环凯食(饮)具大肠菌群检验纸片检测能力测试研究*

研究以营养琼脂培养基的计数结果为基准,采用由卫生部食检所监制的两种不同厂家生产的食(饮)具大肠菌群检验纸片作为对照,对环凯食(饮)具大肠菌群检验纸片进行了检测能力测试研究。在测试中采用1Ocells/mL,50cells/mL和1OOcells/mL3个不同菌液浓度,环凯纸片的检测结果和营养琼脂平板计数结果基本一致,与其它两种纸片的检测结果无明显差异,完全可以用于食(饮)具大肠菌群的监督检验。     

耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌3种检测方法的实验比较及临床应用

目的 通过对200株临床分离的葡萄球菌耐苯唑西林的检测,比较3种表型检测法的阳性率并对其临床实用性进行评价。方法 采用美国NCCLS 2004年制订的头孢西丁-纸片扩散法、VITEK32微生物鉴定仪检测及苯唑西林盐琼脂法测试mecA介导的葡萄球菌耐药。结果 200株被检测的葡萄球菌中,头孢西丁-纸片扩散法检出耐苯唑西林的阳性率为68％（136／200）;苯唑西林盐琼脂法的阳性率为67．5％（135／200）;VITEK32仪的阳性率为68．5％（137／200）;且耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）的耐药率（86．2％）高于耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（26．23％）。3种检测方法结果经χ^2检测差异无显著性。结论 3种方法操作都简便,但各有优缺点,VITEK32仪器检测葡萄球菌耐笨唑西林费用高,一般小型医院不具备条件;盐琼脂筛选法判读直观,但要掌握好孵育时间;NCCLS2004版的纸片扩散法较经济实用,不仅可检测被检菌是否耐笨唑西林,同时还可获得大环内酯-林可霉素-链阳霉素（MLSB）结果,但是当头孢西丁的判断折点在临界时应当复检,建议与盐琼脂筛选法同步检测。     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对四环素类抗生素药敏试验评价

目的了解琼脂扩散法（K-B法）及肉汤稀释法检测嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的耐药性,了解两种方法的差异及为临床分离的嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌提供药敏结果。方法对28株临床分离嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌进行K-B法及肉汤稀释法检测,了解扩散直径及每株菌的MIC值。结果多西环素、米诺环素对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的药敏结果较好;K-B法及肉汤稀释法所得结果相关性好。结论临床上可以选择多西环素、米诺环素治疗嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染;可以应用K-B法检测嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对四环素类抗生素的药物敏感性。     

300 株鲍曼不动杆菌琼脂稀释法与纸片扩散法药敏检测结果比较

目的:比较琼脂稀释法和纸片扩散法对鲍曼不动杆菌的药敏试验结果。方法:随机挑选的300株鲍曼不动杆菌,检测其标本及科室的分布情况,并采用琼脂稀释法和纸片扩散法检测鲍曼不动杆菌对环丙沙星(CIP)、庆大霉素(CN)、阿米卡星(AK)、头孢他啶(CAZ)、头孢吡肟(FEP)、左氧氟沙星(LEV)、氨苄西林-舒巴坦(SAM)、妥布霉素(TOB)、美洛培南(MEN)、米诺环素(MH)、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦(SCF)11种抗菌药物的敏感性,比较两种检测结果的差异。结果:300株鲍曼不动杆菌主要分布在痰液标本中,共214株,占71.3%,主要来源于ICU 101株(33.7%)及脑外科59株(19.7%)。药敏检测结果显示,两种检测方法所得的SCF和MH的敏感性差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),其他9种抗菌药物的药敏检测结果差异没有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:琼脂稀释法和纸片扩散法对鲍曼不动杆菌药敏试验结果并不完全一致,临床用药时尤其要注意SCF和MH这两种药物药敏结果的可靠性。     

纸片法检测大肠菌群结果判定的实验研究

纸片法检测大肠菌群是用灭菌滤纸吸收选择性培养基,细菌通过滤纸纤维膨胀而被固定生长繁殖,大肠菌群在生长发育时伴随产生琥珀酸脱氢酶将纸片上的TTC（氯化三苯四氮唑）还原成不可逆的甲替产生红色色素,即大肠菌群在纸片上呈红色菌落,菌落周围产生黄圈是大肠菌群分解乳糖产酸使指示剂变色所致。纸片法以它经济、方便、快捷等优点给现场监测带来了极大便利,不但节省了大量人力、物力,     

国家标准测定食品细菌总数培养基的改进研究

应用我国国家标准营养琼脂（GB4789 2－94简称NA）与美国食品药品管理局（FDA）标准平析以（简称SA）两种培养基对动植物食品中细菌总数进行检测对比,结果表明FDA标准平板比GＢ营养琼脂效果较好,前比后的检出率高出２３．９％,且菌落大而明显,为此,对这两种培养基进行优化筛选试验,并优选出Ｃ８培养基,扩大试验结果表明C8培养基的检出率较GB营养琼脂及FDA标准平板分别高出35．8％和9．5％。     

长沙地区临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药监测

目的了解长沙地区临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌（以下简称金葡菌）对常用抗菌药物的耐药现状,探讨金黄色葡萄球菌对甲氧西林的耐药水平。方法收集长沙地区11家医院2009年11月至2010年11月临床分离的非重复金葡菌279株,应用Vitek-2全自动微生物分析系统进行鉴定,K-B法检测金葡菌对24种药物的敏感性,产色头孢菌素试验检测β-内酰胺酶以及D试验检测诱导型克林霉素耐药。应用头孢西丁和苯唑西林纸片扩散法筛查耐甲氧西林的金葡菌（MRSA）,琼脂稀释法检测头孢西丁和苯唑西林的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果在被检测的24种药物中,敏感率〉50%的药物为9种,未发现对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药菌株;耐药率〉50%的抗菌药物有11种,其中以青霉素和氨苄西林的耐药率最高（均为97.1%）。MRSA的分离率达54.5%,且对常用的16种抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）。279株金葡菌中,β-内酰胺酶阳性250株（89.6%）;红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感或中介的30株中,D试验阳性22株（73.3%）。苯唑西林（OXA）和头孢西丁（FOX）MIC范围分别为0.125～〉256μg/mL和2～〉256μg/mL,苯唑西林的MIC50和MIC90分别为128μg/mL和256μg/mL,头孢西丁的MIC50和MIC90分别为64μg/mL和256μg/mL。结论长沙地区临床分离金葡菌对常用抗菌药物呈多重耐药;MRSA不仅分离率高,而且对甲氧西林呈高水平耐药。     

国家标准测定食品细菌总数培养基的改进研究*

应用我国国家标准营养琼脂（ＧＢ４７８９ ２－９４简称ＮＡ）与美国食品药品管理局（ＦＤＡ）标准平板（简称ＳＡ）两种培养基对动植物食品中细菌总数进行检测对比,结果表明ＦＤＡ标准平板比ＧＢ营养琼脂效果较好,前者比后者的检出率高出２３．９％。且菌落大而明显。为此,对这两种培养基进行优化筛选试验,并优选出Ｃ８培养基。扩大试验结果表明Ｃ８培养基的检出率较ＧＢ营养琼脂及ＦＤＡ标准平板分别高出３５．８％和９．５％。     

棘白菌素对氟康唑耐药的念珠菌体外药物敏感性的研究

目的评价3种棘白菌素类药物（卡泊芬净、米卡芬净、阿尼多芬净）体外对氟康唑耐药念珠菌的药物敏感性。方法采用微量液体稀释法和琼脂稀释法测定最小抑制浓度（MIC）。结果微量液体稀释法：59株耐药白念珠菌3种药物MIC50均为0.06μg/mL,米卡芬净、阿尼多芬净的MIC范围均为0.015～0.125μg/mL,卡泊芬净为0.015～0.25μg/mL;8株耐药光滑念珠菌MIC值均为0.063μg/mL。琼脂稀释法：59株耐药白念珠菌和8株耐药光滑念珠菌3种药物MIC值均为0.063μg/mL。结论3种棘白菌素类药物可能具有治疗氟康唑耐药的念珠菌感染的临床价值。     

两种纸片检测耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌结果比较

目的以苯唑西林琼脂筛选法为标准,比较苯唑西林和头孢西丁2种药敏纸片检测耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)结果的准确性和一致性。方法分别用苯唑西林琼脂筛选法,头孢西丁和苯唑西林纸片扩散法检测临床分离的595株葡萄球菌。以琼脂筛选法为标准,计算2种纸片法的敏感性和特异性,比较二者的检测准确率差异是否存在统计学意义。结果金黄色葡萄球菌中,MRSA的检出率为55.97%,两药敏纸片的敏感性和特异性均在97%以上;二者在筛选MRSA的准确率上差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中,MRSCN的检出率为69.68%,两纸片的敏感性均为100.00%,特异性分别为92.86%(头孢西丁)和77.38%(苯唑西林)。二者在检测MRSCN的准确率上差异存在统计学意义(P(0.05)。结论常规工作中,头孢西丁可准确检测所有的MRS,但苯唑西林只能用于检测MRSA,不能检测MRSCN。     

Comparison of Gelman and Millipore Membrane Filters for Enumerating Fecal Coliform Bacteria

Tests of two leading brands of membrane filters used for enumerating fecal coliform bacteria showed that Gelman GN-6 filters recovered statistically more colonies of bacteria than did Millipore HAWG 047SO filters from pure cultures incubated at either 35 C (the optimal growth temperature) or 44.5 C (the standard temperature for the fecal coliform test). Standard membrane filter procedures with M-FC broth base were used to enumerate the organisms. Densities of colonies incubated on Gelman filters at 44.5 C averaged 2.3 times greater than those on Millipore filters. Plate counts of the bacteria at both temperatures indicated that incubation at 44.5 C did not inhibit propagation of fecal coliform bacteria. For the pour plates, M-FC broth base plus 1.5% agar was used. This modified medium compared favorably to plate count agar for enumerating Escherichia coli. At 35 and 44.5 C, colony counts on Gelman filters agreed closely with plate counts prepared concurrently, but Millipore counts were consistently lower than plate counts, especially at 44.5 C. Comparative analyses of river water for fecal coliform bacteria by the membrane filter technique gave results comparable to those for the pure cultures.     

A simple method for counting Staphylococcus aureus in swimming pool water

Staphylococcus aureus counts from swimming pool water were determined by the membrane filtration technique. Water samples were passed through a membrane filter and then put on Baird-Parker media. After incubation, the filters were transferred to nutrient agar, and incubated at 37 degrees C, for 3 h. After removal of the filters, the plates were incubated at 60 degrees C for 2 h. An overlay of toluidine blue agar was added and the plates reincubated for 4 h at 37 degrees C. The formation of thermonuclease correlated with the formation of coagulase, and the results indicated that Staphylococcus aureus could be present in swimming pool water without the presence of either coliform or faecal coliform bacteria.     

Comparison of media for enumeration of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli in non-disinfected water

In this work alternative media for detection and enumeration of E. coli and coliform bacteria were compared to the reference method ISO 9308-1 (LTTC) using non-disinfected water samples with background flora. The alternative media included LES Endo agar medium (LES Endo), Colilert-18 with 51-well Quanti-tray (Colilert), Chromocult Coliform agar (CC), Harlequin E. coli/Coliform medium (HECM) and Chromogenic Escherichia coli/Coliform medium (CECM). A total of 110 samples of groundwater, bathing water and spiked water was used. Our results revealed that confirmation of coliform bacteria counts is necessary, not only on lactose-based LTTC and LES Endo media, but also on the chromogenic agar media tested, due to the growth of oxidase positive colonies. LTTC and CC media also allowed the growth of some morphologically typical coliform colonies containing gram-positive bacteria. The recovery of coliform bacteria was lower on LES Endo than on LTTC. In most cases Colilert, CC, HECM and CECM gave higher coliform counts than LTTC. The use of the LTTC medium led to higher E. coli counts than obtained with any of the alternative mediums. There are three explanations for this: (1) high sensitivity of LTTC, (2) false positives on LTTC or (3) false negatives especially with Colilert, but also with chromogenic agar media. Although LTTC was found to be a very sensitive medium, the high degree of background growth of non-disinfected waters disturbed substantially the use of it. In conclusion, our results suggest that Colilert, CC and CECM are potential alternative media for detection of coliform bacteria and E. coli from non-disinfected water.     

Repair detection procedure for enumeration of fecal coliforms and enterococci from seafoods and marine environments.

The repair detection procedure of Speck et al. (Appl. Microbiol. 29:549-550, 1975) was adapted for the enumeration of coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococci in seafood and environmental samples. Samples were pour plated with Trypticase soy agar, followed by a 1- to 2-h incubation to effect repair; the plates were then overlaid with the selective medium and incubated. Violet red bile agar and an incubation temperature of 45 degrees C were used as the selective conditions for fecal coliforms, and KF streptococcal agar was used for the enumeration of enterococci. The method was more efficient than the standard most-probable-number method for fecal coliform enumeration and also allowed enumeration of the injured cells, which might have remained undetected when selective medium in the most-probable-number method was used. The repair detection method effectively recovered the injured portion of the population of enterococci capable of growing on KF streptococcal agar. The repair enumeration method was not suitable for coliforms in marine samples because associative marine bacteria mimicked coliforms in violet red bile agar plates incubated at 35 degrees C. The marine bacteria did not grow at 45 degrees C and therefore did not interfere with fecal coliform enumeration.     

Repair detection procedure for enumeration of fecal coliforms and enterococci from seafoods and marine environments.

The repair detection procedure of Speck et al. (Appl. Microbiol. 29:549-550, 1975) was adapted for the enumeration of coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococci in seafood and environmental samples. Samples were pour plated with Trypticase soy agar, followed by a 1- to 2-h incubation to effect repair; the plates were then overlaid with the selective medium and incubated. Violet red bile agar and an incubation temperature of 45 degrees C were used as the selective conditions for fecal coliforms, and KF streptococcal agar was used for the enumeration of enterococci. The method was more efficient than the standard most-probable-number method for fecal coliform enumeration and also allowed enumeration of the injured cells, which might have remained undetected when selective medium in the most-probable-number method was used. The repair detection method effectively recovered the injured portion of the population of enterococci capable of growing on KF streptococcal agar. The repair enumeration method was not suitable for coliforms in marine samples because associative marine bacteria mimicked coliforms in violet red bile agar plates incubated at 35 degrees C. The marine bacteria did not grow at 45 degrees C and therefore did not interfere with fecal coliform enumeration.     

Molecular Identification of Aeromonas and Coliform Bacteria Isolated on m Endo Media from Lake Erie Waters

Summary Bacteria from recreational waters collected from two Lake Erie beaches in Dunkirk, New York were plated onto m Endo LES media. The 16S rRNA gene was then amplified from coliform and non-coliform bacteria using the polymerase chain reaction. The PCR products were characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. A total of 8 RFLP groups were identified from the analysis of 920 samples and selected PCR products from each group were sequenced. The DNA sequence analysis indicated that more than half of the bacteria identified as coliforms on the m Endo plates belonged to the genus Aeromonas from the family Aeromonadaceae. Most of the remaining coliforms were from the Enterobacteriaceae. The data indicate that m Endo agar plates allow the growth of non-coliform bacteria, especially Aeromonas species.     

Comparison of methods for determining the numbers and species distribution of coliform bacteria in well water samples

AIMS: Enumeration of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli is the most widely used method in the estimation of hygienic quality of drinking water. The yield of target bacteria and the species composition of different populations of coliform bacteria may depend on the method.Three methods were compared. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three membrane filtration methods were used for the enumeration of coliform bacteria in shallow well waters. The yield of confirmed coliform bacteria was highest on Differential Coliform agar, followed by LES Endo agar. Differential Coliform agar had the highest proportion of typical colonies, of which 74% were confirmed as belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae. Of the typical colonies on Lactose Tergitol 7 TTC agar, 75% were confirmed as Enterobacteriaceae, whereas 92% of typical colonies on LES Endo agar belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae. LES Endo agar yielded many Serratia strains, Lactose Tergitol 7 TTC agar yielded numerous strains of Rahnella aquatilis and Enterobacter, whereas Differential Coliform agar yielded the widest range of species. CONCLUSION: The yield of coliform bacteria varied between methods. Each method compared had a characteristic species distribution of target bacteria and a typical level of interference of non-target bacteria. Identification with routine physiological tests to distinct species was hampered by the slight differences between species. High yield and sufficient selectivity are difficult to achieve simultaneously, especially if the target group is diverse. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results showed that several aspects of method performance should be considered, and that the target group must be distinctly defined to enable method comparisons.     

Quantitative determination of total coliforms and Escherichia coli in marine waters with chromogenic and fluorogenic media

This study compared the performance of LMX(R) broth (LMX), Chromocult Coliform(R) agar (CC) and Chromocult Coliform agar plus cefsulodin (10 microg ml-1) (CC-CFS), with standard methods multiple tube fermentation (MTF), for the enumeration of total coliforms and Escherichia coli from marine recreational waters. LMX and CC are two media designed to concurrently detect total coliform (TC) bacteria and E. coli by the specific action of beta-galactosidase (total coliforms) and beta-glucuronidase (E. coli). Overall results for the TC test showed that LMX, CC and MTF recovered 2.63, 1.95 and 1.90 times as many TCs as CC-CFS, respectively. Data from the multiple range test showed significant differences (P < 0.05) between TC counts on CC-CFS and LMX. The traditional MTF was less sensitive for E. coli enumeration. However, there was no statistically significant differences between LMX, CC, CC-CFS and the MTF method for E. coli enumeration. Background interference was reduced on CC-CFS and the counts obtained reflected more accurately the number of TCs. Therefore, the contribution of beta-galactosidase positive, non coliform bacteria (Aeromonas spp. and Vibrio spp.) to TC counts should not be neglected.     

Factors Affecting Daughter Cells' Arrangement during the Early Bacterial Divisions

On agar plates, daughter cells of Escherichia coli mutually slide and align side-by-side in parallel during the first round of binary fission. This phenomenon has been previously attributed to an elastic material that restricts apparently separated bacteria from being in string. We hypothesize that the interaction between bacteria and the underneath substratum may affect the arrangement of the daughter bacteria. To test this hypothesis, bacterial division on hyaluronic acid (HA) gel, as an alternative substratum, was examined. Consistent with our proposition, the HA gel differs from agar by suppressing the typical side-by-side alignments to a rare population. Examination of bacterial surface molecules that may contribute to the daughter cells'' arrangement yielded an observation that, with disrupted lpp, the E. coli daughter cells increasingly formed non-typical patterns, i.e. neither sliding side-by-side in parallel nor forming elongated strings. Therefore, our results suggest strongly that the early cell patterning is affected by multiple interaction factors. With oscillatory optical tweezers, we further demonstrated that the interaction force decreased in bacteria without Lpp, a result substantiating our notion that the side-by-side sliding phenomenon directly reflects the strength of in-situ interaction between bacteria and substratum.     

双平板对照筛选跟踪分离细菌外排泵抑制剂

建立了细菌外排泵抑制剂的筛选与活性跟踪方法.准备2个平板,一个为普通营养琼脂平板,另一个为舍小蘖碱的普通营养琼脂平板,通过比较两个平板含药纸片周围抑菌圈的直径大小判断筛选结果,方法可靠稳定.筛选发现某霉菌提取物对细菌外排泵有抑制活性,经活性跟踪分离,得到单体化合物,经NMR鉴定为4′,5,7-三羟基异黄酮.方法简便易行,成本低,适宜于对大批样本进行快速筛选并在分离时进行活性跟踪.