一种能自记小啮齿类运动出入巢摄食饮水四种活动的新装置

生物的节律性问题,自本世纪五十年代以来,获得更为广泛的重视,若干概括性著作先后问世(Aschoff and Pohl,1971;Aschoff,1963,1966) Harker,1964;Palmer,1976)。小哺乳类和鸟类的昼夜活动是这种研究的重要方面。有关鸟兽昼夜活动的各种自记装置(孙儒泳译,1953),曾作过介绍,但都是多年以前的实验装置,许多方面需要改进。虽然目前仍广泛应用活动转轮(running wheel)研究啮齿类的活动节律(Suter and Rawson,1968;Dowse and Palmer,1969,1972;Palmer,1976;Kilduff and Dube,1979)。应用广泛的Morrison呼吸仪(Petruse-wicz et al,1970)内的活动自记装置同样按转轮设计,但转轮记录的仅是鼠的“跑步”活动(running activity),并且还有一些其它缺点。瑞典出品的动物活动自记仪(Animax,SEP型等)自动化程度高,应用方便,但由于价格极其昂贵,为一般实验室所难以装备。本文将报道北京师范大学生物系生态实验室设计和装置的能同时自记小啮齿动物运动、摄食、饮水、入巢4种活动的装置(图1)。此装置已用于多次实验,性能良好。     

光照对棕色田鼠和昆明小鼠活动性的影响

光照对啮齿动物的行为格局和活动节律有着重要的影响。本研究以比较生物学方法,以光照强度和鼠种两个因素,在实验室内利用动物行为监视系统,以焦点动物取样法( Focus animal sampling) ,在＜ 20 Lux、200 Lux、800 Lux 和1 600 Lux 等4 个水平的光照强度下,监测和记录棕色田鼠和昆明小鼠的移动和静止行为,并在实验结束时测定实验动物的体重; 在800 Lux 光照强度下,设置正常( 12L∶ 12D) 和全黑( 0L∶ 24D) 两种光照时间,连续12 h监测并记录实验动物的行为。采用双因素方差分析方法对数据进行统计分析。结果表明:1) 光强与鼠种对静止行为存在显著交互作用,棕色田鼠的静止行为与光强间存在显著的负相关关系,而昆明小鼠的静止行为则与光强无显著的相关; 2) 光强对两种动物移动行为的影响与静止行为表现方式相反; 3) 在12 h的光暴露条件下,棕色田鼠的相对活动显著强于昆明小鼠; 4) 光强对两种动物体重的影响不同,棕色田鼠体重与光强呈正相关关系,昆明小鼠与光强呈负相关关系,但差异不显著。本研究进一步验证了地面鼠与地下鼠对光强适应的差别。     

脊椎动物小脑EGL的发育及其在脑发育研究中的应用价值

自从赫斯(Hess)1858年首先描述了小脑皮质的外颗粒层(以下简称EGL)存在以来,又有许多人陆续发现,在鸟类、哺乳类动物以及人类的胚胎期小脑皮质都存在EGL,并在生后仍继续存在一个时期,以后逐渐变薄和消失。 EGL 是覆盖在脊椎动物小脑外部表面的细胞增殖而形成,又称胚胎颗粒层或边缘层。由于动物种属不同,EGL出现的时间以及在生后持续存在的时间均不相同,但是,各种脊椎动物的EGL发育、消长规律却大致相同:均     

学习和记忆的神经机制——第三十届国际生理科学大会情况介绍

在这次大会上组织了三次关于学习和记忆的神经机制的专题讨论会。这三次专题讨论会的题目是:(1)小脑和运动学习(cerebellum and motor learning);(2)哺乳类动物的学习和记忆(learning and me-mory in mammals);(3)无脊椎动物的学习和通讯(learning and communication in invertebrates)。这里不包括与学习和记忆有关的内容,如中枢神经系统的可塑性,以及认知的神经科学等。     

云南禄丰三列齿科—新属

1938年,楊锺健、卞美年在祿丰上三迭系中发現了卞氏兽(Bienotherium)的化石。这是在近廿年来世界古生物学上最重要的发現之一。这个发現的重要性在于:卞氏兽及其他几种与牠相近的属于三列齿科(Tritylodontidae)的动物,是作为从爬行类到哺乳类的过渡类型的“似哺乳类爬行动物”中最接近于哺乳类的一种。     

雷州半岛臭NFDA6的一些生物学特性

臭NFDA7是一种小型哺乳类动物,与黄胸鼠、褐家鼠、小家鼠组成南方家栖鼠形哺乳类动物群体.根据雷州半岛40多年(1950～1994年)鼠疫监测和10年(1985年2月～1995年1月)鼠情监测资料,对臭NFDA7的数量、分布、繁殖等方面进行了分析研究.结果,臭NFDA7占家栖鼠形哺乳类动物群体比例逐年上升,80年代达高峰;其分布是农村多于城市,野外也有发现;月份分布呈马鞍形曲线;全年均可繁殖,月均怀孕率为35.7%,每胎胎仔数1～7只,平均为3.15只,频率分布近似正态.     

祁连山东段高原鼢鼠暖季活动节律及其影响因素

正动物活动节律是在光周期、外界环境和内在生理机制共同调节下,动物表现出的休息和活动规律,它可以反映出动物个体营养状况、生存压力及社会地位等信息,是研究动物生态行为策略的重要依据(孙儒泳,2006)。尚玉昌(2006)认为温度和光照强度变化直接影响动物行为,而食物资源和天敌数量变化则能间接影响动物行为。目前对于地上栖息的啮齿动物活动节律及其影响因素已有许多报道(金建丽等,2003;纪春艳等,2005;宛新荣     

2001年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(天津市、山西省卷)理科综合能力测试(生物学部分)(2)

(续 2 0 0 1年第 10期第 30页 )第 卷 ( 共 15 6分 )本卷共 7道题2 5 .(2 0分 )植物的新陈代谢受外部环境因子 (如光、温度 )和内部因子 (如激素 )的影响 ,研究内、外因子对植物生命活动的影响具有重要意义。1)下图表示野外松树 (阳生植物 )光合作用强度与光照强度的关系。其中的纵坐标表示松树整体表现出的吸收 CO2 和释放 CO2 量的状况。　请分析回答 :　　　 1当光照强度为 b时 ,光合作用强度。　 2光照强度为 a时 ,光合作用吸收 CO2 的量等于呼吸作用放出 CO2 的量。如果白天光照强度较长时间为 a,植物能不能正常生长 ?为什么 ?　 …     

光照强度对曼陀罗和紫花曼陀罗生长发育的影响

以曼陀罗(Datura stramonium)及其变种紫花曼陀罗(Datura stramonium var. tatual)为研究材料, 采用光照培养箱对盆栽苗进行5个光照强度的处理, 研究其生长发育、叶片解剖结构、叶片及茎色素含量对不同光照强度的响应。结果表明: (1)在试验设置的光照强度范围内, 增强光照强度有利于曼陀罗和紫花曼陀罗的发育及茎、叶生物量的积累; 13 000和18 000 lx两个光照强度下两供试曼陀罗长势最好; 同等光照强度下紫花曼陀罗的株高、基茎粗、叶片数目、茎叶生物量大于曼陀罗, 但差异性不显著。(2)两供试曼陀罗叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度及气孔密度、气孔指数均随着试验光照强度的增强而增加; 紫花曼陀罗气孔密度及气孔指数明显高于曼陀罗。(3)两供试曼陀罗叶片中叶绿素含量均随试验设置光照强度的增强呈先升后降的趋势; 随试验设置光照强度的增强, 两供试曼陀罗茎中叶绿素a、b及类胡萝卜素含量变化趋势不一致; 茎中花色素苷、类黄酮及总酚含量的变化情况是: 两供试曼陀罗均与光照强度呈正相关, 但紫花曼陀罗比曼陀罗含量高, 这也是紫花曼陀罗花、茎等器官呈紫色的物质基础, 加上气孔密度和气孔指数较大等特性, 使紫花曼陀罗较曼陀罗适应性更强。     

走马胎灰分对光的响应特征及其与生长指标的相关性

为探究光照强度和光质对走马胎(Ardisia giantifolia)灰分积累的影响，利用遮阳网和薄膜设定4个光照梯度(100%、60%、40%、20%全光照)和4种光质(绿、白、蓝、红)，分析了基径、株高以及生物量的响应特征，以及灰分与生长指标的关系。结果表明，走马胎灰分含量在绿光下随着光照强度的减弱而呈减少的趋势，在白光下随着光照强度的减弱呈现“低-高-低-高”的波动变化，在蓝光或红光下没有显著变化；在100%光照强度下，白光的灰分含量最低，与其余光照强度存在显著差异; 在60%、40%、20%光照强度下，光质对走马胎灰分含量的影响不显著。走马胎灰分含量与株高、基径和生物量间不存在明显的相关性；随着光照强度的减弱，走马胎的株高、基径以及生物量均呈现增加的趋势，且在白光下达到最大。因此，光照对走马胎灰分的积累和生长指标均有影响，种植走马胎时要选择适当遮荫强度或郁闭度较高的林型。     

Functional similarity in relation to the external environment between circadian behavioral and melatonin rhythms in the subtropical Indian weaver bird

The present study investigated whether the circadian oscillators controlling rhythms in activity behavior and melatonin secretion shared similar functional relationship with the external environment. We simultaneously measured the effects of varying illuminations on rhythms of movement and melatonin levels in Indian weaver birds under synchronized (experiment 1) and freerunning (experiment 2) light conditions. In experiment 1, weaverbirds were exposed to 12h light: 12h darkness (12L:12D; L = 20 lx, D = 0.1 lx) for 2.5 weeks. Then, the illumination of the dark period was sequentially enhanced to 1-, 5-, 10-, 20- and 100 lx at the intervals of about 2 to 4 weeks. In experiment 2, weaver birds similarly exposed for 2.5 weeks to 12L:12D (L = 100 lx; D = 0.1 lx) were released in constant dim light (LL(dim), 0.1 lx) for 6 weeks. Thereafter, LL(dim) illumination was sequentially enhanced to 1-, 3- and 5 lx at the intervals of about 2 weeks. Whereas the activity of singly housed individuals was continuously recorded, the plasma melatonin levels were measured at two time of the day, once in each light condition. The circadian outputs in activity and melatonin were phase coupled with an inverse phase relationship: melatonin levels were low during the active phase (light period) and high during the inactive phase (dark period). This phase relationship continued in both the synchronized and freerunning states as long as circadian activity and melatonin oscillators subjectively interpreted synchronously the daily light environment, based on illumination intensity and/or photophase contrast, as the times of day and night. There were dissociations between the response of the activity rhythms and melatonin rhythms in light conditions when the contrast between day and night was much reduced (20:10 lx) or became equal. We suggest that circadian oscillators governing activity behavior and melatonin secretion in weaverbirds are phase coupled, but they seem to independently respond to environmental cues. This would probably explain the varying degree to which the involvement of pineal/melatonin in regulation of circadian behaviors has been found among different birds.     

Circadian rhythm of light sensitivity in the beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coccinella septempunctata</Emphasis> (Coleoptera,Coccinellidae): Effects of illumination and temperature

Beetles Coccinella septempunctata L. are active only during daylight. It is demonstrated that sensitivity to light, the photopreferendum, and locomotor activity are regulated by endogenous circadian oscillators. The percentage of beetles that became active during the first 10 min after light-on was determined. Sensitivity to light (100, 1000 or 7000 lx) reached the maximum in the daytime (period of activity) and the minimum at night (resting period) irrespective of temperature (17 or 26°C). Illumination and temperature serve as modifying factors for the pattern and amplitude of the circadian rhythm of light sensitivity.     

Combined influences of gradual changes in room temperature and light around dusk and dawn on circadian rhythms of core temperature, urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate and waking sensation just after rising

The present experiment aimed at knowing how a gradual changes of room temperature (T(a)) and light in the evening and early morning could influence circadian rhythms of core temperature (T(core)), skin temperatures, urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate and waking sensation just after rising in humans. Two kinds of room environment were provided for each participant: 1) Constant room temperature (T(a)) of 27 degrees C over the 24 h and LD-rectangular light change with abrupt decreasing from 3,000 lx to 100 lx at 1800, abrupt increasing from 0 lx to 3,000 lx at 0700. 2) Cyclic changes of T(a) and with gradual decrease from 3,000 lx to 100 lx onset at 1700 (twilight period about 2 h), with gradual increasing from 0 lx to 3,000 lx onset at 0500 (about 2 h). Main results are summarized as follows: 1) Circadian rhythms of nadir in the core temperature (T(core)) significantly advanced earlier under the influence of gradual changes of T(a) and light than no gradual changes of T(a) and light. 2) Nocturnal fall of T(core) and morning rise of T(core) were greater and quicker, respectively, under the influence of gradual changes of T(a) and light than no gradual changes of T(a) and light. 3) Urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate during nocturnal sleep was significantly greater under the influence of gradual changes of T(a) and light. 4) Waking sensation just after rising was significantly better under the influence of gradual changes of T(a) and light. We discussed these findings in terms of circadian and thermoregulatory physiology.     

Circadian Rhythm of Acute Phase Proteins under the Influence of Bright/Dim Light during the Daytime

We investigated the influence of two different light intensities, dim (100 lx) and bright (5,000 lx), during the daytime on the circadian rhythms of selected acute phase proteins of C‐reactive protein (CRP), α1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP), α1‐antichymotrypsin (ACT), transfferin (TF), α2‐macroglobulin (α2‐m), haptoglobin (HP), and ceruloplasmin (CP). Serum samples were collected from 7 healthy volunteers at 4 h intervals during two separate single 24 h spans during which they were exposed to the respective light intensity conditions. A circadian rhythm was detected only in ACT concentration in the bright light condition. The concentration of ACT, a positive acute phase protein (APP), increased (significantly significant differences in the ACT concentration were detected at 14:00 and 22:00 h) and AGP showed a tendency to be higher under the daytime bright compared to dim light conditions. There were no significant differences between the time point means under daytime dim and bright light conditions for α2‐M, AGP, Tf, Cp, or Hp. The findings suggest that some, but not all, APP may be influenced by the environmental light intensity.     

Salivary Secretion under the Influence of Bright/Dim Light Exposure in the Morning and Evening in Humans

Recent studies show that bright and dim light intensities during the daytime have important regulatory functions. Our present study was performed to evaluate the effect of exposure to different light intensities during the morning and evening on salivary secretion and its sodium concentration. The study involved 6 healthy, female volunteers who were exposed to dim light (100 lx) from 7:00 to 17:00 and to bright light (3000 lx) from 17:00 to 23:00 one day, and to bright light (3000 lx) from 7:00 to 17:00 and dim light (100 lx) from 17:00 to 23:00 on the next day. We collected salivary samples every 10 minutes during 2 hours in the morning and in the evening by means of a Lashley cup. Saliva secretion was stimulated by sweet candy. The amount of saliva secreted was significantly greater in the morning under bright light exposure, while it was significantly greater in the evening under dim light exposure. We discuss these findings in terms of changes in activity of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) nervous system produced by exposure to different light intensities at different times of the day.     

Circadian Rhythms of Locomotor Activity in Lycosa tarentula (Araneae, Lycosidae) and the Pathways of Ocular Entrainment

Lycosa tarentula is a ground-living spider that inhabits a burrow where it awaits the appearance of prey or conspecifics. In this study, circadian rhythms of locomotor activity were examined as well as the ocular pathway of entrainment. Thirty-three adult virgin females were examined under constant darkness (DD); all of them exhibited robust circadian rhythms of locomotor activity with a period averaging 24.1h. Fourteen of these spiders were studied afterwards under an LD 12:12 cycle; they usually entrained to in the first or second day, even when the light intensity was as low as 1 lx. During the LD cycle, locomotor activity was generally restrained to the darkness phase, although several animals showed a small amount of diurnal activity. Ten males were also examined under LD; they were also nocturnal, but were much more active than the females. Seven females were examined under constant light (LL); under this they became arrhythmic. Except for the anterior median eyes (OMAs), all the eyes were capable of entraining the locomotor activity to an LD cycle. These results demonstrate that under laboratory conditions and low light intensities locomotor activity of Lycosa tarentula is circadian and in accordance with Aschoff's 'rule'. Only OMAs are unable to entrain the rhythm; the possible localization of circadian clock is therefore discussed.     

Lighting requirements of nocturnal primates in captivity: A chronobiological approach

From the results of chronobiological studies in 11 Aotus lemurinus (trivirgatus) griseimembra, 3 Galago garnettii, 5 Galago senegalensis, and 6 Microcebus murinus, inferences can be made on the most suitable lighting conditions for nocturnal primates kept in captivity. In each species studied light controls the daily periodic course of activity in a dual way. First, the light-dark (LD) cycle acts as the main Zeitgeber, entraining the endogenous circadian timing system (CTS) to the environmental periodicity. Second, the prevailing light intensity has a direct species-specific inhibiting or enhancing effect, masking the level of activity predetermined by the CTS. Marked inhibition of activity is caused especially by low light intensities during dark-time (D-time), which can also lead to drastically reduced food intake (e.g., in Aotus). Therefore, high-amplitude LD cycles should be applied which guarantee a stable external and internal synchronization of the various circadian rhythms of the organism, with a D-illumination intensity high enough to prevent light-induced impairments of the behavior of the animals. Up to now LD cycles of 12:12 h (100–1,000:0.5–0.01 lx; ≥5,000°K) have proved to be most suitable. Only in Microcebus should the D-illumination be reduced to about 10^?4 lx. Moreover, it must be considered that species with a photoperiodically controlled reproduction cycle require specific alterations of the L-time:D-time ratio.     

Circadian Rhythms of Locomotor Activity in Lycosa tarentula (Araneae,Lycosidae) and the Pathways of Ocular Entrainment

Lycosa tarentula is a ground-living spider that inhabits a burrow where it awaits the appearance of prey or conspecifics. In this study, circadian rhythms of locomotor activity were examined as well as the ocular pathway of entrainment. Thirty-three adult virgin females were examined under constant darkness (DD); all of them exhibited robust circadian rhythms of locomotor activity with a period averaging 24.1h. Fourteen of these spiders were studied afterwards under an LD 12:12 cycle; they usually entrained to in the first or second day, even when the light intensity was as low as 1 lx. During the LD cycle, locomotor activity was generally restrained to the darkness phase, although several animals showed a small amount of diurnal activity. Ten males were also examined under LD; they were also nocturnal, but were much more active than the females. Seven females were examined under constant light (LL); under this they became arrhythmic. Except for the anterior median eyes (OMAs), all the eyes were capable of entraining the locomotor activity to an LD cycle. These results demonstrate that under laboratory conditions and low light intensities locomotor activity of Lycosa tarentula is circadian and in accordance with Aschoff's 'rule'. Only OMAs are unable to entrain the rhythm; the possible localization of circadian clock is therefore discussed.     

Circadian rhythm of acute phase proteins under the influence of bright/dim light during the daytime

We investigated the influence of two different light intensities, dim (100 lx) and bright (5000 lx), during the daytime on the circadian rhythms of selected acute phase proteins of C-reactive protein (CRP), alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), alpha1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), transfferin (TF), alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2-m), haptoglobin (HP), and ceruloplasmin (CP). Serum samples were collected from 7 healthy volunteers at 4 h intervals during two separate single 24 h spans during which they were exposed to the respective light intensity conditions. A circadian rhythm was detected only in ACT concentration in the bright light condition. The concentration of ACT, a positive acute phase protein (APP), increased (significantly significant differences in the ACT concentration were detected at 14:00 and 22:00 h) and AGP showed a tendency to be higher under the daytime bright compared to dim light conditions. There were no significant differences between the time point means under daytime dim and bright light conditions for alpha2-M, AGP, Tf, Cp, or Hp. The findings suggest that some, but not all, APP may be influenced by the environmental light intensity.     

Direct modulation of activity and body temperature of owl monkeys (Aotus lemurinus griseimembra) by low light intensities

The activity pattern of Aotus lemurinus griseimembra can be predictably altered by varying the illuminance during the dark phase of a 12:12-hour light:dark rhythm. Intensities well below full-moon brightness (0.1-0.5 lx) severely inhibit activity. This modulation is not the result of a light-induced phase shift of the circadian rhythm, but it is primarily caused by masking due to direct effects of light on the motor system. Both proportional and differential effects of light are involved. Miniature transmitters were implanted intraperitoneally in two Aotus females so that the core temperature could be measured in parallel with locomotor activity. The responses to brief reductions of the dark-phase illuminance, from 10(-1) to 10(-3) lx, 10(-5) lx or physiological darkness, indicate that the direct effects of light that modulate the activity of the owl monkeys also affect their temperature time-course. The influence on the temperature rhythm, unlike that on the activity rhythm, varies greatly over the circadian period. The finding that the core temperature does not always change in parallel with locomotor activity and, to some extent, reacts differently to the light:dark alternation indicates that temperature does not simply follow activity passively, but rather is partially subject to a 'direct' masking influence of the light.