Health Organization Technical Report Series No. 427. Geneva, Switzerland, 1969. 48 pp. $1.00.

ATLAS OF MENTAL RETARDATION SYNDROMES: By Sydney S. Gellis and Murray Feingold. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1968. $5.50.

THE GHOST IN THE MACHINE: By Arthur Koestler. Macmillan Company, New York, 1968. 384 pp. $6.95.     

Selection intensity in the Pahiras

Quantitative Genetic Variation: Edited by James N. Thompson, Jr., and J. M. Thoday. Academic Press, New York, 1979. $19.50

Sociobiology examined: Edited by Ashley Montagu. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 1980. $19.95, cloth; $5.45, paper.

The biology of aging: Edited by John A. Behnke, Caleb E. Finch, and Gairdner B. Moment. Plenum Press, New York, 1978. $18.95     

Signal Transduction Protocols (R. C. Dickson and M. D. Mendenhall (eds.), in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Methods in Molecular Biology</Emphasis>, Vol. 284, J. M. Walker (Series Editor), Humana Press,Totowa-New Jersey, 2004, 327 p., $ 99.50)

Book Review

Signal Transduction Protocols (R. C. Dickson and M. D. Mendenhall (eds.), in Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 284, J. M. Walker (Series Editor), Humana Press, Totowa-New Jersey, 2004, 327 p., $ 99.50)     

Book Reviews

Lowery, G. H., Jr. The Mammals of Louisiana and its Adjacent Waters Louisiana State University Press 565 pp., $15.00, Reviewed by Paul F. Connor

Hutchins, Ross E. How Animals Survive (Finding-out books) New York: Parents' Magazine Press, 1974 64 pp., $4.59, Reviewed by Carl Gans

Macan, T.T. Ponds and Lakes New York: Crane, Russak & Company, Inc. 1974 148 pp., $10.50, Reviewed by Robert E. Knowlton

Kurtén, Bjorn The Age of Mammals New York: Columbia University Press, 1974 250 pp., $4.95, Paperback, Reviewed by Austin T. Hyde, Jr., M.D.

Friedman, Judi Jelly Jam Activity Book Chicago: Educational Methods, 1975 64 pp., $1.00, Reviewed by Rose Henninge     

The World of Darkness

Bowden, Charles Killing the Hidden Waters Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977 174 pp., $9.96 Reviewed by Malcolm F. Farmer

Cogswell, Howard L. Water Birds of California Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977 416 pp., $5.75 paper Reviewed by Karl L. Trever

Grant, Edward Physical Science in the Middle Ages New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977 128 pp., $4.95 Reviewed by Emanuel D. Rudolph

Piltz, Albert, and Robert Sund Creative Teaching of Science in the Elementary School, 2d ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1977 310 pp., $7.95 Reviewed by Herbert H. Grossman

Lucas, David J., Harold I. James, John Simpson A First Science Dictionary: College Edition New York: Crane, Russak &; Company, Inc., 1977 206 pp., $8.50 Reviewed by Lawrence P. Eblin

Gribben, John, ed. Climatic Change New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978 280 pp., $37.50 cloth, $11.95 paper Reviewed by Waring B. Hill

Caroe, G.M. William Henry Bragg 1862–1942: Man and Scientist New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978 212 pp., $16.95 Reviewed by Gilbert Wright

Rowe, Mary Budd Teaching Science as Continuous Inquiry: A Basic New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1978 509 pp., $16.00 Reviewed by Elmer F. Kohlmiller

Branley, Franklyn M. Color: From Rainbows to Lasers New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1978 87 pp., $8.95 Reviewed by Van E. Neie

McNutt, Kristen W., and David R. McNutt Nutrition and Food Choices Chicago: Science Research Associates, Inc., 1978 506 pp., $10.36 Reviewed by Manfred Kroger

Allen, Arthur James A Whaler and Trader in the Arctic: 1895–1944 Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Publishing Company, 1978 213 pp., $5.95 paper Reviewed by Vagn Flyger

Coleman, William Biology in the Nineteenth Century: Problems of Form, Function, and Transformation, rev. ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978 187 pp., $13.95 cloth, $5.95 paper Reviewed by Donald J. Zinn     

Book reviews

William T. Burke. The New International Law of Fisheries: UNCLOS 1982 and Beyond. 1994. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 382 pp. ISBN 0–19–825251‐X (cloth), $105.00.

Jon M. Van Dyke, Durwood Zealke, and Grant Hewison, eds. Freedom for the Seas in the 21st Century: Ocean Governance and Environmental Harmony. 1993. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 504 pp. ISBN 1–55963–241–0 (cloth), $55.00. ISBN 1–55963–242–9 (paper), $27.50.     

A biohistory of 19th-century African Americans: The burial remains of a Philadelphia cemetery.

By Lesley M. Rankin-Hill. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey. 1997. 203 pp. ISBN 0-89789-435-9. $59.95 (cloth). © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Genetics: Successes and Prospects

Biology and the Human Sciences: The Herbert Spencer Lectures, 1970: Edited by J. W. S. Pringle. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972. 140 pp. £1.00.

Law and Ethics of A.I.D. and Embryo Transfer: Ciba Foundation Symposium 17. Associated Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam, 1973. 110 pp. $6.50.

The Prevention of Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality; Public Health Papers, No. 42. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1972. 97 pp. $2.00.

Is My Baby All Right? By Virginia Apgar, M.D., M.P.H. and Joan Beck. Trident Press, New York, 1973. 496 pp. $9.95.     

The effects of temperature and exercise training on swimming performance in juvenile qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis)

To investigate the effects of temperature and exercise training on swimming performance in juvenile qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis), we measured the following: (1) the resting oxygen consumption rate $ \left( {{\dot{\text{M}}\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{rest}}}} } \right) $ , critical swimming speed (U _crit) and active oxygen consumption rate $ \left( {{\dot{\text{M}}\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{active}}}} } \right) $ of fish at acclimation temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C and (2) the $ \dot{M}{\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{rest}}}} $ , U _crit and $ \dot{M}{\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{active}}}} $ of both exercise-trained (exhaustive chasing training for 14 days) and control fish at both low and high acclimation temperatures (15 and 25 °C). The relationship between U _crit and temperature (T) approximately followed a bell-shaped curve as temperature increased: U _crit = 8.21/{1 + [(T ? 27.2)/17.0]²} (R ² = 0.915, P < 0.001, N = 40). The optimal temperature for maximal U _crit (8.21 BL s^?1) in juvenile qingbo was 27.2 °C. Both the $ \dot{M}{\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{active}}}} $ and the metabolic scope (MS, $ \dot{M}{\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{active}}}} - \dot{M}{\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{rest}}}} $ ) of qingbo increased with temperature from 10 to 25 °C (P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences between fish acclimated to 25 and 30 °C. The relationships between $ \dot{M}{\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{active}}}} $ or MS and temperature were described as $ {\dot{\text{M}}\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{active}}}} = 1,214.29/\left\{ {1 + \left[ {\left( {T - 28.8} \right)/10.6} \right]^{2} } \right\}\;\left( {R^{2} = 0.911,\;P < 0.001,\;N = 40} \right) $ and MS = 972.67/{1 + [(T ? 28.0)/9.34]²} (R ² = 0.878, P < 0.001, N = 40). The optimal temperatures for $ \dot{M}{\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{active}}}} $ and MS in juvenile qingbo were 28.8 and 28.0 °C, respectively. Exercise training resulted in significant increases in both U _crit and $ \dot{M}{\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{active}}}} $ at a low temperature (P < 0.05), but training exhibited no significant effect on either U _crit or $ \dot{M}{\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{active}}}} $ at a high temperature. These results suggest that exercise training had different effects on swimming performance at different temperatures. These differences may be related to changes in aerobic metabolic capability, arterial oxygen delivery, available dissolved oxygen, imbalances in ion fluxes and stimuli to remodel tissues with changes in temperature.