New Podonominae from Japan,Boreochlus longicoxalsetosus sp. n. (Diptera: Chironomidae) with a Key to Species of the Genus

During the survey of chiromonid midges from Kyushu, the authors found a new species of Podonominae (Chironomidae), Boreochlus longicoxalsetosus. The male imago of this new species is described and illustrated. This constitutes the third record of the subfamily Podonominae, and the second species of the genus from Japan. The new species has very long notable setae lying on the dorsomedial surface distal to the volsella, which are never seen in the other Boreochlus species. A key to species of the genus in the world is given.     

Mandibulate chironomids: primitive or derived? (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Abstract Mandibulate functional mouthparts are reported in males and females of the two Early Cretaceous Chironomidae (Diptera): Wadelius libanicus Veltz et al., 2007 (in Tanypodinae) and Libanochlites Brundin, 1976 (transferred from the Podonominae to the Tanypodinae). Females of Haematotanypus libanicus gen.n. et sp.n. (subfamily Tanypodinae) have mandibulate mouthparts. Although currently considered as plesiomorphic structures, the presence of such mandibulate mouthparts in these Tanypodinae and in the recent Podonominae genera Archaeochlus and Austrochlus could correspond to reversals, based on a parsimony argument after the current chironomid phylogeny. On the contrary, similar mandibulate mouthparts probably are plesiomorphic in the Early Cretaceous Cretaenne kobeyssii gen.n. et sp.n. and Cretaenne inexpectata sp.n. (Aenneinae or stem group of recent Chironomidae).     

A molecular phylogeny of antarctic chironomidae and its implications for biogeographical history

The chironomid midges Belgica antarctica, Eretmoptera murphyi (subfamily Orthocladiinae) and Parochlus steinenii (subfamily Podonominae), are the only Diptera species currently found in Antarctica. The relationships between these species and a range of further taxa of Chironomidae were examined by sequencing domains 1 and 3–5 of 28S ribosomal RNA. The resulting molecular relationships between B. antarctica and E. murphyi, within Orthocladiinae, were highly supported by validation analyses, confirming their position within Chironomidae, as generated by classical taxonomy. Within Podonominae, P. steinenii from the Maritime Antarctic was more closely related to material from sub-Antarctic South Georgia than to material from Patagonia. Taking advantage of the availability of a molecular substitution rate calculated for this gene in Diptera, a dating of divergence between our study taxa was tentatively established. The divergence dates obtained were 49 million years (Myr), between B. antarctica and E. murphyi, and 68.5 Myr between these species and the closest Orthocladiinae taxon tested from Patagonia, suggesting that B. antarctica and E. murphyi were representatives of an ancient lineage. As both are endemic to their respective tectonic microplates, their contemporary distribution is, therefore, likely to have been shaped by vicariance rather than dispersal.     

A preliminary survey of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Costa Rica,with emphasis on the lotic fauna

Extensive collections of Chironomidae were made in Costa Rica, Central America, during 1986 and 1987. Fifty-five genera and at least 148 species belonging to the subfamilies Podonominae, Tanypodinae, Orthocladiinae and Chironomidae were found. Chironominae and Orthocladiinae predominated. Only one species of Podonominae was collected. Tanypodinae was represented by many genera, but species richness was low.Cricotopus was the most widespread and diverse genus of Orthocladiinae. Among the Chironominae the generaPolypedilum, Pseudochironomus, Tanytarsus andRheotanytarsus showed high species richness. Several species were collected that could not be assigned to genus. A number of range extensions were recorded for taxa found in the Neotropical region for the first time and for Neotropical taxa recorded outside of South America for the first time. The Costa Rican chironomid fauna consists of cosmopolitan, holarctic and neotropical components. There is probably an endemic Central American chironomid fauna at the species level.     

When molecules and morphology concur: the ‘Gondwanan’ midges (Diptera: Chironomidae)

A phylogeny of the Chironomidae subfamily Podonominae, significant in the history of phylogenetic biogeography, is estimated from an analysis of four genes. Fragments of two ribosomal genes (18S and 28S), one nuclear protein‐coding gene (CAD), and one mitochondrial protein‐coding gene (COI) were sequenced from specimens representing 13 of 15 genera, and analysed using mixed model Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference methods. Podonominae is monophyletic and sister to Tanypodinae – the shared development of the larval ligula is synapomorphic and diagnostic. Tribe Podonomini is monophyletic with the inclusion of Trichotanypus; tribe Boreochlini is a grade. Monophyly is confirmed for the genera Podonomus Philippi, Podonomopsis Brundin, Podochlus Brundin, Archaeochlus Brundin and Austrochlus Cranston, Edward & Cook: Parochlus Enderlein becomes monophyletic through the inclusion of Zelandochlus Brundin ( n.syn. ) with its type species, P. latipalpis (Brundin) n.comb. The ‘mandibulate’Archaeochlus plus Austrochlus is monophyletic with nonmandibulate Afrochlus weakly supported as a member of, or sister to, the African Archaeochlus. Subtending this group is Lasiodiamesa, although it associates in some analyses with the sister group Tanypodinae. Generic relationships coincide with those proposed based on morphology, particularly as understood via all life history stages of some problematic (autapomorphic, adult‐based) taxa. Divergence time analysis (beast ) allows inference of Mesozoic diversification of higher taxa in Podonominae, of appropriate timing for fragmentation of Gondwana, post‐African divergence, to have caused vicariance. Shallower nodes (within genera) imply both younger vicariance involving Antarctica and some recent dispersal, including southern to northern hemisphere movement in the New World. New Zealand taxa test controversial biogeographical relationships and show proximity to southern South America without direct Australian sister taxon pairs: dating implies persistence of midges through the ‘Oligocene’ bottleneck.     

A dated molecular phylogeny for the Chironomidae (Diptera)

We provide the first highly sampled phylogeny estimate for the dipteran family Chironomidae using molecular data from fragments of two ribosomal genes (18S and 28S), one nuclear protein‐coding gene (CAD), and one mitochondrial protein‐coding gene (COI), analysed using mixed‐model Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference methods. The most recently described subfamilies Chilenomyiinae and Usambaromyiinae proved elusive, and are unsampled. We confirm monophyly of all sampled subfamilies except Prodiamesinae, which contains Propsilocerus Kieffer, previously in Orthocladiinae. The semifamily Chironomoinae is confirmed only if Telmatogetoninae is included, which is closer to Brundin's original suggestion. Buchonomyiinae is excluded from Chironomoinae: it is a sister group to all remaining Chironomidae, conforming more to Murray and Ashe's argumentation. Semifamily Tanypodoinae is a grade and unsupported as monophyletic: the austral Aphroteniinae alone is sister to all Chironomidae (less Buchonomyiinae). Podonominae is weakly supported as the next sister group, in contrast to some estimates that place this subfamily as sister group to Tanypodinae alone. In Diamesinae, the southern African Harrisonini is confirmed as a member, but embedded within austral tribe Heptagiini, which is confirmed as sister to the undersampled Diamesini. Tribe Pentaneurini and ‘non‐Pentaneurini’ taxa are reciprocally monophyletic in Tanypodinae. Recent molecular findings concerning Podonominae are substantiated, with a monophyletic tribe Podonomini, Boreochlini forming a grade and Lasiodiamesa Kieffer placed as sister to all other Podonominae, but with uncertainty. In Orthocladiinae, a postulated two‐tribe system of Orthocladiini and Metriocnemini can be supported after exclusion of a Corynoneura group and a Brillia group, which is revealed as sister to Stictocladius Edwards. The marine Clunio Haliday and Thalassosmittia Strenzke & Remmert (given high rank in the past) are clearly embedded deep in Orthocladiinae. The finding of Shangomyia Sæther & Wang + Xyiaomyia Sæther & Wang as sister group to all other Chironominae justifies high rank, as their authors suggested. Pseudochironomini (untested by sampling shortfall) is sister to a monophyletic Tanytarsini (with a weakly supported inclusion of the enigmatic Nandeva Wiedenbrug, Reiss & Fittkau). The tribe Chironomini can be supported only by excluding Shangomyia + Xyiaomyia, and a postulated monophyletic clade comprising several taxa such as Microtendipes Kieffer, with six‐segmented larval antennae and alternate Lauterborn organs, that is sister group to Pseudochironomini + Tanytarsini. The tempo of diversification of the family, deduced by divergence time analysis (beast ), shows Permian origination with subfamily stem‐group origination from the mid–late Triassic to the early Cretaceous. Crown‐group origination ranged from Podonominae on a short stem originating in the mid Jurassic to long‐stemmed Aphroteninae from the late Cretaceous. Node dates allow inference of some vicariance via Gondwanan fragmentation, including certain nodes involving southern Africa.     

The 'Ice Worm' - the Immature Stages,Phylogeny and Biology of the Glacier Midge Zelandochlus (Diptera: Chironomidae)

The previously unknown female and larva for the New Zealand glacier midge, Zealandochlus latipalpis Brundin are described for the first time, and the pupa described more fully than previously. Unlike the male, which is brachypterous, the female has large wings possessing traces of a vein between R₁ and R₄₊₅ uniquely for the subfamily Podonominae. The larvae, known locally as ice-worms, live in meltwater pools and ice caves of the Franz Joseph and Fox glaciers, New Zealand. Cladistic analysis of this highly autapomorphic species results in an unresolved trichotomy Zelandochlus + Parochlus + Podonomus, which is no advance on the suggestion made by Brundin (1966) concerning the relationships. Information is too scanty on many species of the putative related genera, but additional morphological features indicate that there may be a sister group relationship with part of Parochlus.     

Stratigraphy of the fossil Chironomidae (Diptera) from Lake Grasmere,South Island,New Zealand,during the last 6000 years

The fossil chironomid fauna of a 3.26 m long sediment core from Lake Grasmere has been analysed. The fossil chironomid taxa belong mainly to the subgroups Tanytarsini, Orthocladiinae, Chironomini, and Tanyphodinae. Heptagyini and Podonominae were not common. Tanytarsini were the dominant component of the fauna with Corynocera sp. as the most abundant species during pre-Polynesian times (before 1000 yr BP). The abundance and the composition of the fossil chironomid taxa have fluctuated markedly over the last 6000 years. These fluctuations could be partly correlated with changes in the stratigraphy of the sediments in the core. Layers of highly minerogenic sediment contained the lowest numbers of remains whereas high abundances were found in the sections of the core with the greatest proportion of organic matter. It is suggested that major shifts in the structure of the chironomid community have been mainly caused by changes in the hydrology and inflows of the lake, and the rate and type of sedimentation, in addition to variations in lake productivity.     

Longitudinal zonation of macroinvertebrates in an Ecuadorian glacier‐fed stream: do tropical glacial systems fit the temperate model?

1. The ecology of glacier‐fed streams at temperate latitudes has been intensely studied in recent years, leading to the development of a well‐validated conceptual model on the longitudinal distribution of macroinvertebrate communities downstream of the glacier margin (Freshwater Biology, 2001a; 46 , 1833). However, to our knowledge, the ecology of tropical glacier‐fed streams has not yet been studied. 2. We sampled benthic macroinvertebrates and measured environmental variables at nine sites between 4730 and 4225 m altitude along a 4.3 km stretch of a glacier‐fed stream 40 km south of the equator in the Ecuadorian Andes. Our goal was to study the longitudinal distribution of the fauna in relation to environmental factors and to compare this with the conceptual model based on temperate–arctic glacier‐fed streams. 3. Total density of invertebrates differed considerably at the two highest altitude sites; 4600 m^?2 at a pro‐glacial lake outlet and only 4 m^?2 at a site originating directly from the glacier snout. Otherwise, there was a downstream decrease in density to about 825 m^?2 at the three lowest sites. Taxon richness increased with distance from the glacier, very similar to the pattern predicted. A total of 28 taxa were collected; two at the glacier snout, seven at the nearby pro‐glacial lake outlet, 13 at site 2 (<400 m from the glacier) and 20 at the lowest sites. 4. The numerical percentage of Chironomidae (Diptera) decreased downstream from 100 to 44%. The subfamily Podonominae was numerous at the highest sites but became much less important further downstream. The Orthocladiinae were important both in numbers and species at all sites, while Diamesinae were numerous only in the middle of the reach studied and were completely absent from the upper three sites. The limited importance of the Diamesinae, and its replacement by Podonominae, is different from the pattern typically observed in north‐temperate glacier‐fed streams. This could be because of the fact that the genus Diamesa is missing from the Neotropics. 5. Stream temperature and channel stability explained most of the variability in faunal composition and richness, supporting the model. Stability increased systematically downstream while temperature did not. Surprisingly, no classical kryal zone (T_max < 4 °C) was found, as even the site closest to the glacier snout (50 m) had a T_max of 15 °C and no site had T_max < 8 °C. We propose that this might be a general feature of equatorial glacial streams.     

Late Holocene environmental changes inferred from diatom,chironomid, and pollen assemblages in an Andean lake in Central Chile,Lake Laja (36°S)

A sediment core encompassing the last 2000 years was extracted from Lake Laja, Chile, (36°54′S, 71°05′W) using an Uwitec drilling platform. The sediment was subsampled for loss on ignition, nutrients, biogenic silica, and biological proxies (diatoms, chironomids, pollen). The sedimentary profile was characterized by several coarse volcanic layers. Loss on ignition, nutrients, and biogenic silica showed an increasing trend that suggests a recent shift to a higher trophic status. Diatom assemblages also suggested higher nutrient content with increased abundances of Aulacoseira granulata, A. distans, and Asterionella formosa. At the same time, a marked change in the benthic and facultative planktonic taxa may be associated with cooling. This period of change coincides with the European Little Ice Age (LIA). The chironomid profile showed four key zones distinguished largely by changes in the abundance of Tanytarsini, Parachironomus, and Macropelopia. Like diatoms, chironomids also seemed to reflect a shift to higher trophic conditions in the upper part reflected by increasing abundance of taxa such as Tribelos/Phaenopsectra, Cricotopus/Orthocladius, and Ablabesmyia. The most striking feature in the chironomid assemblage is the abundance of Podonominae, Parapsectrocladius, and Limnophyes/Compterosmittia, which could be associated with a cold-dry period between 1500 and 1900 AD in Lake Laja (the period of the European LIA). Pollen assemblages indicated fluctuations in humidity through changes in Nothofagus dombeyi-type, Poaceae, and Ephedra, and we inferred a strong human impact over the last 100 years from the appearance of Plantago and increased levels of Poaceae and Asteraceae subf. Cichorioidae. Finally, the three proxies showed the occurrence of a cold-dry event in Lake Laja (~1550–1900 AD), which roughly coincides with the European LIA. However the data from this research, does not prove neither rejects the existence of the occurrence of the MWP in the central Andes.     

Phylogenetic relationships of nonbiting midges in the subfamily Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) inferred from morphology

The nonbiting midge subfamily Tanypodinae represents one of the most diverse lineages of Chironomidae. Despite the wide distribution and high diversity of tanypodine chironomids, the evolutionary history of the subfamily remains poorly understood. Here, we present the first phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Tanypodinae based on morphological data. Cladistic analyses were conducted using 86 morphological characters from 115 species belonging to 54 tanypodine genera, including the eight currently recognised tribes: Anatopyniini, Clinotanypodini, Coelopyniini, Macropelopiini, Natarsiini, Pentaneurini, Procladiini and Tanypodini. We use characters from fourth‐instar larvae, pupae and adults of both sexes. We examine the effects of implied weighting by reanalysing the data with varying values of concavity constant (k). Our analysis supports the monophyly of Tanypodinae with Podonominae as its sister group. All previously proposed tribes are recovered as monophyletic assemblages under a wide range of weighting factors. Under these conditions, the genus Fittkauimyia is the sister group of the remaining Macropelopiini and is erected as a new monobasic tribe, Fittkauimyiini trib.n . The tribe Pentaneurini is recovered as monophyletic with some internal relationships resolved. The genus Paramerina, recovered as sister of Reomyia + Zavrelimyia, is formally synonymised with Zavrelimyia syn.n. , based on morphological similarity in all three life stages and treated as a subgenus of the latter. Finally, the recently suggested synonymies of Gressittius and Guassutanypus with Alotanypus and the establishment of the subgenera Conchapelopia (Helopelopia), Macropelopia (Bethbilbeckia), Monopelopia (Cantopelopia), Thienemannimyia (Hayesomyia) and Zavrelimyia (Reomyia and Schineriella) are investigated. Our results support all proposed changes, except for the subgenus‐level status of Helopelopia and Cantopelopia. We suggest re‐establishment of Helopelopia as a genus, but refrain from promoting genus‐level status of Cantopelopia at present because the apparent sister‐relationship between Monopelopia + Nilotanypus likely is due to wing vein reduction caused by miniaturisation. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DF012C17‐AFB3‐4904‐83DC‐30DD94D0B376 .     

Afrochlus Freeman: an African gondwanan midge and the phylogeny of the Podonominae (Diptera: Chironomidae)

The immature stages and male adult of Afrochlus harrisoni Freeman are described for the first time, from the type locality, a granite outcrop in Zimbabwe. A phylogenetic position within the subfamily Podonominae as sister to South African-western/central Australian genus Archaeochlus Brundin, suggested in 1966 by Brundin from the adult female alone, is confirmed by cladistic analysis of all life history stages combined. Within the Podonominae, the tribes Boreochlini and Podonomini erected by Brundin are monophyletic only if Trichotanypus Kieffer is transferred from the former to the latter. Little or none of the structure provided by the combined evidence from all stages is retrieved by cladistic analyses of characters derived solely from the adult stage. The implications of erection of monotypic genera for adult-only taxa are discussed.     

Benthic invertebrates of some saline lakes of the Sud Lipez region,Bolivia

The benthic invertebrates fauna of most of the saline lakes of the Sud Lipez region (Bolivia, Altiplano) has been until now quite unstudied. Samples collected during an extensive survey of 12 lakes and two small inflow rivers allow a first list of the main macroinvertebrates living in these biotopes.The heterogeneous nature of these saline lakes with their freshwater springs and phreatic inflows offers a variety of habitats to macroinvertebrates. The benthic fauna in lakes with salinities > 10 g l^–1 is not so low in density but includes few species and is dominated by Orthocladiinae and Podonominae larvae. In contrast, the freshwater springs and inflows are colonized by a diverse fauna, with a mixture of both freshwater and saline taxa, but dominated by Elmidae and Amphipoda. The lakes are quite isolated and, apart from some cosmopolitan organisms, their fauna can be quite distinctive.     

Archaeochlus Brundin: a midge out of time (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Abstract. Archaeochlus , a plesiomorphic genus of Podonominae (Chironomidae), is revised and two new species (biko from Namibia and brundini from southwestern Australia) described. The systematic status of the genus and the tribe Boreochlini is reassessed. Biogeographic evidence, sustained by a fossil record, dates the genus at least to the Upper Jurassic. The ecology of early Chironomidae is suggested to be eurythermic and hygropetric rather than cold stenothermic in lotic waters.     

Fauna of chironomids (Diptera,Chironomidae) of the Kama River Basin

An annotated list of chironomid species is presented for the watercourses and waterbodies of the Kama River Basin, which covers the territories of Perm krai, Sverdlov oblast’, Kirov oblast’, the Udmurt Republic, and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The list includes 253 species of 107 genera and 6 subfamilies: Podonominae (2 species), Tanypodinae (35), Diamesinae (10), Prodiamesinae (4), Orthocladiinae (92), and Chironominae (110). Eighty one of these species were defined under the imagoes.     

Does Type of Substratum Affects Chironomid Larvae Assemblage Composition? A Study in a River Catchment in Northern Patagonia,Argentina

Chironomid larvae assemblages were investigated at seven sampling stations in relation to stream habitat type in the Challhuaco-Ñireco river system located in the Nahuel Huapi National Park, in the North-Western part of Rio Negro Province, Argentina. A total of 2229 individuals were sampled and 43 Chironomidae taxa were recorded with Orthocladiinae (29) being the best represented subfamily, followed by Diamesinae (5), Tanypodinae (3), Podonominae (3) and Chironominae (3). Stictocladius spF, Cricotopus (Paratrichocladius) sp6, Cricotopus sp2, Cricotopus sp3 and Parapsectrocladius sp2 were the most abundant taxa. Sites near the source of the river system were dominated by Podonomus sp., Limnophyes sp., Parapsectrocladius sp. and Stictocladius spF, whereas sites close to the river mouth were dominated by Diamesinae sp5 and Cricotopus sp. Rank/abundance plots show that all the analysed sites displayed dominance of some species. Stictocladius spF, Cricotopus sp2, Cricotopus sp3, Cricotopus (Paratrichocladius) sp6, Parapsectrocladius sp. and Limnophyes sp. resulted as dominant species, or being part of a group of dominant species, at least in one sample. Eleven taxa were associated with habitats related with riffle areas and stable substrates with filamentous algae. Species–environment relationships were examined using ordination analysis. Elevation was the most significant environmental variable that explained 22% of the total variability of the chironomid assemblages, showing stronger relationships among sites within an altitudinal gradient than among habitat type. Abundance of chironomids increased from headwaters to the outflow in Nahuel Huapi Lake responding to an altitude gradient as well as some environmental factors such as coarse matter and nutrient concentrations.     

Longitudinal distribution of macroinvertebrates in two glacier-fed New Zealand rivers

1. Environmental variables, benthic algal biomass and macroinvertebrate fauna were examined from September 1999 to January 2000 (austral summer) along two glacier-fed rivers in South Island, New Zealand.
2. The rivers were characterized by high flow variability, high turbidity and physically disturbed beds. Water temperature ranged from <1 °C near the glacier margin to 10 °C further downstream.
3. Epilithic algal biomass was very low (<0.1 mg m^–2) in months characterized by heavy rainfall, but ranged from 1.1 to 14.4 mg m^–2 following an extended period with negligible precipitation.
4. Abundance and diversity of invertebrates in both rivers was low. Dominant taxa were Chironomidae (Orthocladiinae, Podonominae, Diamesinae), although mayfly species ( Deleatidium : Leptophlebiidae) also occurred at most sites. A species of Eukiefferiella (Orthocladiinae) was collected at all sites and was the most abundant invertebrate close to the glacier margins. No meiofauna were found in either river.
5. Faunal diversity increased at the lowermost stations where species of Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera and non-chironomid Diptera also occurred.
6. The faunas of the two New Zealand rivers conformed to the conceptual model of Milner & Petts (1994) in that taxon richness increased downstream with water temperature. However, invertebrate abundance increased downstream in only one of the two rivers. Also in contrast to the model predictions, Leptophlebiidae and Orthocladiinae, rather than Diamesinae, dominated the fauna at the coldest sites.     

Phylogeny of the subfamilies of Chironomidae (Diptera)

Summary The phylogeny of the subfamilies of Chironomidae are cladistically analysed using parsimony. A data matrix is presented and some characters discussed. Different outgroup taxa, constraints and options are used, characters unordered or ordered, weighted or unweighted, the results reweighted or not and the results discussed. Telmatogetoninae in all cladograms forms the sister group of the remaining subfamilies. Aphroteniinae in some cladograms forms the sister group of all subfamilies except Telmatogetoninae, whereas in other cladograms, including the preferred cladogram, it is part of Tanypodoinae, which otherwise includes Podonominae, Usumbaromyiinae and Tanypodinae. Chilenomyiinae is basal in Tanypodoinae in some cladograms. In most cladograms, including the preferred cladogram, it is basal in Chironomoinae, which also includes Buchonomyiinae, Diamesinae, Prodiamesinae, Orthocladiinae and Chironominae. The preferred cladogram is compared with the relationships between different subfamilies suggested by previous authors.     

Taxonomy of monogeneans of deep sea fishes in southeastern Australia

The following monogeneans from deepwater fish in southeastern Australia are described, based on a survey of 1,563 fish (66 or 67 species, 35 families, 15 orders): Reimericotyle ceratoscopeli from Myctophum phengodes, M. hygomi, Hygophum hygomi and Ceratoscopelus warmingii; Diclidophora tubiformis n. sp. from Coryphaenoides serrulatus and C. subserrulatus; Diclidophora sp. from Lepidorhynchus denticulatus; Polycliphora nezumiae from Coryphaenoides serrulatus; Paracyclocotyla sp. from Lepidion microcephalus; juvenile Paracyclocotyla sp. from Hoplostethus atlanticus; Polyipnicola hygophi from Hygophum hygomi, Notoscopelus resplendens, Electrona risso and Myctophum phengodes; Diclidophoropsis sp. from Nezumia sp.; Eurysorchis manteri from Hyperoglyphe sp.; Heteraxinoides sp. from Synagrops japonicus; Megalocotyle helicoleni from Helicolenis papillosus. The following species are recorded but not described: Allocotylophora polyprionum (Diclidophoroidea), four unidentified species of the Diclidophoroidea from Diastobranchus capensis, both Hoplostethus atlanticus and H. intermedius, Chlorophthalmus sp. and Synagrops japonicus, respectively, one species of the Capsaloidea from Enoplosus armatus, one species of the Capsalidae from Lepidotrigla argus, one species of the Dactylogyrinae from Atypichthys strigatus, and one species of the Ancyrocephalinae from Chlorophthalmus nigripinnis.     

New and known species of Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 (Monogenea,Dactylogyridae) from cyprinid fishes of the River Tigris,Iraq

Four new Dactylogyrus species are described and two redescribed from cyprinids of the River Tigris, Iraq. These are as follows: Dactylogyrus barbioides n. sp. from Barbus grypus; D. orbus n. sp. from Barbus lacerta; D. barbuli n. sp. from Barbus barbulus; D. macrostomi n. sp. from Cyprinion macrostomi; D. pavlovskyi Bychowsky, 1949 from Barbus grypus and Barbus sharpeyi; and D. inutilis Bychowsky, 1949 from Barbus xanthopterus. A phylogenetic and zoogeographical analysis is presented.