黄缘蜾蠃营巢生物学研究

利用人工巢管（Trap-nest）对我国南方林区捕食性天敌昆虫黄缘蜾蠃Anterhynchium flavomarginatum Smith的营巢生物学进行研究,以期更好的保护和利用该蜂对农林害虫的生物防治作用。2021年4月至2022年12月在江西省选取5个典型样地放置人工巢管收集黄缘蜾蠃,野外观察并记录该蜂雌性成虫活动规律的相关数据,并通过室内解剖筑巢巢管对该蜂的巢管进行观察并测量获取巢管结构的相关数据。研究发现黄缘蜾蠃偏爱巢口朝向东南方向的巢箱筑巢,该蜂巢管内部结构由前庭（Vestibular cell）、虫室（Brood cell）和空室（Empty space）等结构组成,也观察记录了巢管内部结构的相关参数和雌蜂的筑巢行为,其中包括巢管长度、内径以及前庭、虫室、空室的数量和长度;而筑巢行为主要包括日平均出巢次数、单次捕食时间、采泥时间、处理猎物的时间以及筑巢时间。每年5月、7月和10月是黄缘蜾蠃营巢最活跃的时期。黄缘蜾蠃的筑巢习性在不同个体之间无明显差异,但后代雌雄发育情况在不同巢管结构中存在差异;雌性成虫个体较雄性大,其幼虫期所需食物更多;该蜂可能会根据虫室大小及储备食物的多少来决定后代的性别分配。     

白斑切叶蜂的生物学特性观察

白斑切叶蜂Megachile strupigera是我国南方野生植物及部分农林作物的有效传粉昆虫之一。本文利用人工巢管完成白斑切叶蜂的野外收集和观察,结合室内人工饲养和相关数据的采集,系统研究了该蜂除成虫外各虫态的形态特征、生活史、筑巢习性和访花行为以及寄生性天敌等相关生物学特性。结果表明:白斑切叶蜂在江西赣州地区1年2代,以滞育状态下的老熟幼虫在虫室中越冬,滞育期约270 d。成虫翌年5月下旬开始出巢活动,主要包括羽化、交配、产卵、筑巢、访花等行为。室内观察和测量发现该蜂的卵近似微弯的长圆柱形,长3.15±0.14 mm。卵期2-3 d;幼虫期6-8 d;蛹期10-12 d。该蜂雄性个体多于雌性个体且同年2代雌雄比有一定的差异。该蜂成虫主要到访黄荆Vites negundo和藤金合欢Acacia sinuate等多种植物。该蜂偏好选择内径在0.614-0.948 cm,长度在8.1-20.1 cm的巢管筑巢。该蜂幼虫期寄生性天敌主要有Melittobia australica和波赤腹蜂Euaspis polynesia。本研究通过对白斑切叶蜂基础生物学进行研究,旨在为该蜂人工管理、驯化、工厂化繁殖等技术提供基础,同时也为制定该蜂保护策略和适宜栖息地环境的构建提供重要理论依据。     

柠条重要害虫四线奇尺蛾天津亚种的形态特征与生物学特性

【目的】明确柠条重要食叶害虫四线奇尺蛾天津亚种Chiasmia saburraria richardsi的生物学特性,为进一步做好害虫防控提供科学依据。【方法】结合野外调查和室内饲养的方法,观察记录了四线奇尺蛾天津亚种的生长发育过程及行为特性。【结果】四线奇尺蛾天津亚种在宁夏地区1年发生2代,世代重叠明显。在8月底开始以蛹在10 cm浅层土内越冬,越冬代成虫次年5月中旬始见,5月下旬第1代卵开始孵化,7月初第一代老熟幼虫开始化蛹,蛹期是10d,7月中旬第2代成虫开始羽化,7月下旬第2代幼虫出现,8月下旬第2代老熟幼虫开始化蛹,越冬蛹期为260 d左右。常见捕食性天敌有蠋蝽、日本弓背蚁和沙泥蜂,寄生性天敌有白僵菌。【结论】四线奇尺蛾天津亚种C.s.richardsi是一种危害柠条的食叶害虫。     

长木蜂的形态和生物学观察

长木蜂Xylocopa tranquebarorum(Swederus)属于多访花性昆虫。本文报道了长木蜂的形态特征、生活史及幼虫和成虫的行为等生物学特性。该蜂在南京地区1年发生1代,以成虫在巢室内越冬。翌年的3月下旬成虫开始外出活动,主要是筑巢、采集粉蜜、酿贮蜂粮和产卵。6月中旬至7月下旬新一代成虫羽化,新羽化的成虫群集在蜜源植物青桐树上补充营养,并在青桐的附近空中婚飞、交配。室内观察长木蜂的卵期9～11d,平均(9.97±0.76)d;幼虫期19～22d,平均(20.30±1.18)d,预蛹期8～9d,平均(8.53±0.51)d,蛹期19～21d,平均(19.67±0.66)d。雌雄比为2.17∶1。雌蜂酿制蜂粮的盛期在5月上旬,采集蜂粮的最佳时期在5月上中旬。该蜂的卵产在块状的蜂粮上,卵长10.06～13.34mm,腊肠形或香蕉形,略弯曲,两端钝圆,头部略窄与尾部,尾部最宽,重(0.0438±0.0122)g。     

大分舌蜂主要生物学特性研究

大分舌蜂Colleles gigas Cockerell是江西、湖南、广东等地油茶Camellia oleifera Abel花期主要传粉昆虫之一,广泛分布于我国南方油茶林区及周边林区。2011-2014年在江西新余等中国南方地区对该蜂的形态特征、生活史、行为等生物学特性进行了观察研究。结果表明:该蜂在我国南方地区1年1代。成虫11月中旬开始出巢活动,雄蜂早于雌蜂5 d左右出现,完成交尾后数日死亡,雄蜂寿命25 d左右,雌蜂约45 d,卵期约9 d。幼虫期35 d左右,幼虫将花粉球消耗完后变成老熟幼虫并进入滞育期,滞育期约230 d。翌年10月中旬开始化蛹,蛹期约35 d。出土后的雌蜂当天就可以交配,交配后的雌蜂在羽化地点附近选址筑巢,采集油茶的花粉和花蜜于虫室中预先做好的玻璃纸状包膜中并制成糊状蜂粮,每个包膜中的蜂粮上产卵1粒,偶有2粒。     

凹唇壁蜂的耐寒性及生殖潜力研究

在滞育期和滞育结束后 (成虫出茧之前 ) ,分别测定凹唇壁蜂越冬成虫的耐寒性 ,结果表明 :滞育期成虫的过冷却点和体液冰点分别为 -2 6 4 8℃和 -2 0 91℃ ,解除滞育后分别为 -1 8 4 0℃和-1 1 78℃。自然条件下 ,凹唇壁蜂在我国北方大部分地区可安全越冬。在筑巢前期 ,对雌蜂的生殖系统解剖观察发现 ,卵巢由 6根卵巢管组成 ,卵母细胞总数平均为 55 9± 4 4 6个 ,卵原区在成虫筑巢期不再产生卵母细胞。     

火红拟孔蜂的生物学特性

首次报道了火红拟孔蜂除雌性成虫以外的各虫态形态特征、生活史、生殖发育及性行为等生物学特性。该蜂在西鄂尔多斯地区一年发生一代。越冬幼虫翌年4月中旬开始化蛹;预蛹约d左右;蛹期约15d。成虫5月上旬陆续羽化出茧;雄蜂早于雌蜂数日出现,雄蜂交尾后不久死去,寿命约为10d左右。雌蜂寿命约30d。卵期约3d左右。老熟幼虫多数在6月中下旬结茧后进入滞育状态,幼虫期长达300d左右。滞育幼虫通过人工控制温度可提前打破滞育或推迟其羽化的时间。     

黑广肩步甲主要生物学特性及卵的有效积温

研究了黑广肩步甲Calosoma maximociczi Morawitz各虫态的主要生物学特性及其卵的发育起点温度与有效积温.在山东地区,该虫1年发生1代,以成虫在土壤中越冬.成虫在5月中旬至10月上旬发生,6月初开始产卵,卵的发育起点温度为14.66℃,有效积温41.7日度,在25℃下卵期平均为3.69±0.25d;幼虫共3龄,历期分别为3d～5d、4d～5d;平均气温28℃下,预蛹期约为8d～14d,蛹期为10d～15d.成、幼虫以多种鳞翅目幼虫为食.     

海拔梯度变化对黄缘蜾蠃筑巢结构及相关生物学特性的影响

黄缘蜾蠃(Anterhynchium flavomarginatum)是一种以鳞翅目幼虫为食的独栖性捕食昆虫,在生态系统中提供了重要的生物防治功能。2018—2019年,在广东车八岭国家级自然保护区通过人工巢穴收集了不同海拔梯度下(332—1007 m)该蜂的筑巢巢管,系统研究了黄缘蜾蠃的筑巢特征(巢管内径、巢室长度、巢室数量)以及该蜂的子代雌雄数和体型大小随海拔梯度的变化趋势。结果表明：海拔主要影响的是黄缘蜾蠃对巢管内径大小的选择,以及对前庭长度的分配,同时,黄缘蜾蠃对巢管内径的选择可以影响到后代性别比,这种策略主要体现在亲本对雌性子代的投资,而不是雄性子代。研究结果表明黄缘蜾蠃在不同海拔梯度下可根据外界环境压力调整其营巢和生殖策略,以提高种群对环境的适应性。     

哈尔滨地区大猿叶虫发育历期与生物学特性

在哈尔滨对白菜上的大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly的生活史和生物学习性进行观察研究。结果表明,大猿叶虫在哈尔滨地区绝大多数个体1年发生1代,少部分个体1年发生2代。主要以成虫入土在2～27cm土层中滞育越冬。越冬成虫翌年4月下旬开始出土活动。第1代发生在5上旬至7月上旬,第2代发生于6月中旬至7月中旬。所有成虫在7月下旬以后均滞育越冬。在25℃条件下,雌虫产卵期为6～55d,平均为30.95d,单雌平均产卵量为454.9粒。在25℃各虫态的发育历期为:卵(4.46±0.33)d,幼虫(8.22±0.26)d,蛹(4.17±0.22)d。各虫态发育起点温度卵为10.80℃,幼虫为10.95℃,蛹为9.79℃;有效积温卵为64.82日.度,幼虫为117.37日.度,蛹为64.36日.度。     

新侵入害虫蔗扁蛾生活史

蔗扁蛾Opogona sacchari (Bojer)是一种新传入我国的危险性外来害虫。在温度25.71±2.71℃和相对湿度(74.95±5.02)%的条件下,完成一个世代需要66～135天,全年约可发生4代。幼虫期是历史时最长的虫态,需要37～75天,共7龄,是该虫的为害虫期。成虫的交配和产卵需要一定的空间,产卵量为253.05±65.18 (n=20) 。     

竹笋禾夜蛾生物学特性及其防治

竹笋禾夜蛾是福建省竹林的主要害虫,该虫在福建一年发生1代,以卵越冬,翌年2月中旬开始孵化,幼虫6龄,幼虫期51—80天,蛹期17—29天。每雌一生产卵84—467粒．成虫寿命6—17天。该虫的综合防治应以林业防治为主,9月份开始林地除草灭虫;3月初以化学农药喷杂革治虫,4月初出笋后对笋喷药2次;成虫羽化盛期点灯诱蛾等坊治措施,可以有效地控制虫害。     

眉斑并脊天牛幼虫龄数及各龄特征

测定头壳宽度室内观察结果表明,眉斑并脊天牛Glenea cantor(Fabricius)幼虫有4龄。1~4龄幼虫的头壳宽度分别为(0.66±0.20),(1.45±0.20),(2.22±0.23),(3.26±0.29)mm。其龄数(Y)与幼虫头壳宽(X)度符合关系式Y=0.2975+1.1606X。在25℃条件下,1~4龄幼虫的平均龄期分别为(5.25±0.60),(4.94±0.58),(5.98±0.63)d和(22.92±1.28)d,整个幼虫期为(39.09±2.14)d。还对眉斑并脊天牛各龄幼虫的形态特征作了描述。     

A host-virus interaction in a pasture habitat: Wiseana spp. (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) and its baculoviruses

Wiseana spp. are lepidopterous, soil-dwelling, pasture pests in New Zealand. Three viruses, Wiseana nuclear polyherosis (WNPV), Wiseana entomopox (WEpox), and Wiseana granulosis virus, have been found to infect this insect. WNPV, and, to a lesser extent WEpox, have been shown to be effective in controlling this pest to subeconomic levels. It has been estimated that 6 infected larvae/4 m² are enough to produce an LD₅₀ of WNPV for Wiseana spp. Provided that stock movement spreads the virus over the soil surface during the early larval instars, the virus maintains itself from one year to the next at a level ensuring high larval mortality. The fact that total insect control is not necessary in this situation means that a residual larval population can exist in equilibrium with virus to give continued virus production.     

双条杉天牛幼虫龄数的划分(鞘翅目:天牛科)

双条杉天牛 Semanotus bifasciatus Motschulsky 是危害我国侧柏 Platycladus orientalis 和圆柏 Sabina chinensis 的重要钻蛀性害虫,其幼虫龄数及最佳分龄指标的确定是进一步研究其生物学特性、发生规律的基础.本研究通过室内木段饲养法获取不同发育阶段的双条...     

中国森林生态系统林冠层降雨截留特征

森林生态系统作为陆地生态系统的主体,其发达的林冠层通过调节降水量、改变降水强度等深刻影响着流域全过程水文通量及水分输出。以中国广泛开展的典型森林降雨再分配过程的年尺度监测数据为基础,揭示中国不同类型森林生态系统的降雨再分配及林冠层降雨截留特征,阐明森林生态系统林冠层截留特征与降雨、植被要素的关系。结果表明:我国不同森林生态系统年穿透雨量处于141.4-2450.0 mm之间,年穿透雨率为36.3%-92.3%。5种典型森林生态系统多年平均穿透雨量((445.3±252.9)-(1230.6±479.6) mm)占同期多年平均降雨量的(72.6±9.2)%-(77.4±8.9)%。不同森林生态系统年树干茎流量介于0-508.2 mm之间,占同期年降雨量的0-25.8%。5种典型森林生态系统树干茎流量多年平均值((9.8±17.3)-(87.8±81.6) mm)占同期多年平均降雨量的(1.4±1.9)%-(5.4±4.6)%。不同森林生态系统林冠层年降雨截留范围在25.7-812.9 mm之间,占年降雨量的4.2%-55.6%。5种典型森林生态系统多年平均林冠截留量((154.2±81.6)-(392.2±203.5) mm)占同期年平均降雨量的(18.7±7.4)%-(25.9±8.3)%。进一步分析表明,我国森林生态系统穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠层截留量随观测区年降雨量的增加而呈显著增大(P<0.05),年穿透雨率、年树干茎流率随年降雨量的增加呈显著线性上升趋势(P<0.05),而年林冠截留率与年降雨量呈显著的负相关关系(P<0.01),降雨量、叶面积指数是深刻影响森林生态系统林冠层降雨截留率等特征的重要因素。整体上,不同类型森林生态系统林冠截留降雨能力存在明显差异,林冠层截留率突出表现为:落叶林大于常绿林、针叶林大于阔叶林。     

Morphological and morphometric aspects of early life stages of piabanha Brycon gouldingi (Characidae)

Adult specimens of piabanha Brycon gouldingi were collected from Rio das Mortes (Mato Grosso, Brazil), adapted to captivity and induced to spawn at Buriti Fisheries (Nova Mutum, MT, Brazil). The early developmental stages of B. gouldingi were then characterized. Samples were collected at pre‐determined times from oocyte extrusion to total yolk absorption. Oocyte diameter, total larval length (L_T) and yolk‐sac volume were measured. The mean ± s.d . duration of embryo developmental of B. gouldingi was 13·90 ± 0·06 h at 26·40 ± 1·13° C. The mean ± s.d . oocyte diameter was 1·13 ± 0·06 mm with 54% of oocytes ranging from 1·11 to 1·20 mm. Seven stages characterized the early developmental phase of this species: zygote, cleavage, morula, blastula, gastrula, histogenesis–organogenesis and hatching, with unique features related to each stage. At hatching, the larvae measured 3·40 ± 0·07 mm, presented an elongated shape with yolk‐sac volume of 0·46 ± 0·08 µl, non‐pigmented eyes and exhibited swimming ability. When the yolk was completely absorbed at 55 h post‐hatch, mean ± larval L_T was 6·68 ± 0·65 mm, the eyes were highly pigmented and the teeth were visible. These are the first reported findings on the initial developmental stages of B. gouldingi and could be used to improve captive breeding management and conservation practices.     

Suppression of Ennomos subsignaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) on Acer pseudoplatanus (Aceraceae) in an urban forest with bole-implanted acephate

Trees in an urban forest are highly valued because they have esthetic appeal, provide shade, and improve air quality. During the past 5 yr (2002-2006) in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, the elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignaria (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), has reached outbreak densities. Each year, hundreds of trees have been completely defoliated, and many more trees have been partially defoliated. Adding to this problem, the larvae, their silk strands, and their frass are a considerable nuisance to property owners in areas of high larval densities. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of three doses of bole-implanted acephate (AceCap 97) for reducing densities and associated defoliation of E. subsignaria on sycamore maple, Acer pseudoplatanus L. (Aceraceae). During the treatment year (2005), all three doses significantly reduced E. subsignaria larval and pupal density; full or two-thirds doses significantly reduced defoliation compared with control trees. During the posttreatment year (2006), bole-implanted acephate did not affect E. subsignaria egg mass density, survival (= adult emergence), or defoliation. Bole-implanted acephate is an effective and practical way of suppressing E. subsignaria densities and herbivory in an urban forest where the protection of high-value trees and the reduction of environmental contamination are of utmost importance.     

Potential non-target effects of Sclerodermus harmandi (Hymenoptera:Bethylidae) on Triaspis sp. (Hymenoptera:Braconidae)

Sclerodermus harmandi (Buysson) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is a generalist parasitoid that has been mass-produced and released for biological control of many agricultural and forest pests in China. However, few studies have examined the potential non-target risks of this parasitoid in targeted agriculture or forest ecosystems. In this study, we demonstrate that S. harmandi successfully attacks Triaspis sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an important native natural enemy of the pine weevil pest Pissodes punctatus Langor et Zhang in Yunnan Province of China. When exposed to older larvae of Triaspis sp. at three different parasitoid-to-host group sizes (1:1, 2:2 and 3:3) with a constant 1:1 parasitoid-to-host ratio, S. harmandi successfully attacked 100%, 75% and 83.3% of the test larvae, respectively. All life stages (egg, larva, pupa and adult) of S. harmandi were observed on Triaspis sp. larvae, indicating that Triaspis sp. are suitable for the completion of S. harmandi development. There were no significant differences in the number of S. harmandi progeny produced among the different parasitoid-to-host exposure treatments. Immature stages of S. harmandi on parasitized Triaspis sp. took 25.4 days to complete their development (the egg stage: 3.6 days, the larval stage: 5.0 days, the pupal stage: 16.5 days). Together, results from our study indicate that mass-releases of S. harmandi for biological control of forest pests in Yunnan Province may adversely affect some valuable non-target insects such as Triaspis sp. We suggest that the potential non-target risk of S. harmandi be considered in future augmentative release biological control programmes against forest pests.     

Temperature-dependent development and demography of Scymnus subvillosus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) reared on Hyalopterus pruni (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The development, survival, and fecundity of Scymnus subvillosus (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were studied at 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C, 60 +/- 5% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h (5,000 lux) under laboratory conditions. The total developmental time from egg hatch to adult eclosion ranged from 22.6 d at 20 degrees C to 10.6 d at 35 degrees C. The developmental rates of the egg stage, the larval stage, and total preadult stage at different temperatures increased linearly with increasing temperature. The thermal summation of the egg stage, the larval stage, and the total preadult stage was 77.5, 145.8 and 300 degree-days (DD), respectively. The developmental threshold of the egg stage, the larval stage, and the total preadult stage was 7.4, 4.1, and 7.1 degrees C, respectively. The life history raw data were analyzed using the age-stage, two-sex life table. The intrinsic rate of increase was 0.0845, 0.1138, 0.1395, and 0.0668 d(-1) at 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C, respectively. The net reproductive rate was highest at 25 degrees C (R0 = 78.7), and lowest at 35 degrees C (R0 = 4.7). The mean generation time was shortest at 35 degrees C (T = 23.9 d). The life table data can be used for the projection of population growth and designing mass rearing programs.