细胞色素P450催化二甲基亚硝胺C-H键羟基化机理的理论研究进展

细胞色素P450是广泛存在于哺乳动物微粒体和线粒体内的一类亚铁血红素—硫醇盐蛋白的超家族。它参与内源性物质和包括药物、环境化合物在内的外源性物质的代谢。其代谢机理引起人们的极大关注,同时也存在诸多挑战。通过对不同底物代谢机理的研究有助于人们深入认识P450的结构及其催化机理,还可以为物质的体内代谢提供理论指导。本文主要对P450的催化氧化机制,二甲基亚硝胺在细胞色素P450作用下的代谢机理研究进展及P450的活性氧化物等方面的研究进行了综述。     

毛竹细胞色素P450的基因组学分析

细胞色素P450单加氧酶(P450s)是一类在450 nm处有特征吸收峰的血红素硫蛋白基因超家族,在许多物质代谢中至关重要,还与解毒代谢密切相关。在毛竹基因组中鉴定出41个P450家族,共197个成员,涉及10个基因簇(clan)。通过基因结构与进化树的比较,进一步了解结构与进化之间的联系。通过与水稻和拟南芥一起构建的进化树,分析了毛竹P450基因家族的差异性。二级结构分析表明,毛竹P450蛋白序列同样具备有P450蛋白特征性结构域。在毛竹中,共有104个P450基因能够在不同生长发育时期有不同程度的表达。     

昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应机制及其对昆虫抗药性的意义

植物次生物质(plant secondary metabolites)对昆虫的取食行为、生长发育及繁殖可以产生不利影响,甚至对昆虫可以产生毒杀作用。为了应对植物次生物质的不利影响,昆虫通过对植物次生物质忌避取食、解毒代谢等多种机制,而对寄主植物产生适应性。其中,昆虫的解毒代谢酶包括昆虫细胞色素P450酶系（P450s）及谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GSTs）等,在昆虫对植物次生物质的解毒代谢及对寄主植物的适应性中发挥了重要作用。昆虫的解毒酶系统不仅可以代谢植物次生物质,还可能代谢化学杀虫剂,因而昆虫对寄主植物的适应性与其对杀虫剂的耐药性甚至抗药性密切相关。昆虫细胞色素P450s和GSTs等代谢解毒酶活性及相关基因的表达可以被植物次生物质影响,这不仅使昆虫对寄主植物的防御产生了适应性,还影响了昆虫对杀虫剂的解毒代谢,因而改变昆虫的耐药性或抗药性。掌握昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应机制及其在昆虫抗药性中的作用,对于明确昆虫的抗药性机制具有重要的参考意义。本文综述了植物次生物质对昆虫的影响、昆虫对寄主植物次生物质的代谢机制、昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应性对昆虫耐药性及抗药性的影响等方面的研究进展。     

细胞色素P450酶系与除草剂代谢

细胞色素P450是广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物体内的一类具有混合功能的血红素氧化酶系。它不但能够催化苯丙烷类、萜类化合物和脂肪酸等内源性物质的生物合成 ,而且参与许多外源性物质包括除草剂等的生物氧化。综述了代谢除草剂的细菌、哺乳动物和植物细胞色素P450酶系 ,概述了细胞色素P450酶系参与除草剂代谢的作用方式 :脱烷基化作用、环甲基化羟基化作用和芳环的羟基化作用等。这些细胞色素P450酶系在培育除草剂抗性作物、生物安全和生物修复方面表现出了巨大的潜能     

细胞色素P450介导的果蝇抗药性研究进展

细胞色素P450 (cytochrome P450, CYP450)超基因家族是由一些数量多而功能复杂的血红蛋白酶基因所组成,该代谢酶系作为一种几乎地球上所有需氧生物都存在的重要生存策略,可以调控多种内源物质及外源化合物的代谢,参与了众多重要的生命过程,代谢解毒作用是该酶系重要功能之一。细胞色素P450的代谢解毒作用受药物影响,机体通过改变基因表达量,实现增强代谢解毒,加快机体对于有害物质的代谢,从而使得机体对有害环境产生一定的适应性,进而使得机体产生耐药性或抗药性。本研究说明果蝇细胞色素P450介导的杀虫剂类药物代谢机制及代谢抗性的特点等方面的研究,对明确果蝇的抗药性机制研究具有参考意义。     

微生物细胞色素P450与胆固醇的生物代谢

细胞色素P450(CYP450)是一类含亚铁血红素的单加氧酶,广泛存在于各类生物体内,参与多种外源物质的代谢和内源物质的转化,如甾类激素、胆汁酸、胆固醇等的代谢。胆固醇是一种环戊烷多氢菲的衍生物,也是人类重要的脂类物质和许多特殊生物活性物质的前体之一,当其过量时会导致高胆固醇血症、动脉粥样硬化、静脉血栓生成等,对机体产生不利的影响。微生物CYP450酶可催化胆固醇的生物代谢,特别是其中的CYP125酶是胆固醇分解代谢起始的关键酶,可用作调节胆固醇代谢的药物靶标。     

玉米螟P450基因cDNA的克隆及植物次生物质对其诱导表达

昆虫细胞色素P450是一类在生物代谢中起重要作用的基因家族,承担着许多重要的生 理功能,包括对植物次生物质代谢和杀虫剂解毒等.本研究以玉米螟5龄幼虫中肠的总RNA为 模板,根据不同昆虫P450基因家族保守氨基酸序列,设计并合成简并引物,利用RT-PCR扩 增出了玉米螟细胞色素P450基因cDNA片段,将其克隆到pMD19 T载体进行序列测定.测序获得了编码213个氨基酸残基的641 bp的DNA片段,命名为OfP450(GenBank登录号：EU807990) ;与已公布的棉铃虫、家蚕、欧洲防风草结网毛虫、小菜蛾和黑腹果蝇等的细胞色素P450氨基酸序列进行比较,其一致性分别为55％、50％、49％、44％和31％.将植物次生物质棉酚、丁布添加入人工饲料中,对玉米螟进行了饲喂实验,采用优化半定量RT-PCR,以18S rRNA为内标,RT-PCR检测进食棉酚、丁布植物化合物的玉米螟中肠P450基因的转录. 结果表明,其转录水平能被棉酚、丁布显著诱导. 提示本实验克隆的玉米螟细胞色素P450对植物次生物质的代谢作用与P450表达量呈正相关.该研究为下一步将植物介导的RNA干扰技术应用于害虫生物防治提供坚实的基础.     

新型争论贪噬菌Variovorax paradoxus S110的细胞色素P450酶的异源表达及催化特性分析

细胞色素P450单加氧酶(Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases)是一种广谱催化剂,可以催化多种类型反应而参与生物体外源物质代谢与天然产物的合成。为丰富P450作为合成生物学的酶元件库,并探索新型催化反应,利用生物信息学手段从争论贪噬菌Variovorax paradoxus S110中挖掘出一种新型电子自供体细胞色素P45(VpMO)单加氧酶,属于CYP116B家族,它可以在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli异源可溶表达。酶学性质研究表明P450_(VpMO)最适pH和最适温度分别为8.0和45℃,并且在温度低于35℃时具有良好的稳定性,K_m值为0.458 mmol/L,k_(cat)为2.438 min~(-1);重要的是重组P450_(VpMO)可以催化一系列包含污染物的含甲氧基底物进行脱甲基反应,其中对4-甲氧基苯乙酮的脱甲基反应转化率高达91%。相比于其他CYP116B家族的P450酶,P450_(VpMO)表现出较强的酶活性,这为后期进一步研究P450_(VpMO)提供了基础。     

昆虫细胞色素P450与抗药性关系研究进展

细胞色素P450单加氧酶系是一类广泛分布于生物有机体中的重要酶系,它能够代谢多种内源性物质和外源性物质,因其生物学的重要性,一直是生物学领域研究的一个重要对象.本文综述了昆虫细胞色素P450目前的一些研究进展,介绍了其与昆虫抗药性之间的关系,并阐述了细胞色素P450介导抗性的分子基础.     

飞蝗解毒酶系活力测定方法

飞蝗Locusta migratoria是重要的农业害虫,代谢抗性是飞蝗主要的农药抗性机制之一。与代谢抗性相关的解毒酶系主要有:非专一性酯酶系(Non-specficesterases,ESTs)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶系(Glutathione S-transferases,GSTs)和细胞色素P450单加氧酶系(Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases,P450s),解毒酶系活力的测定是研究飞蝗农药代谢机制的重要途径。本文详细介绍了飞蝗解毒酶系的测定方法,为蝗虫及其他昆虫解毒酶系的测定提供参考。     

细胞色素P4501B1基因多态性与乳腺癌易感性研究进展

细胞色素P450（cytochrome,CYP）1B1是P450超基因家族酶系的一个重要成员,广泛分布于肝外组织,其代谢受到外源性致癌物、雌激素等多种因素的调控。该基因存在遗传多态性,艮前已对CYP1B1基因多态性与乳腺癌易感性进行了多项研究。本文就CYP1B1基因的多态性、调控机制及其与乳腺癌的关系进行了综述。     

Pyrolysis of Cellulose

Comparative study of acetaldehyde, furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural from celluloses which differed in crystallinity was made by pyrolytic gas chromatography.

Pyrolysis of tobacco cellulose at 200~300°C resulted in rapid increase in the yields of furfurals from the amorphous regions in comparison with that from the crystalline regions. At 500°C, however, acetaldehyde was obtained in higher yields from microcrystalline cellulose than that from tobacco cellulose under the same condition.

In thermogravimetric analysis, the threshold temperature for the pyrolysis of tobacco cellulose was lower than that of microcrystylline cellulose. These results showed that the yields of the volatile compounds from pyrolysis of cellulose depended on temperature and crystallinity.     

上海交通大学附属第一人民医院中心实验室

目的：研究内蒙古地区汉族非吸烟人群和吸烟人群中,细胞色素P4501A1（cytochromc P4501A1,CYP1A1）基因MspI酶切位点多态性与慢性重度牙周炎（chronic severe periodontitis,CP）易感性的关系。方法：对50例CP患者和51例正常对照者按吸烟情况进行分组。用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术（PCR-RFLP）,检测研究人群中CYP1A1基因3’端MspI酶切位点的3种基因型（A,B,C）的分布频率。结果：不考虑吸烟情况下,MspI基因型C在病例组和对照组中各占20％和13．7％,基因型A在两组中分别占42％和47．1％,基因型B在两组中分别占38％和39．2％,各基因型在两组间比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。但在吸烟组MspI C型者患慢性重度牙周是的危险性（OR）是其他基因型的5倍（95％可信限：1．34218．62）。结论：MspI C型可能是吸烟者慢性重度牙周炎易感性的遗传标志。     

鱼肝EROD酶活力诱导作为二噁的水生态毒理学指标

利用离体EROD法对严家湖各氧化塘鱼肝中二噁的毒性效应进行了定量测定,同时与HRGC／HRMS－MID化学分析结果和野外活体暴露鱼肝中EROD活力诱导结果进行了比较。研究发现,各氧化塘中鱼肝的离体、活体EROD测定结果与化学分析结果之间有着极好的相关性。这不仅揭示了鱼肝细胞色素P450系统以EROD酶活力诱导指示可作为二的水生态毒理学指标的可靠性和准确性,同时也表明了活体EROD和离体EROD生物监测方法两者可以相互补充,用于其他环境生物样品中二类毒物的快速筛选。     

Influence of the Herbicide Chlortoluron on Photosynthetic Activity in Transgenic Tobacco Plants

Photosynthetic activity of leaf disks from chlortoluron (2 µmol per plant) treated and non-treated non-transgenic and transgenic (PGF-6) tobacco plants was measured from 1 up to 21 d after treatment under greenhouse conditions. PGF-6 plants, expressing the fused rat cytochrome P4501A1/yeast reductase genes were used. PGF-6 plants were much more chlortoluron-resistant than control plants. In non-transgenic tobacco plants the electron transport flow to PQ pool was strongly inhibited 1 d after treatment with herbicide whereas it was still existing in PGF-6 plants although some reduction was observed. The quantum yield of photosystem 2 (_PS2) which is related to the quantum yield of whole-chain electron transfer was much more inhibited by chlortoluron than the primary PS2 photochemistry, measured by the ratio F_v/F_m. Lower PS2 activity was found for herbicide-treated non-transgenic plants up to the 9^th day. Then it started to increase in both control and PGF-6 plants, but more rapidly in PGF-6 ones, and its values were near to the control level at the 21^st d after chlortoluron treatment.     

Development of a monoclonal antibody for ELISA of CYP1A in primary cultures of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss hepatocytes

Induction of cytochrome P4501A CYP1A in cultured cells can be used to determine the induction potencies of xenobiotics or complex environmental samples. This report describes the development of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ELISA for measurement of CYP1A expression in primary cultures of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss hepatocytes. Juvenile rainbow trout were injected with naphthoflavone BNF 25 mg kg-1 body weight to induce the synthesis of CYP1A. The CYP1A isoenzyme was purified, characterized by immunological cross reactivity and N terminal sequencing and used to prepare a monoclonal antibody in Balb C mice. The specificity of the antibody for CYP1A was proved by Western blotting of samples from control and BNF injected fish. Two ELISA methods, a direct and a competitive one, were evaluated, with both methods being of comparable sensitivity. Rainbow trout hepatocytes, maintained as monolayers in serum free, chemically defined medium, were exposed to naphthoflavone, and the induction response was measured both by 7 ethoxyresorufin O deethylase EROD activity and the direct ELISA method. Comparison between EROD activity and immunodetectable CYP1A protein can provide information on the catalytic efficiency of CYP1A.     

Development of a monoclonal antibody for ELISA of CYP1A in primary cultures of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss hepatocytes

Induction of cytochrome P4501A CYP1A in cultured cells can be used to determine the induction potencies of xenobiotics or complex environmental samples. This report describes the development of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ELISA for measurement of CYP1A expression in primary cultures of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss hepatocytes. Juvenile rainbow trout were injected with naphthoflavone BNF 25 mg kg-1 body weight to induce the synthesis of CYP1A. The CYP1A isoenzyme was purified, characterized by immunological cross reactivity and N terminal sequencing and used to prepare a monoclonal antibody in Balb C mice. The specificity of the antibody for CYP1A was proved by Western blotting of samples from control and BNF injected fish. Two ELISA methods, a direct and a competitive one, were evaluated, with both methods being of comparable sensitivity. Rainbow trout hepatocytes, maintained as monolayers in serum free, chemically defined medium, were exposed to naphthoflavone, and the induction response was measured both by 7 ethoxyresorufin O deethylase EROD activity and the direct ELISA method. Comparison between EROD activity and immunodetectable CYP1A protein can provide information on the catalytic efficiency of CYP1A.     

Effects of steroid hormones on reproduction- and detoxification-related gene expression in adult male mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis

The molecular mechanisms that mediate fish reproduction and detoxification in response to steroid hormones were studied by using adult male western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) as sentinel species. The expression patterns of three vitellogenins (VtgA, VtgB and VtgC), two estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), two androgen receptors (ARα and ARβ), metallothionein (MT) and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) in the liver and testis of adult male mosquitofish were assessed through exposure treatments with progesterone (P), testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2), alone and in combination for eight days. The results showed that expression patterns of Vtg subtype, ER subtype, AR subtype, MT and CYP1A genes in male mosquitofish varied according to tissue and specific hormone stress. Vtg subtype mRNA expression was induced in the liver in E2-added treatments, and an up-regulation of ERα mRNA expression was also observed. In addition, hormone treatments increased three Vtg subtype mRNA expression levels in the testis, at least to some extent. All hormone treatments significantly inhibited ERα, ERβ and ARβ mRNA expression in the testis. Some of hormone treatments could affect MT and CYP1A gene expression in mosquitofish. In general, multiple hormone treatments showed different effects on target gene expression compared with corresponding hormone alone. The results from the present study provided valuable information on the toxicological effects of steroid hormones in mosquitofish.     

Induction of cytochrome P4501A by highly purified hexachlorobenzene in primary cultures of ring-necked pheasant and Japanese quail embryo hepatocytes

Primary cultures of ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) embryo hepatocytes were used to compare the potencies of highly purified hexachlorobenzne (HCB-P), reagent-grade HCB (RG-HCB) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as inducers of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A4) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and CYP1A5 mRNA. HCB-P, RG-HCB and TCDD all induced EROD activity and up-regulated CYP1A4 and CYP1A5 mRNA. Induction was not caused by contamination of HCB with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans or biphenyls. Based upon a comparison of the EC(50) and EC(threshold) values for EROD and CYP1A4/5 concentration-response curves, the potency of HCB relative to TCDD was 0.001 in ring-necked pheasant and 0.01 in Japanese quail embryo hepatocytes. Differences in species sensitivity to HCB were found to be mainly dictated by differences in species sensitivity to TCDD rather than differences in the absolute potency of HCB. Consequently, ring-necked pheasant and Japanese quail embryo hepatocytes were found to be equally sensitive to HCB exposure. Species sensitivity comparisons were also made with chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) and revealed that chicken embryo hepatocytes were less responsive to EROD induction (lower maximal response) by HCB compared to the embryo hepatocytes of pheasant and quail.