石蒜属植物生物碱研究概况

论述了石蒜属植物生物碱研究进展.总结石蒜属植物生物碱的种类、药理作用以及分离纯化方法,并对石蒜属植物生物碱的近一步研究进行展望.     

石蒜科药用植物生物碱的药理学研究

石蒜科药用植物主要含生物碱成分,具有广泛的药理活性.参阅近十多年来国内外石蒜科生物碱化学成分及药理学的研究文献,对石蒜科植物生物碱的几种主要药理活性进行归纳.石蒜科植物生物碱药理作用主要包括对心血管系统作用、中枢神经系统作用、对多种癌细胞的细胞毒活性或抗肿瘤作用、抗炎抗菌、抗病毒、免疫功能等方面.石蒜科药用植物生物碱有着潜在而广泛的药用价值.     

苄基苯乙胺类生物碱的植物化学研究进展

苄基苯乙胺类生物碱是主要分布于石蒜科植物中具有较强生理活性的一类重要生物碱.本文概述了该类生物碱的化学结构、生源关系和波谱特征等,并给出了1995年以来新发现的不同结构类型的该类生物碱的结构及其植物来源.     

石蒜属植物资源的开发利用

石蒜属植物全世界约２０种,我国分布有１５种,且野生资源丰富。作为观赏花卉,其花型奇特,花色艳丽,具有很高的观赏价值。其鳞茎含有的１０余种生物碱,具有较高的药用功能,同时也可以直接用作工业原料。     

山橙属植物化学成分与抗肿瘤活性研究进展北大核心CSCD

结合国内外文献综述了山橙属植物化学成分的研究进展,并对该属药用植物的抗肿瘤活性进行了总结。山橙属植物含有多种化学成分,主要有生物碱类以及少量三萜类、甾体类、木脂素类等。该属植物中的生物碱类成分具有显著的抗肿瘤活性。     

山橙属植物化学成分与抗肿瘤活性研究进展

结合国内外文献综述了山橙属植物化学成分的研究进展,并对该属药用植物的抗肿瘤活性进行了总结。山橙属植物含有多种化学成分,主要有生物碱类以及少量三萜类、甾体类、木脂素类等。该属植物中的生物碱类成分具有显著的抗肿瘤活性。     

紫堇属植物苄基异喹啉类成分研究进展

全球紫堇属Corydalis约400余种,广泛分布于北温带和非洲南部地区。在我国,该属多种物种作为民间用药具有上千年历史。紫堇属植物富含异喹啉生物碱,对该类成分通常以回流、超声加热、湿法超微粉碎法和酶解辅助技术等方法提取,并使用溶剂分离法、硅胶柱色谱法、反向填料柱色谱法、HPLC法、离子交换树脂法、高效逆流色谱法和活性引导技术等方法进行分离纯化法。紫堇属生物碱有效部位或单体成分都具有较强药理活性,现代药理学表明,该属所含生物碱类成分对心脑血管、抗肿瘤、镇痛、消炎、保肝和抗血小板凝集等均具有显著的药理作用。本文对已报道的紫堇属植物生物碱类成分的结构类型、特征、药理作用以及提取分离方法研究进行综述,为植物药用化学成分富集和安全用药提供借鉴。     

鹅掌楸属植物化学成分及其生物活性研究进展

本文综述了鹅掌楸属植物化学成分以及该属植物及其部位成分的生物活性,其化学成分包括生物碱、倍半萜、苯丙素、黄酮类等化合物。生物活性包括抗菌、抗疟疾、抗肿瘤等活性。     

长筒石蒜鳞茎中的生物碱类成分(英文)

从长筒石蒜鳞茎的乙醇提取物中分离得到7个生物碱类化合物,经理化方法和波谱分析,分别鉴定为galanthamine(1),lycoramlne(2),6β-hydroxycrinamine(3a),6α-hydroxycrinamine(3b),(-)-amarbellisine(4),tazettine(5),macowine(6).其中化合物3a～6为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

茄属生物碱的研究进展

甾体生物碱(SA)主要是茄属植物体内的一种次级代谢产物。它复杂的结构多样性决定了生物活性的多样性。它的合成途径也比较复杂,尚不十分清楚。以生物碱类化合物的化学结构为基础,对近几年来茄属生物碱的研究现状进行了简要综述。主要论述了茄属生物碱的化学结构、含量分布、生理活性以及与茄属生物碱合成途径相关的分子生物学研究。并分析了茄属生物碱今后的发展方向。以期为以后研究糖苷生物碱的生物合成途径、毒性机制、药理学作用等奠定一定的基础。     

Changes in Starch Synthesis and Metabolism Within Developing Bulbs of Lycoris radiata During the Vegetative Growth Stage

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - Lycoris is a genus of plants with flowering bulbs that have high ornamental, medicinal, and ecological value. The slow growth of Lycoris bulbs under natural...     

石蒜属植物的药用和观赏利用前景

石蒜属植物是重要的药用植物,又是一类优良观赏植物,既可用于园林配置,也可用作切花生产或盆栽。综述了石蒜属植物的药用和观赏价值并对其应用前景进行了探讨,为全面开发利用我国这一丰富的野生资源提供了一些理论基础。     

Genetic variations in the chloroplast genome and phylogenetic clustering of Lycoris species

The genus Lycoris of Amaryllidaceae comprises approximately 20 species that are distributed only in the moist warm temperate woodlands of eastern Asia. The objectives of this study were: (1) to clarify the phylogeny of the Lycoris species by using the definitive DNA sequencing method and (2) to examine the possible maternal donor of the hybrid origin Lycoris species and the Japanese triploid strains of Lycoris radiata var. radiata. The nucleotide sequence of the maturase K (matK) gene and the noncoding intergenic spacer (IGS) between the atpB and rbcL genes in the chloroplast genome were determined in a total of 27 strains of 11 species of the genus Lycoris. Variation among taxa was mainly due to nucleotide substitution, although deletions and an insertion were found in the IGS. For two chloroplast regions, the phylogenetic trees showed essentially similar topology, indicating the existence of four clades, I, II, III, and IV. For all the species except L. radiata, intraspecific variation was smaller than interspecific variation. For L. radiata, triploid strains were divided into clades I and II, and diploid strains were divided into clades I and IV. This implies that the diploid species of L. radiata var. pumila is a probable ancestral species. The clustering indicated that the chloroplast genome has not evolved in parallel with the karyotype in genus Lycoris. Regarding the hybrid origin species, the maternal parents of L. squamigara, L. albiflora and L. rosea were revealed to be L. longituba, L. radiata and L. radiata var pumila, respectively. We also suggest that a diploid strain of L. radiata var. pumila in clade I might be a candidate of the maternal donor of the Japanese triploid strains. A possible model of the maternal donor of Lycoris species is proposed.     

Analysis of genetic diversity and relationships among genus Lycoris based on start codon targeted (SCoT) marker

Genetic diversity and relationship of Lycoris species were investigated using SCoT marker analysis. Of 57 SCoT primers screened, 23 SCoT primers were identified to be high polymorphism. A total of 154 DNA bands with size varied from 0.2 kb to 2.5 kb were amplified, and 131 (82.5%) of them were polymorphic. The average number of polymorphic DNA band per primer was 5.7. Based on Nei's similarity coefficients and genetic distances, total of 43 accessions from 14 species of the genus Lycoris tested were clustered into four groups. Group I consisting of 17 accessions was further divided into two subgroup (Ia and Ib). Subgroup Ia included four species with red flower and 22 (2n) chromosomes. Subgroup Ib contained Lycoris haywardii and Lycoris albiflora which were natural hybrids with oyster white flower. Group II consisted of three species with yellow flower and 16 (2n) chromosomes. Group III was composed of Lycoris Squamigera, Lycoris incarnata and all of hybrids whose flower color was variegated. Group IV only has one species (Lycoris sprengeri) whose petal was a mixture of pink and blue. Notably, the polymorphism generated by SCoT was associated with flower color and chromosome number in this genus plants. The present data provide high-valued information for the management of germplasm, genetic improvement, and conservation of the genetic resources of Lycoris species, important horticulture and medical plants.     

石蒜属12 种植物叶片比较解剖学研究

 对石蒜属( Lycoris Herb. ) 12 种植物叶片的比较解剖学研究表明: (1) 石蒜属植物叶片横切面的端部、中部及基部的轮廓基本呈浅“W”或“V”字型, 有些种的表皮细胞上具有明显的尖刺状乳突; ( 2)石蒜属植物均为异面叶, 叶肉组织有一定的栅栏组织和海绵组织分化, 但二者的厚度、叶肉中所占比例及栅栏组织的细胞层数在种间有一定的差异; (3) 海绵组织发达、具有大而明显的薄壁细胞或细胞裂溶后形成空腔(分泌腔或气腔); (4) 叶片中维管束数目大多为奇数, 叶脉维管束鞘由薄壁细胞组成; (5) 石蒜属植物横切面上叶缘的形状分为圆弧形和楔形两种类型。石蒜属植物叶的解剖结构具有许多相似特征; 同时又具有一定的种间差异, 可为石蒜属植物的种间关系和开发利用提供有价值的信息。     

石蒜属植物分支系统学分析

基于37个形态学、解剖学、孢粉学和细胞学性状及解剖学性状之外的28个形态学、孢粉学和细胞学性状,分别对石蒜属进行分支系统学分析,试图建立石蒜属种间的系统发育关系。利用PAUP^*软件分别构建了最大简约树(MP),所得树的拓扑结构是一致的。同时,基于解剖学9个性状,对石蒜、换锦花、忽地笑、江苏石蒜、长筒石蒜、乳白石蒜、夏水仙、红兰石蒜、安徽石蒜、短蕊石蒜、中国石蒜11个种进行系统发育树构建,其结果也是支持上述系统发育树的。系统发育树结构结果表明,石蒜属16种明显聚为两大类:石蒜、玫瑰石蒜、稻草石蒜和江苏石蒜;广西石蒜、红兰石蒜、换锦花、香石蒜、夏水仙、长筒石蒜、安徽石蒜、中国石蒜、忽地笑、乳白石蒜、短蕊石蒜和陕西石蒜。除换锦花、红兰石蒜及江苏石蒜系统发育位置不同之外,大类群的划分与RAPD指纹图谱基本一致。类群一均属于石蒜亚属(Lycoris亚属)。类群二又可以聚为两小类:广西石蒜、红兰石蒜、换锦花、香石蒜、夏水仙归为一类;长筒石蒜、安徽石蒜、中国石蒜、忽地笑、乳白石蒜、短蕊石蒜和陕西石蒜归为一类。前一子类群除广西石蒜外,都属于整齐花亚属(Symman thus亚属)。后一子类群除长筒石蒜与安徽石蒜外,均属于石蒜亚属(Lycoris亚属)。因此,花冠整齐与否是一个重要的分类特征,但作为石蒜属植物亚属的划分依据,没有得到本研究支持。而在本文中,雄蕊与花被片的位置关系可以作为大分类群划分依据,能否依此来对石蒜属植物亚属进行划分,仍需探讨。另外研究表明叶微形态特征在研究种间亲缘关系时,具有一定的作用。而在种间亲缘关系鉴定时,出叶期不应成为重要的依据。同时研究还表明中国石蒜与忽地笑具有非常近的亲缘关系,与形态学研究一致。     

A Study on Karyotypes of the Genus Lycoris

The genus Lycoris (Amaryllidaceae) consists of about 20 species, all of which are confined to temperate China, Japan and Korea. Cytological investigations, including a reexamination of the karyotypes of 14 taxa, measurements of relative nuclear DNA content, and meiotic configuration observations on some specific forms and interspecific hybrids, have been carried out by the present authors in order to re-evaluate the mode of karyotype evolution and the role of hybridization in the speciation of Lycoris. These have resulted in a new theory for explaining the karyotype evolution in the genus, which will be considered elsewhere. The present paper deals with observations on karyotypes of 11 species, 1 variety and 2 artificial hybrids. Results obtained through karyotype analysis, as shown by the data in Table 1, Plates I-VI and Figs. 1-2, reveal that: (1) the karyotypes of Lycoris rosea, L. radiata var. pumila, L. sprengeri, L. haywardii, L. caldwellii, L. squamigera and L. radiata are, on the whole, consistent with those reported by the previous authors^{[1,2,3,4,5,8,10,12]};(2) the I (rodshaped) chromosomes of L. chinensis and L. longituba are all T’s (telocentric) instead of t’s (acrocentric) or t(Sat)’s; (3) the three materials of L. aurea of different sources have shown a karyotypic differentiation: one with 2n=14=8m+6T, and the others with 2n=16=6m+10T: (4) both of the karyotypes of L. straminea and L. albiflora are 2n=19=3V+6I, inconsistent with 2n=16=6V+10I for the former and with 2n=17=5V+12I for the latter as reported by Inariyama (1953), Bose and Flory (1963) and Kurita (1987). The following aspects are worthwhile discussing: 1. The types of chromosomes. Karyotype analyses reveal the existence of three major chromosome types in Lycoris: (1) m (metacentric) chromosomes: (2) t (acrocentric) chromosomes, with short arms, (3) T (telocentric) chromosomes, sometimes with dot-like terminal centromeres. To distinghish t’s from T’s is of paramount importance for solving the problem of karyotype evolution in Lycoris. Bose (1963) pointed out that in the species with 2n=22, all I chromosomes were t’s, while in species with 2n=12-16, all I chromosomes were T’s. Our results of chromosome observations are consistent with Bose’s remarks. Some authorst^[3,6] have probably mistaken the dot-like terminal centromeres of T’s of L. longituba and L. chinensis as the short arms of t’s. 2. The significance of Robertsonian change in karyotype evolution. Although chromosome numbers and karyotypes are very variable in Lycoris, as shown in Table 1, the total number of arms of a chromosome complement of any species is always multiples of 11. Hence, it seems likely that Robertsonian changes have taken part in karyotype alteration, The genus has a series of basic chromosome numbers: 6, 7, 8 and 11. But which is the most primitive one? It is uncertain whether a successive decrease in chromosome numbers as a result of Robertsonian fusion or a gradual increase in chromosome numbers brought about by fission (fragmentation) has been the essential mechanism for karyotype evolution and speciation in Lycoris. These problems are of crucial importance and will be discussed in our subsequent papers. 3. The origin of polyploids. As evident from Table 1, there are two levels of ploidy differentiation in Lycoris: (1) di ploids with 2n=22 or the equivalent of 22, (2) triploids with 2n=33 or the equivalent of 33. The most common way of origination of triploids in plants is the hybridization of diploids with Tetraploids. But tetraploids have never been found in Lycoris. Thus, it is suggested that the triploids have originated from the combination of an unreduced gamete of a diploid with a normal gamete of another diploid. 4. The role of hybridization in speciation. Results of karyotype analyses show that hybridization has taken an important part in the speciation of Lycoris. Two types of hybrids have been found: (1) 2n=19= 3V+ 16I, L. straminea, L. albiflora and the two artificial hybrids L. sprengeri×L. chinensis and L. haywardii× L. chinensis all possess this karyotype. It could be seen from the above chromosome number and karyotype that this sort of karyotype is exactly half of the total sum of 2n=22I and 2n=16= 6V+10I. It is, therefore, quite evident that taxa possessing this karyotype are all diploid hybrids of 2n=22 and 2n=16, (2) 2n=27=6V+21I, L. caldwellii and L. squamigera possess this karyotype. It is reasonable to assume, too, that they are segmental allotriploids and have arisen from the combination of an unreduced diploid gamete of 2n=16 and a normal haploid gamete of 2n=22. The origin of the hybrid karyotype 2n=17=5V+12I reported by Inari- yama (1953) is similar to that of 2n=19, except that one of the parents possesses 2n=12= 10V+2I instead of 2n=16=6V+10I. The origin of the other hybrid karyotype 2n=30=3V+ 27I reported by Bose (1963) is similar to that of 2n=27, but the diploid gamete comes from taxa possessing 2n=22 instead of 2n=16.     

中国石蒜属种间亲缘关系ITS序列分析

本文利用核糖体DNA内转录间隔区(ITS)序列对石蒜属13个种(含变种)的亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明,各样品的ITS1长度为259~260 bp,ITS2为230 bp,分别有多个特异性信息位点。以ITS序列为依据对石蒜属植物亲缘关系进行分析,表明石蒜属13个种可分为三大类,其中类Ⅰ包括中国石蒜、地笑、安徽石蒜和长筒石蒜,核型为M+T型;类Ⅱ包括矮小石蒜、换锦花、玫瑰石蒜和红蓝石蒜,核型为ST型;类Ⅲ包括稻草石蒜、乳白石蒜、短蕊石蒜和两种人工杂交种,核型为ST+M+T。系统进化树与核型分析结果相似,第Ⅲ类可能为自然杂交种。     

Comparative genomic analyses in Asparagus.

Garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) belongs to the monocot family Asparagaceae in the order Asparagales. Onion (Allium cepa L.) and Asparagus officinalis are 2 of the most economically important plants of the core Asparagales, a well supported monophyletic group within the Asparagales. Coding regions in onion have lower GC contents than the grasses. We compared the GC content of 3374 unique expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from A. officinalis with Lycoris longituba and onion (both members of the core Asparagales), Acorus americanus (sister to all other monocots), the grasses, and Arabidopsis. Although ESTs in A. officinalis and Acorus had a higher average GC content than Arabidopsis, Lycoris, and onion, all were clearly lower than the grasses. The Asparagaceae have the smallest nuclear genomes among all plants in the core Asparagales, which typically have huge genomes. Within the Asparagaceae, European Asparagus species have approximately twice the nuclear DNA of that of southern African Asparagus species. We cloned and sequenced 20 genomic amplicons from European A. officinalis and the southern African species Asparagus plumosus and observed no clear evidence for a recent genome doubling in A. officinalis relative to A. plumosus. These results indicate that members of the genus Asparagus with smaller genomes may be useful genomic models for plants in the core Asparagales.     

盐胁迫对石蒜叶片形态结构和生理指标的影响

以石蒜为试材,测定了0.1、0.5、1.0mol/L NaCl胁迫下叶片的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）的活性,可溶性蛋白、不溶性蛋白以及脯氨酸、丙二醛含量等生理指标的动态变化。用石蜡切片法对不同浓度NaCl胁迫后的叶片结构特征作比较,进行其抗盐性分析。结果表明：随NaCl浓度增加,对石蒜形态结构的影响表现在其叶片长度的变化及叶细胞的受损程度等方面;随NaCl浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,SOD和POD活性,不溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量均呈先升后降趋势;可溶性蛋白呈先降后升趋势;丙二醛含量呈整体上升趋势。石蒜叶片各生理指标的变化通常在NaCl处理后的第7周和第8周为转折点。石蒜对低浓度的NaCl胁迫具有一定的耐受性。