11-羟基甘草萜醇类化合物的制备及体外抗氧化活性研究

为提高甘草次酸(Ib)的抗氧化活性,对其化学结构进行修饰,制备11-羟基甘草萜醇类衍生物.各化合物的抗氧化活性由肝微粒体中的细胞色素P450/NADPH氧化系统做体外抗氧化实验模型进行测定.微粒体中的自由基由探针物DCFH-DA的氧化程度进行检测.维生素E作为阳性对照物.通过还原反应获得甘草萜醇类两种光学异构体--11α-羟基物(2)和11β-羟基物(3).这两种化合物显示出较强的抗氧化活性,以1.0 mg/mL浓度,分别抑制自由基浓度为50%和51%.相同条件下,先导物Ib和维生素E分别抑制31%和32%的自由基活性.以上结果显示,对先导物Ib的C11位羰基和C30位羧基进行还原修饰,可显著提高其抗氧化活性,这种修饰将能增强先导物对自由基损伤有关病理性病变(如AS)的防治潜能.     

异常修饰后高密度脂蛋白组分的改变对其功能的影响

高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein,HDL)是由载脂蛋白、脂质和多种功能蛋白所组成的结构复杂的多功能复合物。正常人血浆中的HDL主要通过胆固醇逆向转运(reverse cholesterol transport,RCT)发挥抗动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)作用,除此之外,HDL还有修复内皮细胞、抗炎、抗氧化和抗凋亡等作用。在全身炎症或代谢性疾病中,HDL组分被异常修饰,使其成分和功能发生改变,进而转变为功能失调HDL。功能失调HDL在成分和功能上均发生了改变:成分上载脂蛋白A-Ⅰ(apolipoprotein A-Ⅰ,apo A-Ⅰ)、对氧磷酶(paraoxonase,PON)和血小板活化因子乙酰水解酶(platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase,PAF-AH)等减少,而血清淀粉样蛋白A(serum amyloid A,SAA)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)和氧化脂质等增加;功能上不仅失去了抗AS、抗炎、抗氧化等作用,反而具有促炎作用,可见盲目升高血浆HDL-C的含量并不一定能达到预期效果。因此了解异常修饰后HDL成分和功能的改变对深入了解功能失调HDL的致病机制具有重要的指导意义。     

氧化磷脂与动脉粥样硬化

磷脂是构成生物膜和脂蛋白的重要成分,容易在自由基或非自由基以及酶促条件下发生氧化修饰,形成氧化磷脂(oxidized phospholipids,OxPLs),并进一步产生具有不同生物活性的氧化产物.临床证据表明,OxPLs在动脉粥样硬化(ath-erosclerosis,AS)发展过程中不断生成和转化,并在病变处积累...     

7,8-二羟基黄酮的生理功能研究进展

7,8-二羟基黄酮(7,8-dihydroxyflavone,7,8-DHF)属于类黄酮的一种。近年来的研究表明,7,8-DHF是酪氨酸激酶B(tyrosine kinase B,Trk B)受体的特异性激动剂,能够激活Trk B受体,发挥重要的神经保护作用。此外,7,8-DHF还具有其他黄酮类化合物所共有的抗氧化、抗炎症和心血管调节等功能。综述了7,8-DHF的生理功能研究进展。     

生物类黄酮抗癌作用研究进展

生物类黄酮广泛分布于植物源食物中,具有广泛的生理和药理作用,如具有抗癌和抗突变作用,可以抑制肿瘤的形成,这些功能与其显著的抗氧化、抗自由基作用等密切相关。笔者就类黄酮抗癌作用的研究进展作一综述。     

橙皮苷对小鼠抗氧化作用及抗氧化酶基因表达的影响

目的探讨橙皮苷(HDN)对机体抗氧化作用的影响。方法采用分光光度法、邻苯三酚自氧化法和Fe2+-邻二氮菲法检测HDN体外清除自由基、抑制线粒体肿胀和红细胞氧化溶血;实验小鼠灌服不同浓度HDN(0、80、160、320 mg/kg)连续12 d,ELISA和分光光度法检测小鼠组织中MDA含量,抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、GSH-PX)活力,RT-PCR技术分析抗氧化物酶mRNA表达水平。结果与对照组比较,HDN组自由基(·OH、O2-·、DPPH·)清除率明显提高,小鼠红细胞体外氧化溶血和线粒体肿胀显著降低;小鼠组织及血清中MDA含量降低,抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、GSH-PX活力明显高于对照组,组织中抗氧化酶mRNA(SOD、CAT、GSH-PX)表达上调。结论 HDN能够清除自由基,降低自由基引起的细胞氧化损伤,抑制过氧化物生成,上调抗氧化酶基因表达及提高酶活力,呈现良好的抗氧化作用。     

异鼠李素和异鼠李素-3-O-葡萄糖苷的抗氧化活性分析

槲皮素类化合物是众多黄酮类中活性最高的化合物之一,在医药方面有很强的药效功效。本研究选取两种槲皮素类黄酮化合物异鼠李素和异鼠李素-3-O-葡萄糖苷作为目标化合物,运用Gaussian 09软件密度泛函(DFT)方法从分子总能量、OH解离焓(BDE)的理论表征、前线分子轨道及其轨道能级、原子的净电荷布居等方面研究异鼠李素和异鼠李素-3-O-葡萄糖苷的抗氧化活性。结果表明,异鼠李素活性大于异鼠李素-3-O-葡萄糖苷,两类分子4'位的酚羟基失去氢之后对抗氧化活性的整体影响是最大的,酚羟基在这个位置上就具有较明显的高活性特征,分子中引入的糖苷不参与前线分子轨道的形成,不具有消除自由基活性的作用,但它对于分子本身的极性有很大的影响,可以改变分子在机体反应时的溶解度和吸收度。这对进一步深入研究槲皮素类黄酮化合物的抗氧化活性以及抗氧化剂的结构改良等提供了重要的科学依据。     

低密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高在家兔动脉粥样硬化发生发展中的意义

目的观察低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)对家兔动脉粥样硬化(AS)形成的影响,探讨AS的发生机制。方法以高脂饲料复制家兔实验性AS模型,分阶段检测家兔血清胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)含量;观察主动脉内膜病理学变化;分析主动脉内膜增生程度及AS斑块面积与血浆脂蛋白水平的相关性。结果高脂组家兔主动脉粥样硬化面积和内膜增生程度明显较对照组增加(P<0.01),血浆LDL-c水平明显较对照组升高(P<0.01);动脉内膜增生程度及AS斑块面积均与血浆LDL-c水平呈非常显著正相关(r=0.837,P<0.001)。结论提示血浆LDL-c水平升高,是致AS发生发展的重要原因。     

高密度脂蛋白组成成分对心血管疾病的影响北大核心CSCD

高密度脂蛋白(HDL)是由脂质和蛋白质及其所携带的调节因子组成的复合体,具有抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)和抗炎症反应等多种功能。近年来,HDL组成成分对AS发病过程的调节机制受到广泛关注和研究。在AS发病过程中,HDL中的对氧磷酶(PON)可抑制低密度脂蛋白的氧化。HDL中载脂蛋白A-I(Apo A-I)的结构和功能改变,载脂蛋白A-II(Apo A-II)对apo A-I空间构象的调节,血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)与apo A-I的拮抗作用,载脂蛋白M(Apo M)和HDL-miR-223表达减少,以及HDL-miR-92a和HDL-miR-24表达增多均会削弱HDL的抗AS能力。本文主要综述HDL组成成分对心血管疾病(CVD)发生发展的影响,以期为HDL在AS相关疾病中的作用提供新思路,为CVD的治疗提供新方法。     

高密度脂蛋白组成成分对心血管疾病的影响

高密度脂蛋白(HDL)是由脂质和蛋白质及其所携带的调节因子组成的复合体,具有抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)和抗炎症反应等多种功能。近年来,HDL组成成分对AS发病过程的调节机制受到广泛关注和研究。在AS发病过程中,HDL中的对氧磷酶(PON)可抑制低密度脂蛋白的氧化。HDL中载脂蛋白A-I(Apo A-I)的结构和功能改变,载脂蛋白A-II(Apo A-II)对apo A-I空间构象的调节,血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)与apo A-I的拮抗作用,载脂蛋白M(Apo M)和HDL-miR-223表达减少,以及HDL-miR-92a和HDL-miR-24表达增多均会削弱HDL的抗AS能力。本文主要综述HDL组成成分对心血管疾病(CVD)发生发展的影响,以期为HDL在AS相关疾病中的作用提供新思路,为CVD的治疗提供新方法。     

Evidence that the antioxidant flavonoids in tea and cocoa are beneficial for cardiovascular health.

Epidemiologic studies suggest an inverse association of tea consumption with cardiovascular disease. The antioxidant effects of flavonoids in tea (including preventing oxidative damage to LDL) are among the potential mechanisms that could underlie the protective effects. Other possible mechanisms include attenuating the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis, reducing thrombosis, promoting normal endothelial function, and blocking expression of cellular adhesion molecules. Cocoa and chocolate can also be rich sources of flavonoids. Flavanols and procyanidins isolated from cocoa exhibit strong antioxidant properties in-vitro. In acute feeding studies, flavanol-rich cocoa and chocolate increased plasma antioxidant capacity and reduced platelet reactivity. Based on limited data, approximately 150 mg of flavonoids is needed to trigger a rapid antioxidant effect and changes in prostacyclin. Some dose-response evidence demonstrates an antioxidant effect with approximately 500 mg flavonoids. Brewed tea typically contains approximately 172 mg total flavonoids per 235 ml (brewed for 2 min); hence, consumption of 1 and 3.5 cups of tea would be expected to elicit acute and chronic physiologic effects, respectively. Chocolate is more variable with some products containing essentially no flavonoids (0.09 mg procyanidin/g), whereas others are high in flavonoids (4 mg procyanidin/g). Thus, approximate estimates of flavonoid rich chocolate needed to exert acute and chronic effects are 38 and 125 g, respectively. Collectively, the antioxidant effects of flavonoid-rich foods may reduce cardiovascular disease risk.     

PCSK9: A novel inflammation modulator in atherosclerosis?

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) is the ninth member of the secretory serine protease family. It binds to low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) for endocytosis and lysosome degradation in the liver, resulting in an increasing in circulating LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) level. Since a PCSK9 induced increase in plasma LDL-c contributes to atherosclerosis, PCSK9 inhibition has become a new strategy in preventing and treating atherosclerosis. However, in addition to the effect of PCSK9 on elevating blood LDL-c levels, accumulating evidence shows that PCSK9 plays an important role in inflammation, likely representing another major mechanism for PCSK9 to promote atherosclerosis. In this review, we discuss the association of PCSK9 and inflammation, and highlight the specific effects of PCSK9 on different vascular cellular components involved in the atherosclerotic inflammation. We also discuss the clinical evidence for the association between PCSK9 and inflammation in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. A better understanding of the direct association of PCSK9 with atherosclerotic inflammation might help establish a new role for PCSK9 in vascular biology and identify a novel molecular mechanism for PCSK9 therapy.     

氧化修饰低密度脂蛋白与动脉粥样硬化

动脉粥样硬化的发生发展与低密度脂蛋白受到氧化修饰有关。本文从以下四个方面对本室的工作进行了综述：（１）动脉粥样硬化机体受到脂质过氧化损伤;（２）Ｏｘ－ＬＤＬ对内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞和巨噬细胞的毒性效应;（３）Ｏｘ－ＬＤＬ和ＭＤＡ－ＬＤＬ的比较及与Ｏｘ－ＬＤＬ和ＭＤＡ－ＬＤＬ结合的清道夫受体的特征;（４）不同方法对ＬＤＬ氧化修饰的比较和以ＬＤＬ氧化修饰为模型对某些物质的抗氧化修饰研究。研究结果为动脉粥     

Dietary flavonoids attenuate tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced adhesion molecule expression in human aortic endothelial cells. Structure-function relationships and activity after first pass metabolism

Flavonoids have been suggested to exert human health benefits by anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In this study, we investigated whether and by what mechanisms dietary flavonoids inhibit expression of cellular adhesion molecules, which is relevant to inflammation and atherosclerosis. We found that the capacity of flavonoids to inhibit tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced adhesion molecule expression in human aortic endothelial cells was dependent on specific structural features of the flavonoids. The 5,7-dihydroxyl substitution of a flavonoid A-ring and 2,3-double bond and 4-keto group of the C-ring were the main structural requirements for inhibition of adhesion molecule expression. In striking contrast, hydroxyl substitutions of the B- and C-rings but not the A-ring were essential for antioxidant activity. Hence, only hydroxyl flavones, such as apigenin and chrysin, and flavonols, such as galangin, kaempferol, and quercetin, were able to inhibit endothelial adhesion molecule expression, whereas flavone, chromone, the flavanone, naringenin, and the flavanol, (-)-epicatechin, were ineffectual. At low concentrations, the active flavonoids significantly attenuated expression of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 but not vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. In addition, exposure of apigenin and kaempferol to cultured hepatocytes, mimicking first pass metabolism, greatly diminished the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression. We conclude that the effect of dietary flavonoids on endothelial adhesion molecule expression depends on their molecular structure, concentration, and metabolic transformation but not their antioxidant activity.     

Potential role of oxidized lipids and lipoproteins in antioxidant defense

The atherogenic oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein is suggested to occur in the aortic intima. There is reasonable evidence to suggest that antioxidants might be beneficial in preventing or retarding the progression of atherosclerosis. Exercise, estrogens, and substitution of polyunsaturated fat for saturated fat are beneficial in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Yet, paradoxically, they are capable of inducing an oxidative stress. To reconcile with this paradox, we postulate that under certain conditions an oxidative stress might be beneficial by inducing antioxidant enzymes in arterial cells. However, those with genetic deficiency in antioxidant enzymes or those who poorly respond to oxidative stress or those with overwhelming plasma oxidative stress might need additional antioxidant protection.     

Flavonoids and urate antioxidant interplay in plasma oxidative stress

Flavonoids are naturally occurring plant compounds with antioxidant properties. Their consumption has been associated with the protective effects of certain diets against some of the complications of atherosclerosis. Lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) oxidative modification is currently thought to be a significant event in the atherogenic process. Most of the experiments concerning the inhibition of LDL oxidation used isolated LDL. We used diluted human whole plasma to study the influence of flavonoids on lipid peroxidation (LPO) promoted by copper, and their interaction with uric acid, one of the most important plasma antioxidants. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and of free malondialdehyde (MDA). The comparative capability of the assayed flavonoids on copper (II) reduction was tested using the neocuproine colorimetric test. In our assay system, urate disappears and free MDA and TBARS formation increase during the incubation of plasma with copper. Most of the tested flavonoids inhibited copperinduced LPO. The inhibition of LPO by flavonoids correlated positively with their capability to reduce copper (II). The urate consumption during the incubation of plasma with copper was inhibited by myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol. The inhibition of urate degradation by flavonoids correlated positively with the inhibition of LPO. Urate inhibited the copperinduced LPO in a concentrationdependent mode. Luteolin, rutin, catechin, quercetin had an antioxidant synergy with urate. Our results show that some flavonoids could protect endogenous urate from oxidative degradation, and demonstrate an antioxidant synergy between urate and some of the flavonoids.     

Potential role of oxidized lipids and lipoproteins in antioxidant defense

The atherogenic oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein is suggested to occur in the aortic intima. There is reasonable evidence to suggest that antioxidants might be beneficial in preventing or retarding the progression of atherosclerosis. Exercise, estrogens, and substitution of polyunsaturated fat for saturated fat are beneficial in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Yet, paradoxically, they are capable of inducing an oxidative stress. To reconcile with this paradox, we postulate that under certain conditions an oxidative stress might be beneficial by inducing antioxidant enzymes in arterial cells. However, those with genetic deficiency in antioxidant enzymes or those who poorly respond to oxidative stress or those with overwhelming plasma oxidative stress might need additional antioxidant protection.     

Beneficial effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract and a niacin-bound chromium in a hamster atherosclerosis model

Atherosclerosis is a disease of the arteries in which fatty plaques develop on the inner arterial wall, which eventually obstructs blood flow. Identified risk factors for atherosclerosis include genetics, diet, lifestyle, smoking, circulating lipid and cholesterol levels, and molecular and circulating signals of chronic vascular inflammation. The link between flavonoids and atherosclerosis is based partly on the evidence that some flavonoids possess antioxidant properties and have been shown to be potent inhibitors of LDL oxidation in vitro. Hypercholesterolemia, a significant cardiovascular risk factor is prevalent in the American population. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts are known to exhibit a broad spectrum of chemopreventive and cardioprotective properties against oxidative stress. A recent study has shown that a combination of IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) and a niacin-bound chromium (NBC) can decrease total cholesterol, LDL and oxidized LDL levels in hypercholesterolemic human subjects. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of GSPE supplementation in hamsters, singly and in combination with NBC, since these animals have a similar lipid profile to hypercholesterolemic humans when fed a hypercholesterolemic diet of 0.2% cholesterol and 10% coconut oil (HCD). After 10 weeks of feeding HCD, these animals developed foam cells, which is a biomarker of early stages of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis (% of aorta covered with foam cells) was reduced by approximately 50% and 63% following supplementation of these animals with 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of GSPE, respectively, in conjunction with a HCD, while approximately 32% reduction was observed following supplementation of GSPE plus NBC. A minimum of 7–9 animals were used in each study group. GSPE alone and in combination with NBC exerted a pronounced effect on the cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, as well as oxidative lipid damage as demonstrated by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). This data demonstrates that GSPE and NBC may provide significant health benefits by dramatically ameliorating the incidence of atherosclerosis as demonstrated by reducing the formation of foam cells.     

Low density lipoprotein (LDL), atherosclerosis and antioxidants

A crucial and causative role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is believed to be the oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL). The oxidation of LDL involves released free radical driven lipid peroxidation. Several lines of evidence support the role of oxidized LDL in atherogenesis. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an association between an increased intake of dietary antioxidant vitamins, such as vitamin E and vitamin C and reduced morbidity and mortality from coronary artery diseases. It is thus hypothesized that dietary antioxidants may help prevent the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The oxidation of LDL has been shown to be reduced by antioxidants, and, in animal models, improved antioxidants may offer possibilities for the prevention of atherosclerosis. The results of several on going long randomized intervention trials will provide valuahle information on the efficacy and safety of improved antioxidants in the prevention of atherosclerosis. This review a evaluates current literature involving antioxidants and vascular disease, with a particular focus on the potential mechanisms.     

The use of some nanoemulsions based on aqueous propolis and lycopene extract in the skin's protective mechanisms against UVA radiation

Background  

The use of natural products based on aqueous extract of propolis and lycopene in the skin's protective mechanisms against UVA radiation was evaluated by means of experimental acute inflammation on rat paw edema. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the harmlessness of propolis - lycopene system through evaluation of skin level changes and anti-inflammatory action. The regenerative and protective effect of the aqueous propolis and lycopene extract is based on its richness in biologically active substances such as: tocopherols, flavonoids, amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, the chlorophyll pigment, all substances with strong antioxidant activity, that modify the oxidative stress, mainly by reducing the prooxidant processes and enhancing the antioxidant ones. These substances participate in the synthesis of prostaglandins and phospholipids components of cell membrane thus enhancing skin protection mechanisms.