广西桂林底栖相D／C界线层牙形刺的新资料

桂林额头村剖面Ｄ／Ｃ界线层代表一种浅水碳酸盐台地沉积,以产底栖生物有孔虫、层孔虫、珊瑚、藻及少量腕足类和腹足类为特征。本文研究额头村剖面的微相并根据该剖面首次获得的牙形刺化石Ｐｏｌｙｇｎａｔｈｕｓｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓ,Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｐｏｌｙｇｎａｔｈｕｓｃｏｎｔｒｏｖｅｒｓｕｓ,Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｐｏｌｙｇｎａｔｈｕｓｄｅｎ－ｔｉｌｉｎｅａｔｕｓ,Ｂｉｓｐａｔｈｏｄｕｓａｃｕｌｅａｔｕｓａｃｕｌｅａｔｕｓ,Ｂｉｓｐａｔｈｏｄｕｓｓｔａｂｉｌｉｓ,Ｓｐａｔｈｏｇｎａｔｈｕｓｓｔｒｉｇｏｓｕｓ和有孔虫、珊瑚化石的产出关系及与南边村剖面Ｄ／Ｃ界线层的对比,认为桂林浅水相Ｄ／Ｃ界线应置于８３层和８４－１层之间,Ｃｙｓｔｏｐｈｒｅｎｔｉｓ带属泥盆纪,ＣＰ间隔带属石炭系。     

江苏大羽羊齿植物群中的辉木化石

详细描述了产自江苏镇江龙潭组下部的辉木２新种和１未定种：Ｐｓａｒｏｎｉｕｓｊｉａｎｇｓｕｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ，Ｐｓ．ｏｃｔｏｇｏｎｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ，Ｐｓ．ｓｐ．。对Ｐｓａｒｏｎｉｕｓ属的分类问题、化石的形成过程和埋葬条件，以及古生态意义等作了比较详细的论述。     

东北地区蝗虫－新属及三新种（直翅目：蝗总科）

本文记述了采自东北地区蝗虫的一新属,拟蹦蝗属Ｓｉｎｏｐｏｄｉｓｍｏｉｄｅｓｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．及三新种,千山拟蹦蝗Ｓｉｎｏｐｏｄｉｓｍｏｉｄｅｓｑｉａｎｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、草绿拟蹦蝗Ｓｉｎｏｐｏｄｉｓｍｏｉｄｅｓｐｒａｓｉｎａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和长白山玛蝗Ｍｉｒａｍｅｌｌａｃｈａｎｇｂａｉｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所。     

黔南,桂北石炭系中间界线及其上,下层位的牙形刺

本文描述了贵州罗甸和广西南丹石炭系中间界线上、下层位中的牙形刺共１０属２９种和亚种;自下而上建立了Ｇｎａｔｈｏｄｕｓｂｉｌｉｎｅａｔｕｓｂｏｌｌａｎｄｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｄｅｃｌｉｎｏｇｎａｔｈｏｄｕｓｎｏｄｕｌｉｆｅｒｕｓ,Ｉｄｉｏｇｎａｔｈｏｉｄｅｓｓｕｌｃａｔｕｓ和Ｉ．ｓｉｎｕａｔｕｓ等牙形刺带。石炭系中间界线应以Ｄｅｃｌｉｎｏｇｎａｔｈｏｄｕｓｎｏｄｕｌｉｆｅｒｕｓ的首次出现为准。     

蝰科(Viperidae)蝮亚科(Crotalinae)线粒体12S rRBA基因序列分析及其系统发育

对蝮亚科（蛇岛蝮Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ ｓｈｅｄａｏｅｎｓｉｓ Ｚｈａｏ、黑眉蝮Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ ｓａｘａｔｉｌｉｓ Ｅｍｅｌｉａｎｏｖ、乌苏 里蝮Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ ｕｓｓｕｒｒｉｅｎｓｉｓ　 Ｅｍｅｌｉａｎｏｖ、　竹叶青Ｔｒｉｍｅｒｅｓｕｒｕｓ 　ｓｔｅｊｎｅｇｅｒｉ 　Ｓｃｈｍｉｄｔ和分别来自不 同地区的尖吻蝮Ｄｅｉｎａｇｋｉｓｔｒｏｄｏｎ　ａｃｕｔｕｓ　Ｇｕｅｎｔｈｅｒ、短尾蝮Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ　ｂｒｅｖｉｃａｕｄｕｓ　Ｓｔｅｊｎｅｇｅｒ各 两条）６种蛇共８个个体测定、分析了约３７０ｂｐ线粒体１２Ｓ ｒＲＮＡ基因序列;以游蛇科链蛇属半 棱鳞链蛇Ｄｉｎｏｄｏｎ ｓｅｍｉｃａｒｉｎａｔｕｓ　序列为外群构建分子系统树。分子数据结果支持尖吻蝮形态 学的属级分类地位;提示蛇岛蝮位于黑眉蝮的蛇岛亚种分类地位,同时探讨了蛇岛蝮的起源 问题;并提示短尾蝮和乌苏里蝮同位于种级分类地位。     

贵州省悬钩子属种质资源考察

对贵州省东北、东南、西南和西北４个地区悬钩子属（ＲｕｂｒｓＬ．）野生种类的分布、生长习性等进行了调查。共采集５５种７个变种,其中Ｒ．ｇｒａｙａｎｕｓ,Ｒ．ｍａｌｌｏｔｉｆｏｌｉｕｓ,Ｒ．ｔｓａｎｇｖｒｕｓ,Ｒ．ｆａｂｅｒｉ,Ｒ．ｈｅｎｒｙｉ为贵州省新记录种。Ｒ．ｓｅｔｃｈｕｅｎｅｎｓｉｓＲ．ｃｏｒｅａｎｕｓ,Ｒ．ｃｏｒｃｈｏｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｓ,Ｒ．ｌａｍｂｅｒｔｉａｎｕｓ,Ｒ．ｎｉｖｅｕｓ,Ｒ．ｍｕｌｌｉｂｒａｃｔｅａｔｕｓ,Ｒ．ｔｅｐｈｒｏｄｅｓ分布最广。除Ｒ．ｓｅｔｃｈｕｅｎｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｒ．ｔｅｐｈｒｏｄｅｓ外均有驯化利用价值。调查发现,具红、黄、黑三种不同果色的插田泡,秋季结果的小柱悬钩子、红泡刺藤和大乌泡。基本查清了贵州省悬钩子属植物的种类和分布,为进一步引种、保存和发掘利用提供科学依据。     

甘肃兰州盆地咸水河组下段红色泥岩中的跳鼠化石

兰州盆地咸水河组下段上部红色泥岩共产有４属８种跳鼠：Ｐａｒａｓｍｉｎｔｈｕｓ　　ａｓｉａｅ－ｃｅｎｔｒａｌｉｓ, Ｐ． ｔａｎｇｉｎｇｏｌｉ． Ｐ． ｐａｒｖｕｌｕｓ Ｐａｒａｓｍｉｎｔｕｓ． ｓｐ． Ｉ, Ｐａｒａｓｍｉｎｔｕｓ　ｓｐ． ＩＩ,黄河简齿鼠（新属、种）Ｌｉｔｏｄｏｎｏｍｙｓ　ｈｕａｎｇｈｅｅｎｓｉｓ　ｇｅｎ．ｅｔ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ、,兰州异蹶鼠（新种）Ｈｅｔｅｒｏｓｍｉｎｔｈｕｓ　ｌａｎｚｈｏｕｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和Ｓｉｎｏｓｍｉｎｔｈｕｓ　ｓｐ。Ｌｉｌｏｄｏｎｏｍｙｓ,ｈｕａｎｇｈｅｅｎｓｉｓ的主要特征是颊齿比例上较宽短,冠面结构较简单,脊较发育,下中脊短或无,下外脊直接由下原尖伸出。Ｈｅｔｅｒｓｍｉｎｔｈｕｓ ｌａｎｚｈｏｕｅｎｓｉｓ为Ｈｅｔｅｒｏｓｍｉｎｔｈｕｓ属的一较原始的种。它的臼齿的颊、舌侧主齿尖虽错位,但幅度还较小,Ｍ１／２具原小尖,但无原附尖,ｍｌ具发达的下中脊,下外脊折线形,下外中脊向前倾等。 兰州盆地下红泥岩所产跳鼠组合基本上与甘肃省党河流域Ｔａｂｅｎ－ｂｕｌｕｋ的一致。它们的时代可能大致相当,为晚渐新世。 本文用 ＰＡＵＰ３．１．１对早第三纪的各跳鼠属间的关系作了分析和讨论。 跳鼠在?     

关于“sense”的汉译小议

关于“ｓｅｎｓｅ”的汉译小议陈继明（南京农业大学动物医学院,南京２１００９５）关键词ｓｅｎｓｅ汉译名人们已经习惯于将“ｓｅｎｓｅｓｔｒａｎｄ”、“ａｎｔｉ－ｓｅｎｓｅｓｔｒａｎｄ”、“ａｎｔｉｓｅｎｓｅＲＮＡ”等术语译为“有义链”、“反义链”、“反义...     

苏皖象山群下部一些裸子植物化石及其表皮构造的研究

报道象山群下部的裸子植物５属５种：Ｏｔｏｚａｍｉｔｅｓ ｓｐ．,Ｐｉｔｌｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｍ ｈｓｉｎｇｓｈａｎｅｎｓｅ Ｗｕ,ｎ．ｅｍｅｎｄ．,Ｎｉｌｓｓｏｎｉａ ｃｆ．ｓａｉｇｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｓｅｗａｒｄ,Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｃｔｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．,Ｂａｉｅｒａ ｃｆ．ｇｕｉｌｈａｕｍａｔｉｉ Ｚｅｉｌｌｅｒ,对其表皮构造进行详细的描述。标本产自安徽宿松、屯溪和江苏南京、江都的象山群下部。     

新疆吉木乃地区始新世中期哺乳动物化石

记述了新疆吉木乃地区托斯特西部发现的 Ｔｒｉｐｌｏｐｕｓ ｓｐ．、 Ｔｒｉｐｌｏｐｕｓ？ ｊｅｍｉｎａｉｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ．、 Ｌｏｈｉａｌｅｔｅｓ ｓｐ．及Ｈｙａｅｎｏｄｏｎｔｉｄａｅ ｉｎｄｅｔ．等哺乳动物化石,证实了这一地区中始新世地 层的存在。其属种构成大致可与内蒙古伊尔丁曼哈动物群及哈萨克斯坦中始新世Ｏｂａｙｌａ或 Ｓａｒｇａｍｙｓ哺乳动物群对比,时代为伊尔丁曼哈期。     

湖北大洪山野生植物资源调查研究

大洪山位于湖北省中北部,地处中纬度北亚热带季风气候带,植物种类非常丰富。初步统计大洪山共有野生资源植物1137种,隶属于132科、529属。对大洪山的野生植物资源按其性质和用途分为观赏植物、能源植物、药用植物、油脂植物、蜜源植物、纤维植物、淀粉及糖类植物、芳香植物、鞣料植物、饲用植物、土农药植物、树脂及树胶植物,并对其进行了统计和分析。文中列举了一些有代表性、经济价值较高的植物种类,分析了该地区野生植物资源的特点及存在问题,提出了合理开发利用植物资源的建议。     

广东珠海万山群岛的植物资源

珠海万山群岛共有维管植物176科,547属,972种(含栽培84种),其中蕨类植物21科27属35种,裸子植物6科8属11种,被子植物139科510属926种。万山群岛共有国家重点野生保护植物11种,均为Ⅱ级;广东省珍稀濒危植物4种;药用植物492种、材用树种约109种、观赏植物143种、饲料植物21种、纤维植物105种、淀粉植物62种、油脂植物81种、芳香植物72种、鞣料植物58种;此外,还有其他用途植物若干种。     

生物逆境和共生状态下植物的蛋白质组学研究

蛋白质组技术已广泛应用于植物遗传、发育和生理生态等诸多生物学领域,主要研究植物的遗传多样性、植物发育、组织分化、植物对非生物逆境(包括高温、低温、高盐和干旱等)和生物逆境(病虫害)的适应机制和植物与微生物(根瘤共生体)相互作用机制。本文综述了微生物与植物互作的蛋白质组研究进展,包括有害和有益的相互作用,同时对植物蛋白质组学的发展前景进行了讨论。     

Plant defensins

Plant defensins are small, basic peptides that have a characteristic three-dimensional folding pattern that is stabilized by eight disulfide-linked cysteines. They are termed plant defensins because they are structurally related to defensins found in other types of organism, including humans. To date, sequences of more than 80 different plant defensin genes from different plant species are available. In Arabidopsis thaliana, at least 13 putative plant defensin genes (PDF) are present, encoding 11 different plant defensins. Two additional genes appear to encode plant defensin fusions. Plant defensins inhibit the growth of a broad range of fungi but seem nontoxic to either mammalian or plant cells. Antifungal activity of defensins appears to require specific binding to membrane targets. This review focuses on the classification of plant defensins in general and in Arabidopsis specifically, and on the mode of action of plant defensins against fungal pathogens.     

Functional traits determine plant co-occurrence more than environment or evolutionary relatedness in global drylands

Plant–plant interactions are driven by environmental conditions, evolutionary relationships (ER) and the functional traits of the plants involved. However, studies addressing the relative importance of these drivers are rare, but crucial to improve our predictions of the effects of plant–plant interactions on plant communities and of how they respond to differing environmental conditions. To analyze the relative importance of – and interrelationships among – these factors as drivers of plant–plant interactions, we analyzed perennial plant co-occurrence at 106 dryland plant communities established across rainfall gradients in nine countries. We used structural equation modelling to disentangle the relationships between environmental conditions (aridity and soil fertility), functional traits extracted from the literature, and ER, and to assess their relative importance as drivers of the 929 pairwise plant–plant co-occurrence levels measured. Functional traits, specifically facilitated plants’ height and nurse growth form, were of primary importance, and modulated the effect of the environment and ER on plant–plant interactions. Environmental conditions and ER were important mainly for those interactions involving woody and graminoid nurses, respectively. The relative importance of different plant–plant interaction drivers (ER, functional traits, and the environment) varied depending on the region considered, illustrating the difficulty of predicting the outcome of plant–plant interactions at broader spatial scales. In our global-scale study on drylands, plant–plant interactions were more strongly related to functional traits of the species involved than to the environmental variables considered. Thus, moving to a trait-based facilitation/competition approach help to predict that: (1) positive plant–plant interactions are more likely to occur for taller facilitated species in drylands, and (2) plant–plant interactions within woody-dominated ecosystems might be more sensitive to changing environmental conditions than those within grasslands. By providing insights on which species are likely to better perform beneath a given neighbour, our results will also help to succeed in restoration practices involving the use of nurse plants.     

安徽宿州大方寺林区植物种类及其资源的初步调查

大方寺位于淮北平原萄丘陵地带,天然次生林属于暖温带叶阔叶林。由于自然条件复杂,植物种类丰富,木本植物130余种,草本植物100余种;植被类型多种多样,主要群落为：青檀（Pterooeltis tatarinowii）、牡荆（Witex negundo）、华隐子草（Cleistogenes chinensis）群落,栓皮栎（Quercus wvriabilis）、五角枫（Acer mono）、牡荆（Vitex negundo）裂稃草（Schizachyrium brevifolium）群落和黄连木（Pistacia chinensis）、五角枫（Acer mono）、扁担杆（Creuia biloba）、沿阶草（Ophiopogon bodinievi）群落等三种。大方寺植物资源丰富,具有用材经济植物的约60余种,药用植物200余种,香料及密源植物10余种,纤维植物30余种,庭园观赏植物40余种。     

Profiling the secretomes of plant pathogenic Proteobacteria

Secreted proteins are central to the success of plant pathogenic bacteria. They are used by plant pathogens to adhere to and degrade plant cell walls, to suppress plant defence responses, and to deliver bacterial DNA and proteins into the cytoplasm of plant cells. However, experimental investigations into the identity and role of secreted proteins in plant pathogenesis have been hindered by the fact that many of these proteins are only expressed or secreted in planta, that knockout mutations of individual proteins frequently have little or no obvious phenotype, and that some obligate and fastidious plant pathogens remain recalcitrant to genetic manipulation. The availability of genome sequence data for a large number of agriculturally and scientifically important plant pathogens enables us to predict and compare the complete secretomes of these bacteria. In this paper we outline strategies that are currently being used to identify secretion systems and secreted proteins in Proteobacterial plant pathogens and discuss the implications of these analyses for future investigations into the molecular mechanisms of plant pathogenesis.     

Plant-mediated effects in the Brassicaceae on the performance and behaviour of parasitoids

Direct and indirect plant defences are well studied, particularly in the Brassicaceae. Glucosinolates (GS) are secondary plant compounds characteristic in this plant family. They play an important role in defence against herbivores and pathogens. Insect herbivores that are specialists on brassicaceous plant species have evolved adaptations to excrete or detoxify GS. Other insect herbivores may even sequester GS and employ them as defence against their own antagonists, such as predators. Moreover, high levels of GS in the food plants of non-sequestering herbivores can negatively affect the growth and survival of their parasitoids. In addition to allelochemicals, plants produce volatile chemicals when damaged by herbivores. These herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPV) have been demonstrated to play an important role in foraging behaviour of insect parasitoids. In addition, biosynthetic pathways involved in the production of HIPV are being unraveled using the model plant Arabidopsis thialiana. However, the majority of studies investigating the attractiveness of HIPV to parasitoids are based on experiments mainly using crop plant species in which defence traits may have changed through artificial selection. Field studies with both cultivated and wild crucifers, the latter in which defence traits are intact, are necessary to reveal the relative importance of direct and indirect plant defence strategies on parasitoid and plant fitness. Future research should also consider the potential conflict between direct and indirect plant defences when studying the evolution of plant defences against insect herbivory.     

The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems

Microbes are the unseen majority in soil and comprise a large portion of life's genetic diversity. Despite their abundance, the impact of soil microbes on ecosystem processes is still poorly understood. Here we explore the various roles that soil microbes play in terrestrial ecosystems with special emphasis on their contribution to plant productivity and diversity. Soil microbes are important regulators of plant productivity, especially in nutrient poor ecosystems where plant symbionts are responsible for the acquisition of limiting nutrients. Mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria are responsible for c. 5–20% (grassland and savannah) to 80% (temperate and boreal forests) of all nitrogen, and up to 75% of phosphorus, that is acquired by plants annually. Free-living microbes also strongly regulate plant productivity, through the mineralization of, and competition for, nutrients that sustain plant productivity. Soil microbes, including microbial pathogens, are also important regulators of plant community dynamics and plant diversity, determining plant abundance and, in some cases, facilitating invasion by exotic plants. Conservative estimates suggest that c. 20 000 plant species are completely dependent on microbial symbionts for growth and survival pointing to the importance of soil microbes as regulators of plant species richness on Earth. Overall, this review shows that soil microbes must be considered as important drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems.     

香港西贡牛尾海邻近岛屿野生植物资源的初步研究

作者通过野外调查,报道了香港西贡牛尾海邻近岛屿的植被概况和物种多样性。结果表明:该地区共有维管束植物108科254属345种。作者将其植物资源按用途分为10类:药用植物、观赏植物、材用植物、纤维植物、油脂植物、饲用植物、有毒植物、食用植物、鞣料植物和芳香植物,并论述了各类资源植物的主要种类。并对合理开发、利用和保护该地区植物资源提出了建议。