链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病小鼠模型的构建

目的:探讨建立理想糖尿病动物模型的方法。方法:A组采用空腹腹腔一次性注射65mg/kg1%链脲佐菌素(STZ)溶液的方法;B组采用空腹腹腔连续五天注射45mg/kg1%STZ溶液的方法,建立KM小鼠糖尿病模型。结果:建模1周后测血糖,A组平均血糖浓度为16.2mmol/L,死亡率为15%,成模率为55%;B组平均血糖浓度为20.2mmol/L,死亡率为20%,成模率为80%。持续观察一个月,A组血糖值始终在建模初期血糖水平上微弱波动,平均血糖浓度为14.4mmol/L,B组平均血糖浓度一个月后上升至24.8mmol/L,皆未见到复转。结论:采用空腹腹腔一次性注射65mg/kgSTZ溶液的方法复制出糖尿病模型,造模方法简便、用药量小,但成模率较低,血糖水平稳定性较弱;采用空腹腹腔连续五天注射45mg/kgSTZ溶液的方法复制出糖尿病模型,血糖浓度维持在较高水平,成模率高,死亡率较低,可应用于糖尿病及其并发症研究的各个领域。     

通过链脲佐菌素诱导建立糖尿病骨质疏松大鼠模型的实验研究进展

糖尿病骨质疏松症(diabetic osteoporosis, DOP)是由糖尿病(diabetes mellitus, DM)诱发的慢性骨代谢疾病,其特征为骨量减少、骨脆性增加、强度降低以及易于发生骨折等。为更好地探索糖尿病骨质疏松发病机制,并为其治疗研究提供依据,建立出能够模拟人类糖尿病骨质疏松病理学的动物模型具有重要价值。通过链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin, STZ)诱导建立糖尿病骨质疏松动物模型的方式具有操作简单、用时短、成模率高、稳定性相对较高等优势,本文从动物选择、饲料喂养、链脲佐菌素的应用、造模方法、成模标准及检测指标等方面进行综述,希望能够为更加深入研究糖尿病骨质疏松致病机制提供基础和依据。     

链脲佐菌素制备糖尿病大鼠模型探讨

目的探讨链脲佐菌素(STZ)配合不同饮食建立糖尿病模型的方法,并对模型大鼠学习记忆能力进行考察,为糖尿病的深入研究及药物开发提供可靠的模型。方法雄性SD大鼠70只,随机分为7组,分别为空白对照组(Ⅰ);高糖高脂膳食组(Ⅱ);0周STZ(30 mg/kg)+高糖高脂膳食组(Ⅲ);0周STZ(30 mg/kg)+常规膳食组(Ⅳ);6周STZ(20 mg/kg)+高糖高脂膳食组(Ⅴ);6周STZ(25 mg/kg)+高糖高脂膳食组(Ⅵ);6周STZ(30 mg/kg)+高糖高脂膳食组(Ⅶ)。采用尾静脉注射STZ配合不同饮食制备糖尿病模型,动态监测模型大鼠血糖的变化,生化方法检测大鼠血脂的改变,放免法检测模型大鼠血清胰岛素、胰高血糖素。Morris水迷宫检测不同造模型条件对大鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响。结果与对照组比较,Ⅲ组大鼠于注射72 h后血糖升高明显(P<0.01),至注射第2周血糖升高达顶点(P<0.01),以后逐渐降低,至观察第10周,血糖维持在15 mmol/L(P<0.05)。IV组大鼠于注射72 h后血糖升高,以后迅速降低,至观察第10周,血糖降低至正常水平。Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ组大鼠于注射72 h后显著升高,此后呈波浪式变化;随着注射剂量增加,降低程度减慢。高糖高脂饲料喂养10周后,各组大鼠CHO,TG,LDL-C均增加;Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组大鼠血清INS水平较对照组增高,除IV外,各组胰高血糖素均高于对照组。水迷宫试验结果显示,Ⅶ组潜伏期延长,与对照组比较,具有统计学意义。结论 STZ(30 mg/kg)配合高糖高脂膳食能够快速、稳定的建立糖尿病大鼠模型,高糖高脂膳食组6周后尾静脉注射STZ(30 mg/kg)制备模型,血糖升高显著,血清胰岛素水平降低明显,倾向于1型糖尿病模型。     

淫羊藿苷对链脲佐菌素致糖尿病大鼠附睾功能的干预作用

目的:研究淫羊藿苷(Icariin)对链脲佐菌素(STZ)致糖尿病雄性大鼠附睾损伤的影响。方法:SD大鼠给予STZ(60mg/kg ip)建立糖尿病模型。动物随机分为6组(n=14):正常组、模型组、淫羊藿苷低、中、高剂量组(剂量分别为20 mg/kg、40 mg/kg、80 mg/kg)、罗格列酮组(3 mg/kg)。12周后,处死大鼠。检测血清中葡萄糖、附睾中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)、α-糖苷酶(α-glucosidase)活力及唾液酸(SA)、果糖(fructose)的含量;取附睾以4%多聚甲醛固定,HE染色,于光镜下观察组织学变化。结果:与正常组比较,糖尿病模型组附睾中LDH、ACP及γ-GT活力降低,唾液酸、果糖含量降低。病理学检测可见附睾管中成熟精子数目减少。淫羊藿苷组比模型组大鼠特异性酶类活力提高,并在组织学上有明显的改善。结论:淫羊藿苷对STZ致雄性大鼠附睾功能损伤有明显的改善作用,其机制可能是增强了附睾相关标志酶的活性及改善了内能量代谢。     

实验性链脲佐菌素诱导的大、小鼠糖尿病动物模型研究进展

糖尿病正呈快速上升趋势,而糖尿病的病因、发病机制尚未完全阐明,糖尿病及其并发症的预防和治疗仍不完善。因此,在糖尿病研究领域优化糖尿病实验动物模型的研究,寻找更接近人类糖尿病自然发病过程的动物模型,对于深入研究糖尿病具有重要的科学意义。     

高脂喂养合并小剂量链脲佐菌素建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型

目的 观察不同配方的高脂饲料,以及不同周龄的大鼠对于该模型的造模成功率和模型病变特点的影响.方法 将26只3周龄SD大鼠分为正常一组(N1组)、模型一组(M1组)和模型二组(M2组);26只5周龄SD大鼠分为正常二组(N2组)、模型三组(M3组)和模型四组(M4组).M1组和M3组给予高脂饲料配方一喂养,M2组和M4组给予高脂饲料配方二喂养.4周后,各模型组大鼠腹腔注射STZ溶液35 mg/kg.连续观察大鼠的空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹胰岛素(FIN)、总胆固醇(TG)、甘油三酯(TC)水平.结果 5周龄SD大鼠的FBG水平在注射STZ后两周即可达到稳定状态,并维持在较高的水平;高脂饲料配方二使大鼠的进食量和体重增加明显,并且成功诱导出胰岛素抵抗( insulin resistance,IR).结论 选取5周龄SD大鼠作为模型动物,并给予配方二高脂饲料喂养,所建立的大鼠模型具备2型糖尿病的主要特征,是值得推广的2型糖尿病动物模型.     

链脲佐菌素诱导树鼩2型糖尿病

链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)是链球菌产生的天然化合物,对哺乳动物的胰岛B细胞有特异毒性,被广泛用于诱导1型和2型糖尿病。该研究通过多次小剂量注射STZ来建立树鼩2型糖尿病动物模型。24只树鼩被分为对照组以及60、70和80mg/kg剂量STZ诱导组。注射STZ后,成模树鼩出现明显的多饮、多食和多尿症状,平均体重未减轻,高血糖症状持续8～16周,尿糖显著阳性,肾功能及糖耐受明显受损,糖脂代谢紊乱,但未出现糖尿病乳酸中毒和高血糖高渗等并发症。该结果表明,多次小剂量STZ注射可诱导树鼩出现类似2型糖尿病症状和糖尿病肾脏损伤,且综合考虑STZ注射次数、成模率以及成模稳定性,两次注射80mg/kg剂量的STZ较适合用于创建树鼩2型糖尿病模型。     

不同剂量链脲佐菌素腹腔注射制备大鼠糖尿病心肌病模型的病理学观察

建立糖尿病性心肌病（DCM）大鼠模型,观察不同剂量链脲佐菌素（STZ）单次腹腔注射后大鼠心肌和胰腺的病理学变化。用STZ 50 mg/kg、55 mg/kg、60 mg/kg 3种剂量单次腹腔注射,制备糖尿病大鼠模型;以柠檬酸三钠-柠檬酸缓冲液腹腔注射,作为对照。72 h后,测空腹血糖及做口服葡萄糖耐量实验（OGTT）;3周后,HE染色观察各组大鼠胰腺和心肌形态学变化,Masson三色染色观察心肌纤维化改变。OGTT和空腹血糖显示3组存活大鼠糖尿病均成模;3周末,50 mg/kg和55 mg/kg剂量死亡率为25%;60 mg/kg剂量高,达到75%;HE染色显示55 mg/kg剂量组大鼠胰岛明显萎缩,轮廓不清晰,胰岛细胞数量少,心肌细胞肥大、排列紊乱,细胞间隙增大,并有炎症细胞浸润;50 mg/kg组胰岛和心肌也有变化,但无55 mg/kg组明显。心肌Masson染色显示55 mg/kg组心肌内胶原组织明显增多,排列紊乱,分布不均。55 mg/kg剂量的STZ单次注射大鼠腹腔,造模3周可以建立较明显的DCM模型,可为DCM的组织病理学和实验研究提供一个较好的动物模型。     

链脲佐菌素糖尿病大鼠尾神经中传入单位的反应特性

实验观察了链脲佐菌素糖尿病大鼠尾神经中各种传入单位的反应特性,发现糖尿病大鼠的部分Ｃ单位和Ａδ单位具有自发放电,它们的机械阈值显著降低。糖尿病大鼠的Ｃ单位对持续１ｍｉｎ的机械性阈刺激的反应同对照组相似,而在阈上机械性刺激期间呈增频效应,撤除阈刺激和阈上刺激后后放电均明显增多。除Ｃ单位、Ａδ单位外,Ａβ机械感受性单位的传导速度也明显减慢,但在Ｃ单位、Ａδ单位和Ａβ机械感受性单位中,各种亚单位的比例同对照组相比无显著性差异。结果表明,糖尿病大鼠Ｃ单位和Ａδ单位机械阈值的降低有助于其行为伤害性阈值的下降,Ｃ单位和Ａδ单位的异常电活动是糖尿病大鼠产生对痛刺激敏感性升高和感觉异常的外周因素。     

链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病肺纤维化小鼠模型的建立与评价

目的 探究链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin, STZ)诱导糖尿病肺纤维化(diabetic pulmonary fibrosis, DPF)小鼠模型的建立方法,为临床研究提供稳定的DPF动物模型。方法 将60只雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为3组：正常对照组(NG,n=20)、糖尿病肺纤维化1组(DPF1,n=20)、糖尿病肺纤维化2组(DPF2,n=20)。隔夜禁食不禁水后测定小鼠空腹血糖和体重,随后DPF1组一次性腹腔注射大剂量STZ(150 mg/kg),DPF2组连续5 d每天腹腔注射小剂量STZ(50 mg/kg),NG组腹腔注射等量无菌柠檬酸盐缓冲液。注射完毕后,每天观察小鼠的一般情况,每周测定小鼠体重和随机血糖(random blood glucose, RBG),正常喂养16周,每4周每组随机选取5只小鼠处死取材,行病理和分子生物学检测,评估小鼠肺纤维化的程度。结果 STZ诱导后,DPF1组和DPF2组均出现“多饮、多尿、多食、体重减轻(三多一少)”的典型糖尿病症状。DPF1组和DPF2组诱导后体重增加均显著低于NG组,并于第8周后缓慢减轻(P<0.05);...     

金耳菌丝体多糖对实验性2型糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用研究

本文研究了金耳菌丝体多糖(TMP)对实验性2型糖尿病大鼠血糖、血脂、胰岛素敏感性和抗氧化能力的影响。采用烟酰胺,链脲佐菌素和高脂饲料诱导2型糖尿病大鼠模型,以50和100mg/(kg.d)剂量的TMP连续灌胃48d,监测血糖,测定血清胰岛素、体重、脂代谢及抗氧化系统部分相关指标,并进行口服糖耐量实验。结果显示,TMP可明显降低2型糖尿病大鼠的血清葡萄糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯和丙二醛水平,并极显著提高受试模型鼠的胰岛素敏感指数,血清超氧化物歧化酶活性和肝脏过氧化氢酶活性。此外,TMP能显著降低糖耐量实验中糖负荷后120min时糖尿病大鼠的血糖含量。上述结果表明TMP可有效降低实验性2型糖尿病大鼠的血糖水平,纠正脂代谢紊乱,改善胰岛素抵抗,增强抗氧化能力。     

Decreased GABA Receptor Binding in the Cerebral Cortex of Insulin Induced Hypoglycemic and Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Hypoglycemia is the major problem to blood glucose homeostasis in treatment of diabetes and is associated with severe irreversible consequences including seizures, coma and death. GABAergic inhibitory function in the cerebral cortex plays an important role in controlling the excitability and responsiveness of cortical neurons. Present study analysed effects of insulin induced hypoglycemia and streptozotocin induced diabetes on the cortical GABA receptor binding, GABA_Aά1, GABA_B receptor subtype expression, GAD and GLUT3 expression. Diabetic rats showed decreased [³H] GABA binding in the cerebral cortex compared to control while hypoglycemia exacerbated the decrease. GABA receptor subunits; GABA_Aά1, GABA_B and GAD expression significantly decreased in diabetic rats whereas hypoglycemia significanly decreased the expression compared to diabetic. GLUT3 expression significantly up regulated during both hypo and hyperglycemia. Our results showed that hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia decreased GABAergic neuroprotective function in the cerebral cortex, which account for the increased vulnerability of cerebral cortex to subsequent neuronal damage during hypo/hyperglycemia.     

Antihyperglycemic Activity of Herb Extracts on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

We investigated the effects of herb extracts, Rhus verniciflua, Agrimonia pilosa, Sophora japonica, and Paeonia suffruticosa, on the lowering of blood glucose levels and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. After 4 weeks, oral administration of Rhus verniciflua extract (50 mg/kg) exhibited a significant decrease in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats (P<0.05). Blood TBARS concentrations, the products of glucose oxidation in blood, were also lowered by Rhus verniciflua extract supplementation. In addition, Sophora japonica and Paeonia suffruticosa extracts significantly reduced TBARS levels versus diabetic controls. Serum concentrations of liver-function marker enzymes, GOT and GPT, were also restored by Rhus verniciflua (50 mg/kg) supplementation in diabetic rats.     

Hypoglycemic activity of curcumin synthetic analogues in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

The currently available therapies for type 2 diabetes have been unable to achieve normoglycemic status in the majority of patients. The reason may be attributed to the limitations of the drug itself or its side effects. In an effort to develop potent and safe oral antidiabetic agents, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo hypoglycemic effects of 10 synthetic polyphenolic curcumin analogues on alloxan-induced male diabetic albino rats. In vitro studies showed 7-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione (4) to be the most potential hypoglycemic agent followed by 1,5-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one (10). Structure activity relationship (SAR) of the tested compounds was elucidated and the results were interpreted in terms of in vitro hypoglycemic activities. Furthermore, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with compounds 4, 10 and reference hypoglycemic drug glipizide showed that compound 4 and glipizide had relatively similar effects on the reduction of blood glucose levels within 2?h. Thus, compound 4 might be regarded as a potential hypoglycemic agent being able to reduce glucose concentration both in vitro and in vivo.     

Shorea roxburghii Leaf Extract Ameliorates Hyperglycemia Induced Abnormalities in High Fat/Fructose and Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

This study investigated the hypoglycemic effect of the methanol extract of Shorea roxburghii leaves (SRL) in high fat diet/high fructose solution (HFDHF) and streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rats as well as evaluating its ameliorative potentials in altered biochemical and hematological parameters in the treated rats. T2DM was induced in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by feeding with HFDHF for 4 weeks and administering STZ (35 mg/kg, i. p.). Diabetic rats were given SRL extract at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg for 30 days. The food and water intake were monitored on a daily basis, while the fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels and body weight were measured weekly. Biochemical and hematological parameters as well as histopathological studies of the pancreas were also evaluated. SRL significantly decreased FBG and improved the body weight, food and water intake of treated diabetic rats. Furthermore, biochemical and hematological parameters including liver and kidney function enzymes, lipid profiles, white blood and red blood cells parameters were markedly ameliorated by SRL. Histopathological analyses of the pancreas indicated reconstitution of β‐cells architecture in SRL treated rats. The results of this study suggest that SRL has antidiabetic potential and can be considered for the treatment of T2DM.     

乳酸菌的降血糖作用研究进展

目前乳酸菌的防治糖尿病功效已得到广泛认可.本文综述国内外关于乳酸菌应用于临床糖尿病治疗的研究进展,对乳酸菌可能的降血糖作用机理及物质基础进行了分析总结,并对目前存在的安全性问题和今后研究方向进行探讨,希望为糖尿病防治提供新的思路,为开发新型降糖药物提供一定的理论依据.     

Hypoglycemic Effects of a Polysaccharide from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels & Gilg in Alloxan‐Induced Diabetic Mice

Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels & Gilg , a well‐known traditional Chinese medicine, possesses antitumor and anti‐inflammatory activity, etc. However, the anti‐diabetic effect has not been determined. In our present study, a water‐soluble polysaccharide, named THP with molecular weight of 93 307 Da, was isolated from T. hemsleyanum by DEAE‐52 ion‐exchange and Sephadex G‐100 chromatography. It contains rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, glucose, and galactose in the molar ratio of 0.07:0.14:0.38:0.21:0.31. Then anti‐diabetic effects of THP were examined by treating alloxan‐induced diabetic mice with different doses (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) of THP orally. The results showed that THP could decrease the blood glucose, TC, TG, LDL‐C levels, increase the body weight, HDL‐C, insulin levels, and enhance the activities of antioxidant enzyme system in alloxan‐induced diabetic mice. Furthermore, the histopathological examination of pancreas, liver, and kidney indicated that THP could protect and reverse β‐cells in diabetic mice with low damage to liver and kidney, which suggests that THP may stimulate pancreatic release of insulin and can be an effectively potential candidate for diabetes mellitus.     

Effect of L-DOPA on the Behavioral Activity of Wistar and Spontaneously Hypertensive (SHR) Rats in the Open-Field Test

We studied the effects of i.p. injections of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg) on the behavioral activity of Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in the open-field test, as well as on the content of catecholamines in the blood plasma of these animals. Prior to the administration of L-DOPA, the total level of locomotor/research activity in SHR was higher, as compared with that in Wistar rats. This was manifested in significantly greater values of the duration of moving of the animals in the center and on the periphery of the field and also in a greater number of rearings on the periphery of this field. At the same time, the episodes of grooming and sitting in Wistar rats were longer. After injections of L-DOPA, interstrain differences increased and became significant for most (9/10) indices of behavioral activity examined in our study. Injections of L-DOPA resulted in significant modifications of the behavioral activity of rats of the above strains, which is evidenced by changes in the number of visits to the peripheral squares of the open field and of rearings in the same field zones. Over repetitive test sessions, interstrain differences between most indices of behavioral activity (except the duration of research activity on the periphery and that of sitting) decreased. Injections of L-DOPA resulted in a significant increase in the content of this agent and dopamine in the blood plasma of rats of both strains; the level of noradrenaline in SHR also increased. The importance of a hereditary factor-determined increase in the activity of catecholaminergic brain systems (first of all, the dopaminergic system) in SHR for the specificity of locomotor behavior of these animals is discussed.     

Retinal Electrophysiological Effects of Intravitreal Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of legal blindness in developed countries at middle age adults. In this study diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in male Wistar albino rats. After 3 months of diabetes, rights eye were injected intravitreally with green fluorescein protein (GFP) labelled bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSC) and left eyes with balanced salt solution (Sham). Animals were grouped as Baseline (n = 51), Diabetic (n = 45), Diabetic+BMSC (n = 45 eyes), Diabetic+Sham (n = 45 eyes), Healthy+BMSC (n = 6 eyes), Healthy+Sham (n = 6 eyes). Immunohistology analysis showed an increased retinal gliosis in the Diabetic group, compared to Baseline group, which was assessed with GFAP and vimentin expression. In the immunofluorescence analysis BMSC were observed to integrate mostly into the inner retina and expressing GFP. Diabetic group had prominently lower oscillatory potential wave amplitudes than the Baseline group. Three weeks after intravitreal injection Diabetic+BMSC group had significantly better amplitudes than the Diabetic+Sham group. Taken together intravitreal BMSC were thought to improve visual function.