大蒜辣素UPLC检测体系优化及其在大蒜资源评价中的应用

大蒜是重要的调味蔬菜,大蒜辣素的含量是评价大蒜品质的最重要的一项指标.本研究通过对样品处理、提取方法和检测方法的研究,建立了完善的大蒜辣素超高效液相色谱(UPLC)检测方法:使用UPLC BEH C18色谱柱,流动相为甲醇∶水=1∶1,检测波长为254nm,进样体积为1μl,流速为0.3ml/min.大蒜辣素在2.04 ～ 510mg/L范围内呈良好线性关系(R2 =0.9991).利用建立的方法对212份大蒜鳞茎的大蒜辣素含量进行检测,发现供试212份大蒜资源的大蒜辣素含量差异显著,含量分布在0.82％ ～3.01％之间,最高含量与最低含量之间相差近4倍.     

蒜辣素UPLC检测体系优化及其在大蒜资源评价中的应用

大蒜是重要的调味蔬菜,大蒜辣素的含量是评价大蒜品质的最重要的一项指标。本研究通过对样品处理、提取方法和检测方法的研究,建立了完善的大蒜辣素超高效液相色谱(UPLC)检测方法:使用UPLC BEH C18色谱柱,流动相为甲醇∶水=1∶1,检测波长为254nm,进样体积为1μl,流速为0.3ml/min。大蒜辣素在2.04～510mg/L范围内呈良好线性关系(R2=0.9991)。利用建立的方法对212份大蒜鳞茎的大蒜辣素含量进行检测,发现供试212份大蒜资源的大蒜辣素含量差异显著,含量分布在0.82%～3.01%之间,最高含量与最低含量之间相差近4倍。     

16S rDNA实时荧光定量PCR检测大蒜提取物对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用

目的 探究蒜氨酸、大蒜辣素、大蒜粉对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用。方法 将SPF级C57BL/6J小鼠分为空白对照组、蒜氨酸组、大蒜辣素组和大蒜粉组,每组10只。空白对照组小鼠灌服蒸馏水30 d,蒜氨酸组、大蒜辣素组、大蒜粉组小鼠灌服不同浓度的受试物溶液30 d,采用16S rDNA实时荧光定量PCR检测实验前后小鼠粪便样本中乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌、产气荚膜梭菌水平变化。结果 给药30 d后,与空白对照组相比、实验前后自身对比,蒜氨酸组、大蒜辣素组、大蒜粉组小鼠的肠杆菌、肠球菌水平无明显变化;乳杆菌、双歧杆菌水平显著增加;产气荚膜梭菌水平显著降低。结论 蒜氨酸、大蒜辣素、大蒜粉对肠道菌群具有有益的调节作用,是一种良好的天然有益于肠道菌群的食品。     

大蒜种质资源对蒜蛆的抗性评价

就大蒜种质资源对蒜蛆的抗性进行了虫圃田间鉴定,并对抗性与大蒜主要植物学性状和大蒜辣素含量的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:52份材料的感虫指数分布在7.14~90.38之间,种质资源间抗虫性差异达到了显著水平;聚类分析并结合感虫指数将52份种质资源分为高抗、抗、中抗、中感、感、高感6个类别,其中高抗和抗性材料分别为4份和8份。相关分析表明:感虫指数与植株的7个形态数量性状的相关性均未达到显著水平,而与鳞茎的鳞芽背宽、鳞茎的大蒜辣素含量均呈极显著的负相关,即抗性与二者显著正相关。表明大蒜辣素含量越高,大蒜对蒜蛆的抗性越强;从鳞芽背宽较宽和高大蒜辣素含量的大蒜资源中筛选抗蒜蛆的种质可能性更大。     

大蒜的药用价值

我国大蒜栽培及食用、治疗疾病历史悠久,《名医别录》、《本草纲目》中均有大蒜的药用记载,《本草纲目》中写道：“大蒜有归五脏、散痈肿、除风邪、杀毒气、下气消古、化由……。”有关大蒜有效成分的研究早在19世纪就已开始,1844年Weitheim从大蒜中分离出二烯丙基二硫化物;1909年RUndquist分离出蒜氨酸;1944年Cav－vallito在室温下用乙醇从大蒜中提取得蒜辣素;本世纪40～50年代;国外学者对蒜辣素进行了一系列研究,并提出其作用机制是抑制细胞内流基酶的活性;60年代,利用气相色谱、高相液相色谱,核磁共振和质谱等先进的分离技…     

辣椒辣素对大鼠急性切割痛的作用

目的:研究辣椒辣素对足底切开大鼠疼痛相关行为的影响.方法:32只Wister雄性大鼠随机分为四组:生理盐水组、0.05％辣椒辣素组(C0.05)、0.1％辣椒辣素组(C0.1)、赋形剂组(吐温80),各200微升.切开前一天足底给药,分别测定给药前的基础值,给药后24小时,术后2小时及1、2、3天对热刺激的反应,并记录累积疼痛得分,术后三天进行组织病理学评估.结果:预先给予的辣椒辣素能够减弱热痛觉过敏和降低累积疼痛得分.组织病理学检查证实:与生理盐水比较辣椒辣素影响切口的恢复.结论:辣椒辣素预处理具有预防术后痛的作用.对切口组织学的影响可能与药物抑制疼痛行为有关,而不一定是药物的局部作用.     

不同浓度辣椒辣素对小鼠慢性膝关节炎疼痛模型的治疗效果分析

目的:观察不同浓度辣椒辣素对小鼠慢性膝关节炎疼痛模型的治疗效果。方法:选择健康成年雄性昆明小鼠50只,通过左膝关节腔内注射0.01 m L完全性弗氏佐剂(Complete Freund's Adjuvant,CFA)建立慢性膝关节炎疼痛模型,3周后建模成功。随后,将造模成功的小鼠随机分为五组(n=10):实验一组(生理盐水组)、实验二组(辣椒辣素赋形剂组)、实验三组(0.5%的辣椒辣素组)、实验四组(3%的辣椒辣素组)、实验五组(8%的辣椒辣素组)。观察注药后1、4、7小时的热缩足反射时间以及注药后60天内的热缩足反射时间。结果:(1)生理盐水组与辣椒辣素赋形剂组注药后1、4、7小时的热缩足反射时间以及注药后60天内的热缩足反射时间比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)实验三组注射辣椒辣素后产生的急性疼痛于注药后7小时恢复,实验四组小鼠的急性疼痛期于注药后4小时恢复,实验五组小鼠的急性疼痛期于注药后1小时恢复。(3)实验三组镇痛时间持续18.9±1.1天,实验四组镇痛时间持续33.7±1.0天,实验五组镇痛时间持续58.2±1.2天。结论:辣椒辣素对于CFA所致慢性膝关节炎疼痛模型具有镇痛作用,并且镇痛作用时间随着辣椒辣素的浓度增加而延长。     

北京地区蒜蛆类(花蝇科)的发生及其防治初报

大蒜是蔬菜中四辣品种之一,为我国广大人民所喜爱。在大蒜的生产中,常遭受蒜蛆的为害,使产量受到很大影响。根据过去的调查,蒜蛆的发生率常在30％左右,严重地块可达70％以上。近年来,京郊的大蒜栽培逐步向远郊区发展,远郊栽培面积达近郊两倍之多。由于远郊栽培多实行粮蒜间套作、倒茬,并推广山东经验,改为秋播(9月下旬播种),因此蒜蛆为害程度较轻,一般发生率在15—20％左右。蒜     

大蒜植物络合素合酶基因转化对酵母重金属抗性的提高

重金属污染是全球面临的亟待解决的生态问题。利用植物对重金属的富集作用来清除环境重金属污染即植物修复已成为重要的环境生物技术之一。这一技术的长远发展有赖于在重金属富集或耐受中起关键作用的基因的克隆和应用。植物络合素是植物体内一类重要的对重金属起螯合作用的多肽, 其合成受植物络合素合酶的催化。该文取得了如下研究结果:1)通过原子吸收测定表明,在大蒜(Allium sativum)的根部可以积累3 000 mg·kg^-1的重金属镉;2)将克隆的大蒜植物络合素合酶基因(AsPCS)置于酵母表达启动子之下,构建酵母表达载体,并将其分别转入了因CUP1和acr3基因缺失而对重金属镉和砷敏感的酵母突变体菌株后,发现来自大蒜的AsPCS基因的表达使酵母CUP1缺失菌株对镉的耐受性提高了4倍, acr3缺失菌株对砷的耐受性提高了两倍;3)表达AsPCS基因酵母的生长模式证实了AsPCS基因的表达是酵母对重金属耐受性提高的原因。这些结果暗示, 大蒜植物络合素合酶基因在大蒜对重金属的抗性及大蒜根部对镉的积累中起关键作用,可作为重要的基因元件应用到修复污染的植物基因工程中。     

从大蒜鳞瓣提取大蒜油

大蒜(Allium Sativum L.),为百合科植物大蒜的鳞茎,全国各地皆有栽培。医食用途广泛,它的提取物具有很高的医疗价值,又可用作食品调味添加剂。在高等植物含有的植物杀菌素中,以大蒜的效力最大。经营养学的分析,它的可食部分,含有碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、钙、磷、铁、维他命B_1、维他命B_2、维他命C。看来人体所需要的基本营养成分是比较齐全的,尤其难能可贵的是面粉所缺的维他命C,米中所缺的铁、钙及维他命C,大蒜中都比较丰富。大蒜的药用功能,主要在于大蒜精油,其中含硫化物的混合物可以防治血脂过高,有明显的功效。大蒜中还含有激发人体巨噬细胞吞噬癌细胞的有效成分。     

Échinodermes de l'Ordovicien supérieur (Ashgill) de Sardaigne et d'Algérie

Research on the influence of sea level variations on the benthic faunas have been carried out in the Upper Ordovician of Sardinia. Study of the depositional facies and sequence analysis of the upper part (Lower Ashgill) of the Portixeddu Formation led to the identification of the sedimentary environments. Cystoids and crinoids are associated to bryozoans and brachiopods in most levels. The numerical analysis of associations and megaguilds shows that crinoids and cystoids have a higher frequency in the proximal and median facies of the upper offshore. The columnal association characterized by Conspectocrinus celticus and the coronoid Mespilocystites tregarvanicus has been discovered in the upper part of the formation. This material and complementary samples from Upper Ordovician of Sardinia and Kabylia (Algeria) bring additional data on the systematic and show the wide distribution of this fauna outside of the Ibero-armorican domain. The distribution of this echinoderm association supports a palaeogeographical position of the Ibero-armorican domain and Sardinia within the north gondwanan margin during the Lower Palaeozoic.     

果实膨大期喷布磷酸二氢钾对三月红荔枝果实贮藏性的影响

在三月红荔枝(Litchi chinensis cv.Sanyuehong)果实膨大期对树冠喷施0.2%磷酸二氢钾(KP)水溶液,以探讨磷酸二氢钾对荔枝果实贮藏性的影响。结果表明:(1) KP处理的果实在贮藏期前17d,失重率及果肉可溶性固形物、酸、VitC、花色素苷等指标的变化趋势与对照基本相似;(2) KP处理的果肉可溶性蛋白质含量变化与对照有明显差异,而果皮的可溶性蛋白质含量在贮藏期前10d变化动态与对照一致,此后呈相反的变化趋势;(3)果皮POD活性显著高于果肉,KP处理和对照的果肉POD活性在贮藏第3d后、果皮POD活性在第17d前分别具有相似变化趋势;(4)果肉中CAT活性在贮藏第3~17d期间都显著或极显著高于果皮,KP处理和对照果肉、果皮CAT活性动态变化均为单峰曲线。     

A reassessment of the relations in Malaysia between ants (Crematogaster) on trees (Leptospermum and Dacrydium) and epiphytes of the genus Dischidia (Asclepiadaceae) including 'ant-plants'

Three species of epiphytic Dischidia have been investigated in terms of their relationship to ants on trees. Two species, D. parvifolia and D. astephana , are associated with ants and trees in montane areas. A clear association has been found between ants of the genus Crematogaster and the tree Leptospermum flavescens. This relationship is complex and probably both organisms benefit from the association. The ants live in tunnels in the wood of the major branches and the trunk, and the entire tree is occupied by one ant colony. Trees occupied by ants are maintained by the ants substantially clear of epiphytes other than the two species of Dischidia. The potential benefits to the tree and to the ants of this association are noted. The roots of D. astephana and D. parvifolia penetrate into the cavities of these ant nests and presumably gain nutrients from waste in the ant nests. Both Dischidia species are effectively scavenging upon the waste material from the ant-tree association. The leathery dome-shaped leaves of D. astephana are not vital to the development of the scavenging habit as D. parvifolia has lens-shaped leaves, but may offer some advantage to D. astephana by the uptake of nutrients from waste deposited by the ants under the dome-shaped leaves by interception of stem flow and by uptake of gaseous waste. Ants do not nest under these leaves. Seeds of these species of Dischidia are taken by ants into the central woody area of the ant nest where they germinate. Both Leptospermum and Dischidia can be visualized as showing adaptations to a nutient-deficient tropical montane environment. These adaptations are discussed as is the need for reassessment in this genus of the term 'ant-plant', and the need for wider recognition of the 1ant-tree' relationship between Crematogaster and Leptospermum.     

The influence of mass,volume and density on the frequency of recovery of fossil hominid hand and wrist bones

A study of the mass, volume and density of each of the wrist and hand bones of male and female human skeletons was undertaken. It was found that the mass and volume (i.e. size) of the bones are well correlated with the relative frequencies of preservation ofAustralopithecus and earlyHomo wrist and hand bones from fossil hominid sites in Africa. In general, the larger the bone, the greater its preservation frequency. In contrast to findings on bovid bones, the density of hand and wrist bones is not well correlated with the frequency of such bones recovered from these sites. These findings may be explained in terms of the agents of deposition of the bones, the physical nature of the deposit, and the methods of extraction of the fossils from the deposit.     

Recent advances and prospects in Prunus virology

The stone fruit genus Prunus, within the family Rosaceae, comprises more than 230 species, some of which have great importance or value as ornamental or fruit crops. Prunus are affected by numerous viruses and viroids linked to the vegetative propagation practices in many of the cultivated species. To date, 44 viruses and three viroids have been described in the 9 main cultivated Prunus species. Seven of these viruses and one viroid have been identified in Prunus hosts within the last 5 years. This work addresses recent advances and prospects in the study of viruses and viroids affecting Prunus species, mostly concerning the detection and characterisation of the agents involved, pathogenesis analysis and the search for new control tools. New sequencing technologies are quickly reshaping the way we can identify and characterise new plant viruses and isolates. Specific efforts aimed at virus identification or data mining of high‐throughput sequencing data generated for plant genomics‐oriented purposes can efficiently reveal the presence of known or novel viruses. These technologies have also been used to gain a deeper knowledge of the pathogenesis mechanisms at the gene and miRNA expression level that underlie the interactions between Prunus spp. and their main viruses and viroids. New biotechnological control tools include the transfer of resistance by grafting, the use of new sources of resistance and the development of gene silencing strategies using genetic transformation. In addition, the application of next generation sequencing and genome editing techniques will contribute to improving our knowledge of virus–host interactions and the mechanisms of resistance. This should be of great interest in the search to obtain new Prunus cultivars capable of dealing both with known viruses and viroids and with those that are yet to be discovered in the uncertain scenario of climate change.     

An Ultrastructural Study on the Development of Egg- apparatus in Rice Embryo Sac

The development of the egg-apparatus (consisted of an egg cell and two synergids) of rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) was studied at the uhrastructural level. The walls of the egg cell and synergids, immediately after their formation, possessed numerous plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata were also present on walls between the egg cell and synergids. During the enlargement phase of the egg cell and synergids, the walls at the tip region began to loosen and vesiculate. By the time the embryo sac became mature, the part of the wall of the egg cell and synergids, facing the chalaza, disappeared. Consequently, the tip regions of the egg cell and synergids were only protected by a plasma membrane. When the embryo sac reached full maturity, the upper and middle region of the wall of the synergids broke up into pieces. At that time one synergid began to degenerate. Plasmodesmata persisted at the hook region of the wall of both the egg cell and synergids. Most plastids in the egg cell contained starch grains that persisted throughout the period of the embryo sac development. Starch grains in the plastids of the synergids appeared only before the time when the two polar-nuclei moved into the region above the egg-apparatus. They then disappeared and did not appear again until the embryo sac had reached full maturity. The size and location of the vacuoles in the egg cell were different from those in the synergids. The time of formation was also different. Vacuoles in the egg cell formed late in comparison with the synergids. Vacuoles in the chalazal region of the egg cell (especially at the early stage of the embryo sac development) were much larger than those in the micropylar region. Vacuoles in the synergids tended to concentrate mainly in the chalazal region. There was a peak period of lipid formation in the two synergids. The peak appeared when the embryo sac neared maturity. At the early stage of development, the nuclei of the synergids were elliptical in shape and were situated at the central region near the micropyle. The shape of the nuclei at the late stage of development became less regular and tended to move more towards the micropylar region. Changes in the uhrastructure of the egg cell and synergids of rice appeared to be closely related to the metabolic processes controlling the embryo sac formation and development.     

Germination and development of Mimosa pilulifera in petroleum-contaminated soil and bioremediated soil

In 2000 there was an oil spill at the Getúlio Vargas Refinery (REPAR/PETROBRÁS) in Paraná, Brazil. Nearly five years after contamination and the use of bioremediation, a study was carried out to identify the effects of the contaminated soil and the bioremediated soil on the germination and initial growth of Mimosa pilulifera seedlings. The experiment consisted of three treatments: petroleum-contaminated soil, bioremediated soil and uncontaminated soil, with five repetitions each. The following measurements were taken after 30, 60 and 90 days of planting: the percentage of germination, biomass and leaf area of the eophylls, biomass and length of the shoot and the roots in addition to the shoot/root ratio. The percentage of germination and the root biomass were not affected by the contaminated soil or by the bioremediated soil. On both the contaminated soil and the bioremediated soil biomass and leaf area of the eophyll were reduced. Plant length and shoot biomass were lower in the contaminated soil. Furthermore, the effect of the contaminated soil and the bioremediated soil was greater in the shoot than in the root system, since the bioremediation reduced the toxicity of the petroleum-contaminated soil.     

How Romanowsky stains work and why they remain valuable — including a proposed universal Romanowsky staining mechanism and a rational troubleshooting scheme

Abstract

An introduction to the nomenclature and concept of “Romanowsky stains” is followed by a brief account of the dyes involved and especially the crucial role of azure B and of the impurity of most commercial dye lots. Technical features of standardized and traditional Romanowsky stains are outlined, e.g., number and ratio of the acidic and basic dyes used, solvent effects, staining times, and fixation effects. The peculiar advantages of Romanowsky staining are noted, namely, the polychromasia achieved in a technically simple manner with the potential for stain intensification of “the color purple.” Accounts are provided of a variety of physicochemically relevant topics, namely, acidic and basic dyeing, peculiarities of acidic and basic dye mixtures, consequences of differential staining rates of different cell and tissue components and of different dyes, the chemical significance of “the color purple,” the substrate selectivity for purple color formation and its intensification in situ due to a template effect, effects of resin embedding and prior fixation. Based on these physicochemical phenomena, mechanisms for the various Romanowsky staining applications are outlined including for blood, marrow and cytological smears; G-bands of chromosomes; microorganisms and other single-cell entities; and paraffin and resin tissue sections. The common factors involved in these specific mechanisms are pulled together to generate a “universal” generic mechanism for these stains. Certain generic problems of Romanowsky stains are discussed including the instability of solutions of acidic dye–basic dye mixtures, the inherent heterogeneity of polychrome methylene blue, and the resulting problems of standardization. Finally, a rational trouble-shooting scheme is appended.     

Manipulation of xylem transport affects Zn and Mn transport into developing wheat grains of cultured ears

Zinc and manganese loading into developing wheat grain is little understood at present. The objective of this work was to investigate factors that may affect the rate of transport of Zn and Mn into developing wheat grain of cultured ears. Ears 18-22 days post-anthesis were cultured in solutions containing labelled Zn and Mn. The effect of additions of Cu, Fe, citrate, malate and EDTA to the culture solution was observed. The effect of humidity and awn removal as well as the sucrose status of the ears on Zn and Mn transport was also investigated. The effect of high concentration of Zn and Mn on [¹⁴C]-sucrose transport was determined. High humidity almost completely blocked transport of Zn and Mn into the grain. Awn removal reduced the transport of Zn and Mn to the lemma but not the grain. When the ears were depleted of sucrose (by maintaining them in the dark prior to labelling) transport of Zn and Mn to the grain was reduced compared to ears cultured with sucrose. The presence of Cu reduced the loading of Zn into the grain. There was little effect of Cu on Mn transport or Fe on either Zn or Mn transport. High concentrations of Zn and Mn in the culture solution did not affect [¹⁴C]-sucrose loading into the grain but loading of Zn and Mn was limited at high concentrations suggesting membrane saturation. This study demonstrates that sucrose status and humidity clearly influence the transport of Zn and Mn into the grain, and that other ions may influence Zn and Mn transport.     

Food availability and growth rate in natural populations of the brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Corsican streams

The rivers of the island of Corsica, whose catchment areas are on crystalline rock, have low salt contents and their invertebrate fauna is qualitatively and quantitatively poorer than on the European mainland. The growth rate of trout in Corsica was analysed on samples from of six coastal rivers: the Tavignano, the Fium Orbo and the Golo on the west coast, the Prunelli, the Taravo and the Rizzanese on the east coast. Mesological data — conductivity, temperature, calcium content and altitude and biological data — biomass and linear growth rate of the trout, and density of benthic invertebrates — were collected at each of the sampling station.Analysis of variance of the size of three year old trout revealed three groups of rivers. The first includes the Tavignano, the Rizzanese and the Taravo, where the highest linear growth rates were recorded; the second consists of the Golo and the Prunelli, and the third, of the Fium Orbo. Principal component analysis gave two main axes on the basis of temperature and benthic invertebrate density for the first, and trout biomass for the second. Linear regression showed that benthic invertebrate density accounted for 75% of size variance of three year old trout. Evidence of the limiting role of the trophic factor is provided.