D-乳酸在微孔超高交联树脂HD-01上的吸附热力学及动力学

对D-乳酸在微孔超高交联树脂HD-01上的吸附热力学和动力学进行研究。考察p H对D-乳酸吸附的影响,D-乳酸的吸附量随p H的升高而降低,最佳p H为2.1。采用静态吸附法测定温度293.15、313.15和333.15 K下D-乳酸的吸附等温线,并采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线方程对实验数据进行拟合,其中Freundlich方程的拟合效果较好,相关系数R20.99。树脂HD-01对D-乳酸的吸附量为0.146 5 g/g(ρe=102 g/L,333.15 K),比大孔吸附树脂Amberlite XAD1600高出11%。计算得到的吉布斯自由能变ΔG和等量吸附焓变ΔH均小于零,说明D-乳酸在HD-01上的吸附是自发进行的放热过程。测定了不同温度下D-乳酸在树脂上的吸附动力学,实验结果表明,吸附动力学曲线符合准一阶速率方程。D-乳酸在树脂上的传质速率随温度的升高而增大,293.15 K达到吸附平衡只需10 min。     

小球藻对水溶液中Zn2+、Cd2+的吸附

对小球藻生物吸附Zn^2 ,Cd^2 的影响因素进行了研究,发现小球藻对Zn^2 ,Cd^2 的生物吸附主要经历了快速的物理吸附和缓慢的化学吸附两个步骤;pH值是影响Zn^2 ,Cd^2 生物吸附的一个重要因素,pH值为6-7时,小球藻对Zn^2 ,Cd^2 的去除率较高,在实验条件下去除率可达87%以上;研究还表明,小球藻干粉比新鲜藻能富集更多的Zn^2 ,Cd^2 。用Freundlich方程模拟吸附等温线,拟合良好。     

铅离子的生物吸附动力学及吸附热力学研究

目的：研究非活性深红酵母（Rhodotorula rubra）对重金属离子Pb^2＋的生物吸附热力学和动力学特性。方法：采用恒温摇床振荡吸附的实验方法,研究Pb^2＋生物吸附的动力学和热力学,并以适当的数学模型对实验数据进行拟合;对吸附前后的酵母进行红外光谱及X射线光电子能谱分析。结果：在20℃～45℃温度范围内,吸附5min时即达到了饱和吸附量的80%以上,2h左右达到平衡;深红酵母对Pb^2＋的生物吸附过程适宜用Elovich方程来描述;由二级动力学方程计算的生物吸附活化能为21.56kJ/mol;生物吸附平衡可用Langmuir等温式、Freundlich等温式及Dubinin-Radushkevich等温式来描述,拟合相关系数均接近0.99;Langmuir方程计算所得ΔH^0为13.93kJ/mol。结论：深红酵母对Pb^2＋的生物吸附是非均相的扩散过程,由快速吸附和慢速吸附两个阶段组成,以物理吸附为主,并伴随有化学吸附。     

D-101大孔吸附树脂吸附构树叶总黄酮的研究

本论文通过研究大孔树脂对构树叶黄酮吸附过程中动力学与热力学的变化,寻找大孔吸附树脂对该体系吸附能力的规律。结果表明,大孔吸附树脂对构树叶黄酮的吸附在9 h后达到平衡,且吸附过程符合二级动力学方程;不同温度下该大孔吸附树脂对构树叶黄酮的吸附等温线采用Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程进行拟合,结果与Freundlich等温吸附模型拟合度较高,说明该吸附为优惠吸附,同时吸附焓变ΔH0、吸附自由能ΔG0、吸附熵变ΔS0,说明大孔吸附树脂对构树叶黄酮的吸附过程是放热的,该吸附过程为自发不可逆过程,且吸附有明显的物理吸附特性。     

阳离子交换树脂对甜菜碱的吸附特性研究

目的：阐明阳离子交换树脂吸附甜菜碱的机理和特性,获得从甜菜废糖蜜中提取分离甜菜碱的工艺路线。方法：采用雷氏盐比色法测定甜菜碱含量,根据吸附等温线的图形拟合方程。结果：阳离子交换树脂吸附甜菜碱是指数型的吸附等温线类型,并且可以与Freundlich方程很好地拟合。采用阳离子交换树脂从废糖蜜中分离甜菜碱,树脂动态吸附量最大为40mg/ml,吸附流速为40ml/min,盐酸洗脱浓度为1.5mol/L,洗脱速度为30ml/min进行解吸时,解吸率为33%,甜菜碱提取率为58%。结论：阳离子交换树脂吸附甜菜碱的特性为从废糖蜜中提取分离甜菜碱提供了理论依据,使工艺操作简单、易行。     

茶树根细胞壁对铅的吸附作用

以提取的水培茶树龙井43根细胞壁为供试材料,研究了茶树根细胞壁对Pb的吸附作用.结果表明:酸性条件下茶树根细胞壁对Pb的吸附量随着吸附液初始pH值的升高而增大,当初始pH值在2.0~4.5时Pb吸附量快速上升.在吸附液初始pH值为4.5的条件下,当吸附达到平衡时,随着吸附液Pb浓度的提高,茶树根细胞壁对Pb的吸附量增大,其吸附行为更适合用Freundlich吸附模型拟合.当达到吸附平衡时,根细胞壁的Pb吸附总量为9.7mg·g-1,当吸附时间达到320 min时根细胞壁对Pb的吸附量可以达到平衡吸附量的90%,从解吸动力学曲线来看,在60 min时Pb的解吸量可以达到平衡解吸量的50%,吸附、解吸动力学方程更适合用二级速率方程描述.根细胞壁分别经酯化、果胶酶改性、氨基甲基化改性处理后,其对Pb的累积吸附量与未改性处理相比分别降低了51.1%、41.3%和10.8%,表明根细胞壁上的-COOH、半乳糖醛酸多聚物果胶质及-NH2在一定程度上参与了Pb在茶树根细胞壁上的吸附.     

离子交换吸附L-瓜氨酸的热力学和动力学

研究不同树脂对L-瓜氨酸的吸附能力,发现D001树脂对L-瓜氨酸的吸附效果最好。采用静态吸附法研究L-瓜氨酸在D001型阳离子交换树脂上的热力学和动力学特性,考察不同温度、pH和溶液初始浓度对离子交换过程的影响。结果表明:L-瓜氨酸在D001型阳离子交换树脂上的吸附等温线符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程,其中,Langmuir吸附方程能更好地描述该过程。吸附过程焓变ΔH=-45.01 k J/mol(0),说明该吸附过程放热。树脂对L-瓜氨酸的吸附过程速度控制步骤为颗粒扩散。随着温度升高,树脂的最大平衡吸附量减小;当pH=6时,树脂达到最大吸附量135.5 mg/g;L-瓜氨酸溶液初始质量浓度为8 g/L时,扩散系数达到最大,为8.53×10-3,吸附速率最快。     

镉在黑土和棕壤中吸附行为比较研究

比较研究了重金属镉在黑土和棕壤中的吸附热力学和动力学行为.结果表明,在实验设定的浓度范围内,黑土和棕壤对Cd²⁺吸附量随溶液中Cd²⁺浓度的增加而增加.黑土对Cd²⁺的吸附固定能力明显强于棕壤.在平衡液浓度为20 mg·kg^-1时,黑土对Cd²⁺的吸附量为1 485.2 mg·kg^-1、棕壤为700.6 mg·kg^-1.两种土壤对Cd²⁺的吸附等温线与Langmuir、Freundlich和Henry方程均有较好的拟合性,而Temkin方程不适合用来描述Cd²⁺在两种土壤中的等温吸附.根据Langmuir的拟合结果,Cd²⁺在黑土和棕壤中的最大吸附量分别可达5 939.3和2 790 mg·kg^-1.黑土较高的吸附能力与其高的有机质含量和粘粒含量有关.黑土和棕壤中Cd²⁺的吸附是一个快速反应过程,2 min内能达到平衡吸附量的90%,15～30 min左右达到吸附平衡.一级动力学方程是拟合Cd²⁺在黑土和棕壤中吸附动力学过程的最优方程,其次为Elovich方程和双常数方程.随着初始浓度的增加,Cd²⁺在土壤中的吸附速率也不断增大.随着吸附量的增大和反应时间的延长,吸附速率不断下降.在较低的初始浓度下,Cd²⁺在黑土中的下降趋势要快于棕壤.     

小分子有机酸对恒电荷土壤胶体Pb2+吸附-解吸的影响

供试土壤胶体对Pb2 + 吸附及吸附态Pb2 + 的解吸等温线均符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温式 .吸附常数Ka 值大小为土娄土 >黄绵土 >黑垆土 >黄褐土 ,其大小次序与表面总电荷密度σ0 大小一致 ,表明了各土壤胶体对Pb2 + 吸附强度的大小 .在小分子有机酸作用下 ,吸附量降低 ,吸附亲和力增加 ,柠檬酸的影响大于草酸的影响 ;解吸后残留Pb2 + 吸附常数Kd 值的大小基本为土娄土 >黄褐土 >黑垆土 >黄绵土 ,反映了解吸残留Pb2 + 吸附强度的大小 ,与各土壤胶体有机质和游离氧化铁含量有关 .在NaNO3 和草酸溶液中 ,吸附 解吸等温线相距较远 ,吸附 解吸之间存在着滞后性 ;在柠檬酸作用下 ,吸附 解吸等温线基本接近 ,二者之间具有一定的可逆性 .     

吸附树脂分离蛹虫草发酵液中虫草素

采用吸附法替代离子交换法从蛹虫草发酵液中分离虫草素.首先从5种具有不同孔结构的吸附树脂中筛选出一种吸附容量高(29 mg/g)、容易再生的树脂KA-I,随后在pH为5.0时,在25、40和60℃条件下,测定虫草素在KA-Ⅰ上的静态吸附容量,其吸附容量随温度的升高而降低,吸附过程符合Freundlich模型(R2＞0.9...     

Further studies on the effect of aldosterone on electrical resistance of toad bladder

The fall in transepithelial electrical resistance which accompanies aldosterone stimulation of short-circuit current ($\text{I}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>sc</mtext>}}$) in toad urinary bladder has been studied further to evaluate the possible causal role of this response in hormonal stimulation of Na⁺ transport. A steady-state change in tissue conductance was found to depend upon both the simultaneous stimulation of transport by the steroid and the metabolic state of the tissue. Changes in metabolic state alone did not alter resistance. A sustained increase in Na⁺ transport, dependent on pretreatment with aldosterone and elicited by addition of glucose, could be obtained without a sustained decrease in resistance. Amiloride, an inhibitor of Na⁺ uptake, produced changes in $\text{I}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>sc</mtext>}}$ that were linearly correlated with its effects on tissue conductance. On the basis of the $\text{conductance}\text{-I}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>sc</mtext>}}$ relationship with amiloride, the $\text{I}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>sc</mtext>}}$ response to aldosterone was about two-fold higher than would be predicted from its effects on conductance alone. Despite the apparent lack of a simple quantitative dependence of the change in $\text{I}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>sc</mtext>}}$ on the change in conductance when the response is fully developed, the results suggest that conductance changes may mediate the initial or early stage of the response.     

Multi-state epidemic processes on complex networks

Infectious diseases are practically represented by models with multiple states and complex transition rules corresponding to, for example, birth, death, infection, recovery, disease progression, and quarantine. In addition, networks underlying infection events are often much more complex than described by meanfield equations or regular lattices. In models with simple transition rules such as the SIS and SIR models, heterogeneous contact rates are known to decrease epidemic thresholds. We analyse steady states of various multi-state disease propagation models with heterogeneous contact rates. In many models, heterogeneity simply decreases epidemic thresholds. However, in models with competing pathogens and mutation, coexistence of different pathogens for small infection rates requires network-independent conditions in addition to heterogeneity in contact rates. Furthermore, models without spontaneous neighbor-independent state transitions, such as cyclically competing species, do not show heterogeneity effects.     

The effect of estradiol on isolated rat uterine motility and on prostaglandin generation

The motility of isolated uterine horns as well as the generation of PGE and PGF like material by the uterus from estrus and spayed rats, treated or untreated with 17-beta estradicl, were studied. Following 40 minutes of mounting the spontaneous motility of uteri from estrus rats had a lower magnitude than that from spayed ones. The amount of PGF-like material was similar in both groups whereas the first one liberated less PGE-like substance. In spayed animals treated with 1 μg of 17-beta estradiol the decay of spontaneous contractile force was higher than that observed in untreated rats, and similar to that displayed by uteri from estrus. Less PGE-like material was liberated in comparison with spayed animals and a tendency to produce higher quantity of PGF-like compounds was observed, although the level was not significantly different. With 50 μg of 17-beta estradiol the spontaneous reduction of contractile activity was higher than in spayed animals and than in those treated with 1 μg. The amount of PGF-like material liberated was higher than in spayed rats and less PGE-like substance was generated comparing with spayed and 1 μg-treated animals. These findings show that estradiol decreases the release of PGE-like compound. It would also appear that this may have some relationship with the levels of spontaneous contractile activity of the isolated rat uterus.     

Man's impact on a newly formed reservoir

A newly formed reservoir in the southwestern part of the United States was analyzed for man's impact on the eutrophication of the impoundment. The analysis of the ¹⁴C net productivity (mg ¹²C/m² per day) indicated that the area studied was naturally eutrophic. Significant differences in net production were observed among the sites, as the area where man's recreational activities are highly concentrated had a significantly higher production rate than the other sites investigated. Mean monthly estimate of production for all the sites, and monthly and yearly estimates for the area studied are also included.     

关于兰科若干亚族的分类问题

本文对兰科中9个亚族的分类问题进行了探讨,并发表了5个新亚族：宽距兰亚族Subtrib Yoaniinae、肉药兰亚族Subtrib．Sterosandrinae、紫茎兰亚族Subtrib．Risleyinae、坛花兰亚族Subtrib．A- canthephippiinae和筒瓣兰亚族Subtrib．Anthegoiinae。     

两种过路黄的核型研究

对国产报春花科珍珠菜属植物过路黄和疏节过路黄的核型进行了首次报道。过路黄染色体数目为２ｎ＝２４,核型公式为２ｎ＝２４＝２ｍ＋４ｓｍ＋６ｓｔ＋１２ｔ,核型类型“３Ａ”;疏节过路黄染色体数目为２ｎ＝２２,核型公式为２ｎ＝２２＝４ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋１０ｔ,核型类型“３Ａ”。     

自分泌生长因子对早期胚胎体外发育的影响(简报)

生长因子(Growth Factors,GFs)对于调节哺乳动物胚胎的早期发育和分化起着重要作用,这些GFs存在于雌性生殖道,也可由胚胎自身合成。正是由于这种自分泌GFs的存在,使我们可以通过改变胚胎培养密度或添加外源性GFs来定性或定量研究GFs对胚胎发育和分化的影响,对于了解GFs在分子水平上的作用途径和机制有着重要的意义。     

The effect of acid pH and citrate on the release and exchange of iron on rat transferrin

The effect of acid pH and citrate on the exchange of iron between binding sites of rat transferrin has been studied. In the absence of citrate, diferric transferrin shows stepwise loss of iron atoms with the first atom of iron released at approximately pH 5.2. Citrate at physiologic concentrations (1 · 10^?3 M) or greater allows random iron removal at pH 6.5 or less. Iron dissociation from monoferric transferrin at acid pH, with or without citrate, is a random process. At pH 7.4, randomization of iron on transferrin takes from 3 to 6 h in the presence of millimolar concentrations of citrate. We conclude that at acid pH and in the presence of citrate concentrations likely to occur in vivo in the rat there is little scrambling of iron bound to transferrin.     

甘肃锦鸡儿（Caragana kansuensis Pojark.）及其易混种的分类学探讨

对甘肃锦鸡儿（Caragana kansuensis Pojark.）及其易混种进行了探讨,认为甘肃锦鸡儿与短脚锦鸡儿（C.brachypoda Pojark.）是两个不同的物种。在陕西北部、山西西北部等地被鉴定为甘肃锦鸡儿的类群,实为错误鉴定,其与甘蒙锦鸡儿（C.opulens Kom.）相近,区别在于前者小叶较狭,两面被毛较密,背面干后常发红色,也与白毛锦鸡儿(C.licentiana Hand.-Mazz.)相近,区别在于前者叶柄较长,小叶较长而狭,荚果近光滑。同意赵一之教授的观点,将其作为C.opulens的一个变异类型处理,发表新变种狭叶甘蒙锦鸡儿（C.opulens Kom. var. angustifolia Y. Z. Zhao ex Zhao. Y. Chang et F. C. Shi）。