基于灰色关联分析法的公立医院药品价格规制评价

?????? 目的 明确公立医院药品价格规制的失效环节,分析公立医院药价居高不下的原因,为政府应对规制失效提供决策依据。 方法 应用灰色关联分析法对公立医院药品价格规制关键环节进行评价,并针对特定问题运用目的抽样方法对专家进行定性访谈。 结果 公立医院药品价格规制关键环节中,失效程度排序为药品流通规制、药品定价规制、药品价格加成规制、公立医院补偿规制、医疗服务低价规制和医疗保险支付方式规制。结论 需要对公立医院药品价格规制体系进行重构。     

取消药品加成对北京市公立医院用药结构的影响

目的 以全身用抗细菌药品为例,定量评估取消药品加成政策对北京市5家试点三级综合公立医院高价药使用变化的效果。方法 构建以药品限定日剂量为度量单位的高低价药品相互替代的用药结构指数分析体系,建立双重差分模型,对取消药品加成政策对北京市三级综合公立医院高价药使用变化的净效果进行评估。结果 取消药品加成政策实施后,5家试点医院中的1家试点医院对高价药的使用显著减少,且差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,1家试点医院对高价药的使用变化不明显,3家试点医院对高价药的使用显著增加,且差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 取消药品加成政策对北京市5家三级综合公立医院在全身用抗细菌类药品中高价药使用变化的影响效果与不同的医院有关,取消药品加成政策对公立医院减少高价药使用的有效性有待进一步研究。     

湖北省公立医院医护人员薪酬制度调查分析

目的 分析湖北省公立医院医护人员薪酬制度问题,提出解决策略。方法 以湖北省12家公立医院的1 155名医护人员为调查对象,利用描述性统计与χ²检验等方法对数据进行统计分析。结果 湖北省公立医院医护人员薪酬与市场价值背离;半数左右的医护人员认为薪酬制度不科学、不满意当前收入。结论 当前湖北省公立医院医护人员薪酬制度在一定程度上并不科学。     

对完善我国公立医院药品采购机制的建议

目的 为完善公立医院药品集中采购机制提供参考。方法 通过文献分析法和对比分析法总结并分析国内外公立医院药品集中采购模式和基药采购模式特点。结果 国内外不同的药品采购模式在采购目录、采购机构、采购方式、评标方式等方面都存在差异。结论 公立医院药品集中采购办法尚不完善，通过借鉴国际和基本药物采购经验，不断完善机构建设能力，发挥批量优势、实现招采合一，提高市场集中度、建立现代化物流系统等。     

北京某综合医院门诊患者购药行为影响因素调查

?????? 目的 了解患者购药行为及其影响因素。方法 对501名门诊患者进行问卷调查,了解其就诊购药行为,对调查数据进行描述性分析。结果 就诊后97.08%的调查对象选择在医院药房购药,73.33%的患者没有外出购药的意识,认为医院药品质量比零售药店药品好的有43.54%,认为药店药品更便宜的占55.83%。结论 患者的购药习惯、认识水平,医院和药品厂商对处方流动的人为限制,以及现有医疗保险制度不利于处方流动。     

安徽省县级公立医院实施药品零加成现状调查

目的 调查分析安徽省县级公立医院取消药品加成后对患者就医的影响。方法 采用自行设计问卷,以无记名方式对安徽省9家样本医院财务数据和386名患者进行调查,并运用SPSS16.0统计软件对调查结果进行分析。结果 改革后,样本医院药品收入占总收入比值呈现下降趋势,患者药品费用占次均住院费用比例持续降低。结论 县级公立医院药品零加成政策贯彻实施到位,显著减轻了群众的就医负担,但医院同时存在检查费用增长等问题,还需政府实施多种措施多管齐下,保障改革成果。     

深圳市实施药品零加成政策对公立医院住院费用的影响

?????? 目的 评估取消药品加成政策对公立医院住院医疗费用的影响。方法 对4家公立医院实施药品零加成政策 前后住院费用变化情况进行分析。结果 公立医院采取的取消药品加成和提高诊疗费的措施,已经对医疗机构的行为和医疗费用产生了影响。人均住院费用是从第二季的4 830.19元下降到第三季4 613.31元。结论 取消药品加成政策已经成为公立医院改革的一部分,它已经产生积极的影响。但药品加成政策只是医疗费用高昂的一个原因,必须采取综合措施去降低医疗费用。     

基本药物制度实施与乡镇卫生院补偿机制转变

目的 了解乡镇卫生院各项收支及药品补偿状况,探讨基本药物制度实施后,取消药品加成对乡镇卫生院的影响。方法 收集华东三省49家乡镇卫生院财务及药品收支数据,对定量资料进行统计分析。结果 乡镇卫生院主要的补偿渠道依然是药品收入,乡镇卫生院收入增长主要归因于增加药品收入。在财政补助收入大幅增加的情况下,乡镇卫生院对药品收入的依赖程度有所降低。结论 基本药物制度的实施对乡镇卫生院的平稳运行有影响,可采取加强财政补助、建立综合补偿机制、遏制药品价格虚高等措施保证乡镇卫生院在改革中的平稳运行。     

公立医院卫生资源配置和服务利用效率的分析及思考

?????? 目的 了解我国公立医院的卫生资源配置与利用效率情况。方法 运用数据包络分析法(DEA)对6家公立医院2010的投入与产出情况进行分析。结果 2家二级公立医院的效率评价排名优于4家三级医院。结论 加大对基层医疗单位的卫生资源投入力度,加强对三级公立医院卫生资源的整合重组,以提高公立医院的卫生资源配置与利用效率。     

华东某省三级公立医院员工薪酬现状调查

目的 分析华东某省三级公立医院薪酬结构和薪酬水平并提出合理化建议,为公立医院薪酬制度改革和补偿机制改革提供决策依据。方法 以某省58家三级公立医院为研究对象,运用描述性分析、t检验和方差分析等方法,对薪酬结构和薪酬水平进行统计分析。结果 财政补助收入仅占总收入的4%;薪酬支出占总支出的26.6%,无地域差异;医务员工年人均收入9.47万元,存在地域差异;医务员工薪酬水平是非私营单位在岗职工的1.76倍。结论 政府应加大对公立医院的财政补助力度,放宽对医疗行业薪酬总量管控,提升医务员工薪酬水平和社会薪酬地位;公立医院迫切需要建立一套科学、合理的薪酬分配体系。     

Towards sustainability and affordability of expensive cell and gene therapies? Applying a cost-based pricing model to estimate prices for Libmeldy and Zolgensma

Background aimsDrug prices are regarded as one of the most influential factors in determining accessibility and affordability to novel therapies. Cell and gene therapies such as OTL-200 (brand name: Libmeldy) and AVXS-101 (brand name: Zolgensma) with (expected) list prices of 3.0 million EUR and 1.9 million EUR per treatment, respectively, spark a global debate on the affordability of such therapies. The aim of this study was to use a recently published cost-based pricing model to calculate prices for cell and gene therapies, with OTL-200 and AVXS-101 as case study examples.MethodsUsing the pricing model proposed by Uyl-de Groot and Löwenberg, we estimated a price for both therapies. We searched the literature and online public sources to estimate (i) research and development (R&D) expenses adjusted for risk of failure and cost of capital, (ii) the eligible patient population and (iii) costs of drug manufacturing to calculate a base-case price for OTL-200 and AVXS-101. All model input parameters were varied in a stepwise, deterministic sensitivity analysis and scenario analyses to assess their impact on the calculated prices.ResultsPrices for OTL-200 and AVXS-101 were estimated at 1 048 138 EUR and 380 444 EUR per treatment, respectively. In deterministic sensitivity analyses, varying R&D estimates had the greatest impact on the price for OTL-200, whereas for AVXS-101, changes in the profit margin changed the calculated price substantially. Highest prices in scenario analyses were achieved when assuming the lowest number of patients for OTL-200 and highest R&D expenses for AVXS-101. The lowest R&D expenses scenario resulted in lowest prices for either therapy.ConclusionsOur results show that, using the proposed model, prices for both OTL-200 and AVXS-101 lie substantially below the currently (proposed) list prices for both therapies. Nevertheless, the uncertainty of the used model input parameters is considerable, which translates in a wide range of estimated prices. This is mainly because of a lack of transparency from pharmaceutical companies regarding R&D expenses and the costs of drug manufacturing. Simultaneously, the disease indications for both therapies remain heavily understudied in terms of their epidemiological profile. Despite the considerable variation in the estimated prices, our results may support the public debate on value-based and cost-based pricing models, and on “fair” drug prices in general.     

Affordability of commonly prescribed antibiotics in a large tertiary teaching hospital in Ethiopia: a challenge for the national drug policy objective

Objective

In national drug policies of many countries, ensuring availability and affordability of essential medicines is indicated among the major policy objectives. To achieve the objectives, countries with low and middle income compile such medicines into NEMLs. This study aims to determine availability and affordability of commonly prescribed antibiotics at a tertiary hospital in Ethiopia by assessing (in private and public pharmacies) 13 antibiotics constituting DU90% at the hospital.

Results

Availability of the antibiotics in the private and public pharmacies was 92.3% and 98.5%, respectively. Average MPRs for the antibiotics were 4.1 and 2.7, respectively, in the private and public pharmacies. The days’ wages (in median prices) ranged from 0.2 for treating acute diarrhea with doxycycline to 415.8 for treating HAP in public pharmacies. Costs of a single day treatment with antibiotics purchased from the public pharmacies ranged from USD 0.1 for acute diarrhea to USD 29.7 for HAP. For the private pharmacies, the range was from USD 0.1 for toxoplasmosis to USD 54.9 for HAP. This study showed that treatments of commonly diagnosed infectious conditions at TASH remain unaffordable according to the WHO/HAI criteria.

     

Measuring Access to Medicines: A Survey of Prices,Availability and Affordability in Shaanxi Province of China

Objective

To measure the prices and availability of selected medicines in Shaanxi Province after the implementation of new healthcare reform in 2009.

Methods

Data on the prices and availability of 47 medicines were collected from 50 public and 36 private sector medicine outlets in six regions of Shaanxi Province, Western China using a standardized methodology developed by the World Health Organization and Health Action International from September to October 2010. Medicine prices were compared with international reference prices to obtain a median price ratio. Affordability was measured as the number of days’ wages required for the lowest-paid unskilled government worker to purchase standard treatments for common conditions.

Findings

The mean availabilities of originator brands and lowest-priced generics were 8.9% and 26.5% in the public sector, and 18.1% and 43.6% in the private sector, respectively. The public sector procured generics and originator brands at median price ratios of 0.75 and 8.49, respectively, while patients paid 0.97 and 10.16. Final patient prices for lowest-priced generics and originator brands in the private sector were about 1.53 and 8.36 times their international retail prices, respectively. Public sector vendors applied high markups of 30.4% to generics, and 19.6% to originator brands. In the private sector, originator brands cost 390.7% more, on average, than their generic equivalents. Generic medicines were priced 17.3% higher in the private sector than the public sector. The lowest-paid government worker would need 0.1 day’s wages to purchase captopril for lowest-priced generics from private sector, while 6.6 days’ wages for losartan. For originator brands, the costs rise to 1.2 days’ wages for salbutamol inhaler and 15.6 days’ wages for omeprazole.

Conclusions

The prices, availability and affordability of medicines in China should be improved to ensure equitable access to basic medical treatments, especially for the poor. This requires multi-faceted interventions, as well as the review and refocusing of policies, regulations and educational interventions.     

甘肃省某县级医院基本药物政策实施效果研究

目的 了解甘肃省某县级医院基本药物政策实施过程中存在的问题及实施的效果。方法 对甘肃省永昌县人民医院院长进行结构化访谈,对2009年12月和2012年12月该医院的用药记录进行调查,对2009年、2012年该医院的统计报表进行调查。结果 基本药物采购及配送过程中存在问题,招标监督管理存在缺陷;基本药物的价格有所降低,非基本药物的价格明显升高;医院发展正常,以药养医的现象仍然很严重。结论 甘肃省县级医院基本药物政策需要进一步完善。     

Understanding the Role of Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets in Tanzania’s Health System

IntroductionPeople in many low-income countries access medicines from retail drug shops. In Tanzania, a public-private partnership launched in 2003 used an accreditation approach to improve access to quality medicines and pharmaceutical services in underserved areas. The government scaled up the accredited drug dispensing outlet (ADDO) program nationally, with over 9,000 shops now accredited. This study assessed the relationships between community members and their sources of health care and medicines, particularly antimicrobials, with a specific focus on the role ADDOs play in the health care system.MethodsUsing mixed methods, we collected data in four regions. We surveyed 1,185 households and audited 96 ADDOs and 84 public/nongovernmental health facilities using a list of 17 tracer drugs. To determine practices in health facilities, we interviewed 1,365 exiting patients. To assess dispensing practices, mystery shoppers visited 306 ADDOs presenting one of three scenarios (102 each) about a child’s respiratory symptoms.ConclusionADDOs are the principal source of medicines in Tanzania and an important part of a multi-faceted health care system. Poor prescribing in health facilities, poor dispensing at ADDOs, and inappropriate patient demand continue to contribute to inappropriate medicines use. Therefore, while accreditation has attempted to address the quality of pharmaceutical services in private sector drug outlets, efforts to improve access to and use of medicines in Tanzania need to target ADDOs, public/nongovernmental health facilities, and the public to be effective.     

北京市公立医院管理人员职业化培训需求调查

目的 了解北京市公立医院管理人员的职业化需求,为设置针对性的培训课程体系提供依据。方法 按照分层整群抽样的方法,从北京市10家公立医院中抽取628名管理人员,发放自编“北京市公立医院管理人员职业化培训调查问卷”。结果 （1）调查对象中87.10%认为医院管理人员应从“医学专家型”向“医院管理型”转变, 51.59%表示不愿意全职从事管理工作;（2）医院管理人员有97.13%表示愿意参加管理培训课程,并对培训课程的内容、形式、时间、师资等提出了具体化的要求。结论（1）北京市公立医院管理人员具备职业化意识但职业化意愿不强,应建立完善的长效激励机制以增加管理岗位的吸引力;（2）北京市公立医院管理人员参加管理职业化培训的需求较强,应设置针对性的培训课程体系来提高其管理水平。

     

政府补偿与监管机制改革对公立医疗机构公共卫生及公益性服务的影响分析

目的 分析上海市闵行区政府补偿与监管机制改革对公立医疗卫生机构的公共卫生和公益性服务状况的影响。方法 收集2008—2012年闵行区12家社区卫生服务中心的公共卫生服务和公益性服务,以及3家综合性医院的公益性服务的指标数据,并将部分指标与上海市同期的平均水平进行比较分析。结果 改革后,闵行区社区卫生服务中心公共卫生服务能力显著提升,服务质量保持在较高水平,服务效率也有所改进,公共卫生服务数量明显优于上海市平均水平。结论 闵行区政府补偿与监管机制改革对公立医疗卫生机构的公共卫生和公益性服务的提供有积极的影响,但未来需要关注对公益性服务的激励和补偿,尤其是补偿机制和标准更为明确和细化。