乳齿象类的命名与中文译法及分类学问题讨论

乳齿象类是长鼻类演化的重要阶段,该阶段奠定了长鼻类各冠群演化的基本格局。乳齿象类的研究有400多年的历史,分类和命名经过多次修订改动,乳齿象类的演化脉络完全体现在乳齿象命名历史之中。从词源学角度考证乳齿象类各类群的命名来源,整理了175条乳齿象类的中文译名(绝大多数为有效分类名),包括12个属以上分类群,46个属,117个种,涵盖了乳齿象类几乎全部的种属。在此基础上梳理了乳齿象类的演化脉络,提出乳齿象类分类和命名中存在的一些问题。乳齿象类的头骨和下颌的演化在各支系中都是连续的,体现出了相近的平行演化趋势,而颊齿的形态特征虽然区别不明显,但在各支系中相对稳定。豕棱齿象科(Choerolophodontidae)是乳齿象类中最稳健的单系群,其中厚棱象(Synconolophus)可能是有效属名;玛姆象科中,中新乳齿象(Miomastodon)和上新乳齿象(Pliomastodon)可能都是有效的,但不一定是美洲乳齿象(Mammut americanum)的直接祖先;铲齿象科(Amebelodontidae)中达氏铲齿象(Platybelodon danovi)与格氏铲齿象(P. grangeri)、赵氏隐门齿象(Aphanobelodon zhaoi)的系统发育关系存在疑问,取决于P.danovi的下门齿断面究竟是否为齿柱状结构,而美洲的布氏柱门齿象(Konobelodonbritti)可能是卢氏匙门齿象(Torynobelodon loomisi)的同物异名,亚洲归入Konobelodon的种不一定是铲齿象类,可能应归为副四棱齿象(Paratetralophodon);嵌齿象科(Gomphotheriidae)中锯齿象属(Serridentinus)可能有效,它代表了嵌齿象类中一个偏轭型化的类群,向居维叶象亚科方向演化;居维叶象亚科(Cuvieroniinae)可能仅包括居维叶象(Cuvieronius)和喙嘴象(Rhynchotherium)属,而美洲其他的短颌嵌齿象类中,脊乳齿象(Stegomastodon)有可能从铲齿象科中的一支演化而来,南方乳齿象(Notiomastodon)则可能与中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon)相关;Sinomastodon可能起源于中国南方的竹棚上新乳齿象(Pliomastodon (?) zhupengensis),原来的属型种中间中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon intermedius)具有早出原同名,建议以它的早出异名仙台中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon sendaicus)取代S. intermedius。     

Current problems of immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases and standardization of medical immunobiological preparations

The state of immunoprophylaxis in the whole of the USSR and in individual Union Republics in 1981-1982 is ralyzed. The connection between an increase in diphtheria, pertussis and measles morbidity and the widening of the scope of contraindications to vaccination has been revealed. The optimum vaccination tactics in Union Republics with regard to differences in their climatic conditions and demographic situation is planned. The problems of the standardization of prophylactic and therapeutic immunobiological preparations are considered. Organizational measures leading to the improvement of their quality are outlined.     

The use of carnosine in medical practice. Priorities: past and future]

The history of the discovery of curative effects of carnosine and its perspective applications in the clinical practice are reviewed. The molecular mechanisms of carnosine interactions with free oxygen radicals (hypochlorite anion, in particular) are considered.     

Polar lipids in cosmetics: recent trends in extraction,separation, analysis and main applications

Demand for active, natural, safe and biomimetic (similar to human molecules) plantderived cosmetic ingredients is always greater because consumers are increasingly suspicious of the potential toxicity of current ingredients. In this context, interest has increased for polar lipids like ceramides, sphingolipids or glycolipids that share structural properties with the skin lipids. In the same manner, processes to obtain such lipids should be driven by the principles of green chemistry and sustainable development. The identified needs are biodegradability, biocompatibility, efficiency, quality and profitability. In this research for new and novel natural or ‘green’ compounds, the development of bioactive lipids thanks to ecofriendly processes has obviously intensified, especially for cosmetic and agro-food industries. This paper reviews extraction methods for polar lipids (glycolipids and phospholipids), especially ecoprocesses (supercritical fluid extraction, microwaves, sonication, enzyme extraction…), and promising chromatographic methods like countercurrent chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography or high performance chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry Interests of polar lipids for cosmetic industries are exemplified to show their broad applications mostly relying on their amphiphilic properties allowing them to play functional roles (liposome or micelle structures for example) or physiological roles (skin barrier function or anti-ageing effect).     

The practice of consanguineous marriage in oman: prevalence, trends and determinants

The practice of consanguineous marriage has been the culturally preferred form of marriage in most Arab and the Middle Eastern countries, including Oman, but due to a paucity of population-based data in the past there is a dearth of information about its form and dynamics in Oman. Recent national-level surveys allow this gap to be filled. This paper examines the prevalence, trends and determinants of consanguineous marriages in Oman using data from the 2000 Oman National Health Survey. The results indicate a very high prevalence of consanguineous marriage in Oman, as more than half (52%) of marriages are consanguineous. First cousin unions are the most common type of consanguineous unions, constituting 39% of all marriages and 75% of all consanguineous marriages. The study observed various patterns of consanguinity, some of them common with other Arab nations, and some unique in nature. Women's age at marriage, employment, place of childhood residence and geographical region appear to be significant determinants of consanguineous marriages. Consanguineous marriage shows a strong association with marital stability, early age at marriage and early-age childbearing. There has been no appreciable change in the prevalence of consanguineous unions in Oman over the last four decades despite massive socioeconomic development and modernization. However, recent marriage cohorts show slight declining trends. The results suggest that consanguinity is likely to remain stable in the future or decline at a slow rate. Specific health education and genetic counselling should be followed in line with WHO recommendations to minimize the negative health consequences of consanguinity for child health.     

Effect of some antibiotics and chemotherapeutic preparations on Leptospira in vitro]

It was shown in vitro with the method of successive serial dilutions that polymyxin M, thilan, streptomycin, neomycin, sodium levomycetin succinate, brilliant green, tripaphlavin, azidin, aminoacrichin, and novarsenol had the most pronounced bactericidal effect on Leptospira. Combination of the antibiotics or the chemotherapeutics apart from azidin and tripaphlavin did not increase the bactericidal effect as compared to their use alone. The clinical and collection strains of Leptospira had the same sensitivity to the substances tested. The above drugs should be tested on animals with leptospirosis.     

不同灌溉量对内蒙古人工草地主要牧草产量和水分利用效率的影响

人工草地建设是缓解内蒙古地区草地生存压力的必要途径,而水分短缺是该区人工草地建设中牧草生长的主要限制因素,适量的人工补水以实现牧草的高产节水是解决这一问题的关键。以当地主要牧草冰草和紫花苜蓿为研究对象,开展单播和混播条件下不同灌溉量对牧草产量、光合性能和水分利用效率影响的对比试验。研究结果表明:(1)豆禾混播有利于提高冰草和紫花苜蓿的产量;(2)8月初现蕾期是冰草和紫花苜蓿收割的最佳季节,此时牧草产量最高;(3)灌溉量达到田间持水量的45%(包含降雨量在内的单位面积灌溉量在7月初达到903.8 m3/hm2,在8月初达到1812.4 m3/hm2)是牧草高产节水的最佳补水选择;(4)6—8月水分胁迫更有利于提高牧草的长期水分利用效率(long-term water use efficiency,WUEL),开花期后补水对提高牧草WUEL的作用开始显著;(5)在牧草产量最高的8月初水分胁迫更有利于提高牧草的瞬时水分利用效率(instantaneous water use efficiency,WUEI),而在7月初光照强烈、水分蒸发量大时,较多地补水更有利于提高牧草的WUEI。     

The current trends in the development of new immunobiological preparations

In this article information on the main immunobiological preparations, including vaccines and toxoids, phages, eubiotics, preparations obtained on the basis of antibodies, immunomodulators, new adaptogens of different origin, is presented. The problem of the development of new diagnostic preparations and biosensors whose action is based on specific immunological reactions is discussed. The expected use of more effective, more natural, as well as free from many drawbacks, modern immunobiological preparations in the medical practice of the XXI century is emphasized.     

Careers in academic general practice: problems,constraints, and opportunities.

Changing priorities in the NHS have underlined the crucial importance of academic general practice in providing quality training and research to underpin developments in general practice. Unfortunately, several problems and constraints mean that the full potential of general practitioners to make a contribution to teaching and research has not been realised. These issues are examined and recommendations for improvements are made. Obstacles to career development for academics in general practice should be removed. The funding of academic general practice should be the same as for other medical disciplines. Vocational training for general practice should be extended to include research and audit methods, particularly for doctors interested in an academic career. Above all, the long term objective should be to integrate undergraduate and post-graduate general practice to increase the overall effectiveness of teaching and research and hence the quality of service general practice.