铁皮石斛组培苗移栽驯化过程中叶片光合特性、 超微结构及根系活力的变化

研究了铁皮石斛(Dendrobium candicum Wall.ex Lindl.)组培苗在移栽驯化(即试管苗移栽大田)过程中,移栽0、1、2、4d和20d(已移栽成活)时叶片光合特征参数、叶绿素荧光特性及叶绿体超微结构,光合色素含量、可溶性糖含量、根系活力和硝酸还原酶活性等生理特征的变化,以阐明铁皮石斛组培苗在移栽驯化过程中发生的适应性变化。结果表明:铁皮石斛幼苗在移栽驯化过程中叶片表观量子效率、最大净光合速率、羧化速率以及PSⅡ的最大光化学效率和表观光合电子传递速率均在移栽驯化过程中不断升高并于20d时达到最大;而暗呼吸速率和叶绿素b的含量在移栽20d时显著降低。驯化过程中叶片光合机构遭到破坏,但移栽20d时叶绿体内淀粉粒和嗜饿小体体积变大,片层结构清晰、完整且有序。根系活力和硝酸还原酶活性均在移栽20d时显著增大。铁皮石斛组培苗在移栽驯化过程中叶片光合特性、超微结构及根系活力都发生了一定的适应性变化,随着移栽时间的延长,石斛叶片的光合效率明显提高,并有大量的光合产物积累;同时根系吸收水分、养分的能力及抗逆能力都明显增强,到移栽20d时组培苗已完全适应大田环境。     

组培苗的生育环境与调节

本文介绍组培苗培养器内生长期和驯化期一些环境因子如培养基、气体、光照、湿度等条件的不合理性及调节的有效性,提示了需研究的问题。     

东方蝾螈幼体热耐受性和游泳表现的热驯化响应

特定物种的热驯化能力决定着其是否能成功耐受环境温度的改变,在应对未来气候变暖的趋势中扮演重要角色。为评估有尾类两栖动物的热驯化反应,在3个恒定水温(15、20℃和25℃)中驯化东方蝾螈(Cynops orientalis)幼体4周,测定驯化后幼体在不同测试温度下的运动(游泳)表现、临界低温(CT_(Min))与临界高温(CT_(Max))。结果显示:驯化与测试温度均显著影响蝾螈的游泳速度;驯化温度亦影响蝾螈的CT_(Min)和CT_(Max),但不影响可耐受温度范围(TRR)。驯化与测试温度的交互作用对蝾螈泳速的影响显著,表明驯化温度可改变其游泳表现的热敏感性。经某一温度驯化后蝾螈泳速似乎在相同测试温度下表现最好,该结果可能支持驯化有益假说。CT_(Min)和CT_(Max)随驯化温度的升高而增加,表明:低温驯化可提高动物抗低温能力,而高温驯化提高其抗高温能力。两栖类动物热耐受性与运动表现热驯化反应的种间变异可能与栖息地热环境的差异有关。     

温度对中华倒刺鲃不同生理生态性能的影响:驯化有益假说的验证

驯化有益假说(Beneficial acclimation hypothesis)认为生物表型的适应性变化会增强其在诱导这些变化产生的环境中的生理机能或适合度。然而,由于动物不同生理生态性能对环境驯化的响应可能不一致,那么,测试表型性状的选择对驯化有益假说的验证就尤为关键。为此,整合表征动物生存适合度的不同生理生态性能并探究其对环境驯化的响应模式就十分必要。以我国长江中上游广泛分布的中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)为对象,考察了驯化温度(18℃、28℃)和测试温度(18℃、28℃)及其交互作用对该物种有氧运动能力和无氧运动能力的影响,为驯化有益假说等相关假说的验证提供参考。研究发现,中华倒刺鲃不同生理生态性能对温度驯化的响应存在差异:(1)驯化温度对表征中华倒刺鲃无氧运动能力的快速启动游泳无显著影响(除最大加速度外)(P>0.05),研究数据倾向于支持无益假说(No-advantage hypothesis);(2)驯化温度对表征中华倒刺鲃有氧运动能力的临界游泳速度(Critical swimming speed,Ucrit)和最大代谢率(Maximum metabolic rate, MMR)影响显著(P<0.05),18℃驯化-18℃测试下的Ucrit和MMR均优于28℃驯化-18℃测试下的Ucrit和MMR,结果部分支持驯化有益假说和冷有益假说(Cooler is better hypothesis);(3)驯化温度、测试温度、游泳速度对中华倒刺鲃的运动代谢率(Active metabolic rate,MO2)和单位距离能量消耗(The energetic cost of transport, COT)影响显著(P<0.05)。值得关注的是,当游泳速度小于30 cm/s时,驯化温度对MO2和COT无影响,结果支持无益假说;而当游泳速度大于30 cm/s时,在特定的流速下经过28℃驯化的中华倒刺鲃无论在28℃还是18℃的测试环境下MO2和COT均较低,结果倾向于支持热有益假说(Warmer is better hypothesis)。研究结果提示:驯化有益假说并不具有普遍性,热驯化相关假说的验证不仅受表型性状选择的影响,而且还与测试的环境选择压力有关。     

花生四烯酸产生菌高山被孢霉的高糖驯化研究

【目的】提高花生四烯酸(Arachidonic acid,ARA)产量,克服ARA产生菌高山被孢霉(Mortierella alpina)在长期的保存及使用过程中易受到外界条件影响发生退化,从而导致菌种耗糖量降低、影响菌种摄入营养的能力和不利于工业化生产的缺点。【方法】首先采用固体培养基驯化,将菌种逐级涂布于梯度高糖PDA平板(含糖量分别为2%、5%、7%、10%和15%)培养,挑选经固体驯化后能耐受10%高糖浓度平板的菌种,转接到两种含不同氮源的梯度高糖(含糖量分别为3%、4%、5%和6%)液体培养基中进行驯化,最后对驯化后的菌种进行2 L发酵罐放大实验。【结果】当培养基中以酵母粉为氮源时,驯化后菌体的最高耗糖量由3 g/(L.d)提高到12 g/(L.d);当培养基中以玉米浆为氮源时,驯化后菌体的最高耗糖量由7 g/(L.d)提高到12 g/(L.d)。摇瓶驯化实验结果表明以玉米浆为氮源驯化的菌种发酵效果较好,发酵罐实验结果显示菌体生物量为50 g/L,总油脂为18 g/L,目的产物ARA产量为8 g/L。相比未驯化之前的发酵结果,生物量和总油脂含量提高了近3倍,ARA产量提高了近4倍。【结论】经过高糖驯化,菌种的耗糖能力得到提高,生物量、总油脂及ARA的产量也都有所增加,从而可以使菌种在保存和使用过程中不易退化,保持稳定。     

环境因素对实验室驯化按蚊的影响

较系统地阐述了实验室驯化按蚊(Anopheles)所需的环境条件,环境因素对驯化的影响和驯化时应注意的问题及本实验室驯化的经验。     

低温驯化锯缘青蟹鳃抗氧化防护、ATPase及膜脂肪酸组成变化

锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)低温环境下生理生化的变化对于理解其低温适应具有重要的意义。本研究中采用生物化学的方法对低温驯化下锯缘青蟹鳃中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GPX)的活性,脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,4种ATPase(Na ,K -ATPase,Mg2 -ATPase,Ca2 -ATPase和Ca2 ,Mg2 -ATPase)活性及细胞膜脂肪酸组成进行测定。实验结果显示青蟹鳃中抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT和GPX)活性在3个驯化温度下,随驯化温度的降低而升高。SOD活性在5℃和10℃驯化下显著高于对照组(27℃组)(p<0.01);CAT活性在3个驯化温度下均显著高于对照组(p<0.01或p<0.05);GPX活性仅5℃驯化下显著高于对照组(p<0.01)。MDA含量低温驯化下升高,但仅5℃驯化下显著高于对照组(p<0.01)。鳃中4种ATPase活性均是随驯化温度的降低而升高,并且5℃和10℃驯化下均显著高于对照组(p<0.01或p<0.05)。低温驯化下C18:0、C18:1、C18:2、C18:3、C20:5和C22:6等脂肪酸与对照组相比均发生显著性变化(p<0.01或p<0.05),饱和指数∑SFA/∑UFA显著下降(p<0.01或p<0.05)。低温驯化下锯缘青蟹鳃中抗氧酶及ATPase活性升高,说明其具有明显的温度补偿效应,它是对低温适应的一种积极反应。鳃中MDA低温驯化下积累是活性氧自由基未能被及时清除而产生氧化应激的结果。低温下细胞膜脂肪酸饱和指数降低是维持细胞膜执行正常生理功能的需要。     

温度、pH和盐度对克氏原螯虾鳃 Na+-K+-ATPase活性的影响

采用钼蓝法测定克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)鳃Na~ -K~ -ATPase活性,探讨温度、pH、盐度3个环境因子在环境驯化和突变状态下对Na -K -ATPase活性的影响。实验结果表明,Na~ -K~ -ATPase的活性与环境因子密切相关。酶活性在温度、盐度驯化实验中都表现为正相关关系,不同pH驯化中则表现为中性pH活性最高。在突变状况下表现出明显的应激性,应激响应在2～8h之间,之后逐渐缓和,最终结果与驯化结果相同。     

甜菜夜蛾人工饲养技术优化

研究了甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua( Hübner)不同人工饲养方法对其生长发育的生物学指标的影响.结果表明,蜡纸和白纸对成虫日落卵量和卵孵化率没有显著差异.环境相对湿度为60％和80％时,卵的孵化率较高,分别为94.41％和98.25％,显著高于湿度为40％时的孵化率.以7日龄幼虫重、幼虫历期、幼虫成活...     

氢自养微生物的驯化及其反硝化特性研究北大核心

【目的】本研究筛选出弱酸性环境下利用无机碳源进行高效脱氮的氢自养微生物,探究不同无机碳源对体系反硝化能力的影响,以及长期驯化过程中反应器内水质参数、微生物群落结构和脱氮周期变化规律。【方法】氢自养微生物的驯化采用一种成本低廉、气密性优良、可计算氢气利用率的序批式反应器,通过及时向装置内补充氢气、无机碳源、营养液和硝酸盐对微生物进行连续驯化。【结果】驯化的微生物利用NaHCO_(3)和CO_(2)作为混合无机碳源对硝酸盐的脱氮效果要优于单一使用NaHCO_(3);在环境温度为20℃,pH为6.3-7.0,硝态氮初始投加量为15 mg-N/L时,NO_(3)--N最高反应速率为1.374 mg-N/(L·h),氢气最高利用率为43.4%,脱氮周期为16 h,且脱氮过程中无亚硝酸盐积累;驯化得到的微生物主要为嗜酸菌属(Acidovorax),占比达84.4%。【结论】利用本研究的装置和驯化方法对土著微生物进行脱氮驯化是可行且高效的,可筛选出在弱酸性环境下利用无机碳源进行反硝化的氢自养微生物,为地下水中硝酸盐污染的生物修复提供理论依据,也为后续进一步研究弱酸性环境下氢自养微生物同时脱氮固铀奠定基础。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.