Comparative Genealogical Analysis of the Resistance of Winter Wheat to Common Bunt

Comparative genealogical analysis of North American (the United States and Canada) and Eastern European (Russia and Ukraine) winter wheat cultivars resistant and susceptible to common bunt has been performed. Analysis of variance applied to North American wheats has demonstrated that resistant and susceptible cultivars significantly differ from each other with respect to the contributions of common ancestors. The contributions of Oro (Bt4and Bt7), Rio (Bt6), White Odessa (Bt1), and Florence (Bt3) to the resistant cultivars are significantly higher than their contributions to the susceptible ones. This demonstrates that the use of these resistance donors in wheat breeding for several decades has been effective. The contribution of PI-178383 (Bt8, Bt9,and Bt10) is considerably higher in the group of resistant cultivars bred after 1965. The mean contributions of Federation (Bt7) and Nebred (Bt4) are significantly higher in the group of resistant cultivars obtained before 1965; however, the differences in the contributions of these donors between new resistant and susceptible cultivars became nonsignificant. Among the Russian and Ukrainian cultivars, there are differences between groups of resistant and susceptible cultivars from different regions determined by the differences between the regional populations of the pathogen in racial composition. In the northern region, the contributions of the wheat grass (Agropyron glaucum) and the rye cultivar Eliseevskaya are significantly higher in the resistant cultivars; in the southern region, a local cultivar of the Odessa oblast is the prevalent resistant cultivar. In addition, cultivar Yaroslav Emmer is likely to be effective in the northern region; and foreign sources (Oro, Florence, Federation, and Triticum timopheevii), in the southern region. Very few sources of vertical resistance to common bunt are used for winter wheat breeding in Russia and Ukraine. The decrease in genetic diversity in favor of a few identical genes may cause adequate changes in the pathogen population and subsequent proliferation of the pathogen on the genetically identical substrate. A new interpretation of the resistance of line Lutescens 6028 as a source of new genes, Bt12 and Bt13, is suggested. Both genealogical and segregation analyses have shown that the genes determining the resistance of this line may be identical to those described earlier (Bt1, Bt3, Bt4, Bt6, and Bt7); and the high resistance of this line is determined by a combination of these genes.     

Genetic Diversity and Core Collection Evaluations in Common Wheat Germplasm from the Northwestern Spring Wheat Region in China

Fluorescence microsatellite markers were employed to reveal genetic diversity of 340 wheat accessions consisting of 229 landraces and 111 modern varieties from the Northwest Spring Wheat Region in China. The 340 accessions were chosen as candidate core collections for wheat germplasm in this region. A core collection representing the genetic diversity of these accessions was identified based on a cluster dendrogram of 78 SSR loci. A total of 967 alleles were detected with a mean of 13.6 alleles (5–32) per locus. Mean PIC was 0.64, ranged from 0.05 to 0.91. All loci were distributed relatively evenly in the A, B and D wheat genomes. Mean genetic richness of A, B and D genomes for both landraces and modern varieties was B > A > D. However, mean genetic diversity indices of landraces changed to B > D > A. As a whole, genetic diversity of the landraces was considerably higher than that of the modern varieties. The big difference of genetic diversity indices in the three genomes suggested that breeding has exerted greater selection pressure in the D than the A or B genomes in this region. Changes of allelic proportions represented in the proposed core collection at different sampling scales suggested that the sampling percentage of the core collection in the Northwest Spring Wheat Region should be greater than 4% of the base collection to ensure that more than 70% of the variation is represented by the core collection. Electronic supplementary material Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users.     

冬小麦幼苗根系适应土壤干旱的生理学变化

采用盆栽试验对冬小麦幼苗根系适应土壤干旱的生理学变化进行了初步研究。结果表明，随干旱胁迫的加剧，洛麦9133和济麦21幼苗根水势、根相对含水率和根系活力均降低，饱和亏、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、质膜透性以及SOD、POD活性均呈增加趋势。这说明，在干旱胁迫下，冬小麦幼苗根系通过降低水势、相对含水率和根系活力，增加渗透调节物质可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量和增强SOD、POD活性等生理上的变化以提高抗旱性，从而使冬小麦幼苗适应干旱逆境。     

人工合成冬性六倍体小麦的研究

以冬性四倍体硬粒小麦(Triticum durum,2n=28,AABB)为母本与粗山羊草(Aegilops tauschii,2n=14,DD)杂交,得到的单倍体幼胚(n=21,ABD)经组织培养拯救,获得的幼苗经染色体加倍而成为合成小麦(AABBDD)。从中鉴定、筛选出冬性的合成小麦。幼胚仅在1/2 MS培养基上培养,成苗率为75.81%;根据幼胚的发育状态,将发育较完善的幼胚直接接种在1/2 MS培养基上,将发育不良的幼胚先接种于1/2 MS+2 mg/L 2,4-D培养基上进一步养育幼胚,之后视幼胚发育状况再将其转入1/2 MS培养基中培养成苗,此方法的成苗率为92.44%,较前者的成苗率提高了16.63%。染色体加倍在冬季塑膜拱棚内用0.05%秋水仙素进行半根法处理,较容易获得健壮苗,并且分蘖多。     

黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)品质性状多样性分析

本文以黄淮麦区 100个小麦品种(系)为材料,对19个蛋白质品质和淀粉品质性状进行了多样性分析.结果表明,100个小麦品种(系)存在丰富的多样性.蛋白质性状的多样性指数(H′)为1.44～2.33,其中蛋白质含量性状(GMP含量、蛋白质含量、干和湿面筋含量)的H′均大于2;变异系数为10.18%～101.13%,其中粉质仪参数的变异系数均在70%以上.淀粉性状的多样性指数为0.86～2.96,其中直链淀粉含量、降落值、稀懈值的H′均大于2;变异系数为4.26%～25.28%,其中降落值、低谷粘度和稀懈值的变异系数超过20%.采用离差平方和聚类法,根据蛋白质性状和淀粉性状将100个品种(系)分别划分为具有不同特点的4个类别,为小麦品质改良提供了参考.     

中国花生核心种质的建立

以中国花生种质资源数据库中记录的6390份花生资源为材料,以其基本数据、特征数据和评价数据为信息,采用分层、层内分组聚类以及随机取样与必选资源相结合的方法,构建了由576份资源组成的花生核心种质,占基础收集品的9.01%。对核心种质的植物学类型组成和遗传多样性指数的分析,以及对各性状特征值、符合率和包含的主要抗病资源抗性等级及重要农艺性状资源的检测结果表明,本研究建立的核心种质是有效的。基础收集品中各种性状的遗传变异在核心种质中均存在,所用15个性状的各种特征值符合率均在90%以上,其中绝大部分性状的符合率达96%以上。     

果树核心种质研究进展

近年来,继果树种质资源收集保存和鉴定评价等重大项目相继开展之后,利用现有基本信息、鉴定评价数据构建果树核心种质已成为种质资源领域又一新的研究热点和发展方向。根据核心种质的内涵和果树自身特点,提出了果树核心种质研究的主要特性,阐述了其主要研究内容、方法和步骤等研究现状,并通过分析果树核心种质构建的特殊性,指出存在的主要问题,探讨了果树核心种质研究的重点和发展方向。     

中国花生核心种质的建立

以中国花生种质资源数据库中记录的6390份花生资源为材料,以其基本数据、特征数据和评价数据为信息,采用分层、层内分组聚类以及随机取样与必选资源相结合的方法,构建了由576份资源组成的花生核心种质,占基础收集品的9.01%。对核心种质的植物学类型组成和遗传多样性指数的分析,以及对各性状特征值、符合率和包含的主要抗病资源抗性等级及重要农艺性状资源的检测结果表明,本研究建立的核心种质是有效的。基础收集品中各种性状的遗传变异在核心种质中均存在,所用15个性状的各种特征值符合率均在90%以上,其中绝大部分性状的符合率达96%以上。     

构建茶树资源核心种质的设想

本文介绍核心种质的概念、原理和研究内容,指出在当前人力物力不足的情况下,构建茶树遗传资源的核心种质库,是解决基础研究的长期性与生产实际的迫切需要之间矛盾的一种有效途径;并提出构建茶树核心种质库的三步程序和工作设想。     

构建我国燕麦核心种质的取样策略研究

采用2种分层方法、3种确定组内取样量方法和2种个体选择方法,分析了3255份燕麦种质资源的12个农艺性状的数据,构建出13个初级核心种质样本。为确定这些样本代表性,分别与总体进行了7个指标的比较,包括数量性状的极差、符合度、平均数、表型方差、遗传多样性指数方差、变异系数及质量性状的频率分布。结果表明。2种分层方法产生的样本在代表性上差异不明显;3种确定组内取样量方法以比例法的代表性最好,对数法的代表性其次,平方根法的代表性最差;在个体选择中,聚类法明显好于随机法。因此,在燕麦核心种质的构建中,先按省份分组,再按比例法确定组内取样量,通过聚类结果选择个体为最佳取样策略。     

冬小麦原生质体培养的胚状体直接发生

冬小麦品种“京花一号”胚性愈伤组织在改良的N₆培养基(NBD培养基)上继代得到易碎型胚性愈伤组织,转入改良MS液体培养基(MSDL培养基)后得到胚性悬浮系,分离的原生质体在改良的MS培养基(MSDP培养基)上培养,再生细胞直接产生体细胞胚胎,并再生出完整植株。体细胞胚胎形成过程与小麦合子胚的形成过程十分相似。     

山葡萄(Vitis amurensis)资源核心种质的初步构建

采用省份分组-花型分组-聚类-分组法构建了山葡萄核心种质,在此基础上,考虑到山葡萄品种在生产上和雄株山葡萄在科学研究上的作用,把未进入核心种质的山葡萄品种和雄株山葡萄也并入核心种质。该核心种质包括48份资源（占资源总数的31％）,其中来自吉林省的资源18份（占37．5％）,黑龙江省的资源29份（占60．4％）,辽宁省的资源1份（占2．1％）;两性花资源22份（占45．8％）,雌能花资源21份（占43．8％）,雄株5份（占10．4％）。除出汁率外,其他性状的符合度达72％以上;除果粒质量外,其他性状的变幅吻合度达79％以上。以上结果表明,所构建的核心种质较好地代表了评价的山葡萄资源。     

Genealogical approach to the formation of the winter wheat core collection

The correctness of the genealogical approach to the estimation of genetic diversity has been substantiated. The approach implies a comparison of the estimates of similarity based on genetic markers and coefficients of parentage. A method of the application of the genealogical approach to the formation of the core collection has been developed. The adequacy of the core set has been estimated using Shannon's diversity index adapted for genetic profiles and the correlation between the distributions of ancestors' contributions. A core collection has been formed. This collection contains 25% of the accessions of the original winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) collection from the Czech Genebank and represents 70-76% of the intracluster diversity. A decrease in intercluster diversity has not been found in the core collection.     

冬季小麦叶片光合作用对温度响应方式的变化

冬季田间生长的小麦离体叶片净光合速率（Ｐｎ）对温度的响应有两种方式。在１２月上旬可以观测到第一种方式。在离体叶片周围空气温度从１０℃逐步升到３０℃后的１ｈ内Ｐｎ逐渐升高,在随后气温逐步降低到１０℃的过程中,Ｐｎ都比先前升温过程中同样温度下的数值高。３０℃下叶片胞间ＣＯ２浓度（Ｃｉ）降低和叶片无机磷含量增高表明,这种响应方式可能起因于一些光合碳同化酶活性的增高。在１２月中旬以后可以观测到第二种方式。Ｐｎ在３０℃下的１ｈ内逐步下降,在随后的降温过程中Ｐｎ都比升温过程中同样温度下的数值低。３０℃下叶片Ｃｉ和膜透性增高表明,这种响应方式可能是适应冬季低温的光合机构膜系统在高温下遭受破坏的结果。     

Involvement of Oligosaccharides in Adaptation of Winter Wheat Seedlings to Subzero Temperatures

We studied the dynamics of endogenous content of biologically active oligosaccharides in the roots of winter wheat seedlings. Previously, these oligosaccharides proved to mediate the development of frost resistance during the first days of hardening (Zabotinaet al., 1998). The changes in their endogenous content can be described by a curve with a single peak observed 6 h after the onset of frost hardening. The capacity of these polysaccharides to increase frost resistance (LT₅₀was evaluated by leakage of electrolytes) when added to growth medium did not depend on the pretreatment duration (from 1.5 to 18 h) but decreased if they were introduced in the course of the adaptive response. Inhibition of the adaptive response by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis ceased in the presence of the oligosaccharides. We believe that the oligosaccharides that are products of metabolism of the cell wall polysaccharides are involved in adaptation to low temperature.     

山东烟台小麦土传病毒病由小麦黄花叶病毒和土传小麦花叶病毒相关病毒复合侵染所致

在山东省烟台地区的小麦上发生一种由土壤中禾谷多粘菌Polymyxa graminis传播的病毒病,感病小麦植株表现矮化褪绿和花叶症状.我们于1997年4月从病区采集感病小麦植株,进行了病毒种类鉴定.直接电镜观察发现有二种病毒粒子,一种粒子呈棒状,占大多数,其长度约为300nm和150nm; 另一种粒子呈线状,数量较少,长度为500nm～700nm.免疫电镜结果表明,棒状病毒粒子仅与土传小麦花叶病毒(soil-borne wheat mosaic virus, SBWMV)抗血清反应,而不与小麦黄花叶病毒(wheat yellow mosaic virus,WYMV)抗血清和小麦梭条斑花叶病毒(wheat spindle streat mosaic virus,WSSMV)抗血清反应;反之,线状病毒仅与WYMV、WSSMV抗血清反应,而不与SBWMV抗血清反应.用WYMV和SBWMV两种抗血清同时进行修饰时,线状病毒粒子和棒状病毒粒子均发生反应.