Lm, a new blood group factor of the L system in pigs

A new blood group factor was found and designated Lm. Its genetic classification widens the so far known allele L^agi to L^agim.     

Further contribution to the H blood group system in pigs

The haemolytic reagent allowing direct serological detection of He homozygous pigs was obtained by the immunization of a Landrace sow. Another monospecific reagent prepared from immune serum of a Miniature pig made possible the evidence for a new factor of the H system - He. This factor is genetically controlled by the allele H ^be. Its frequency in Miniature pigs was 0.099.
The H system with alleles H ¹=H^a, H²= H^b, H³= H^ab, H⁴=H^cd, H⁵= H^bd, H⁶=H^be and H⁷= H- continues to be a genetically open system.     

Further studies on the E blood group system in pigs

The blood group system E in pigs is similar to the B system in cattle, one of the most complicated of the hitherto known blood group systems.
Studies of Andresen (1957), Saison (1958), Andresen & Wroblewski (1959), Andresen et al. (1959), Andresen (1962, 1965), Rasmusen (1965), Hojný et al. (1966), Dinklage et al. (1966), Dinklage & Major (1968), Hradecký & Hojný (1972), Hojný & Hradeck (1972, 1973) lead to the determination of the various E alleles.
This report presents information of a new blood group factor E_p in pigs.     

Molecular characterization of the human ABO blood group orthologus system in pigs

The selection and use of animals with blood group 0 in the process of transplanting pig organs or tissues into humans can positively contribute to the control of acute immune rejection due to differences in blood groups. Exon-specific PCRs for the porcine blood group A transferase gene against genomic DNA from either blood group A or 0 animals resulted in the amplification failure of the A0 blood group gene exon 8 from blood group 0 animals. To characterize the genetic abnormality in the genome of blood group 0 animals, we screened bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones from a Korean native pig BAC library which had the blood group 0 allele, and carried out shotgun sequencing. The analysis showed that the 0 allele has a large deletion between exon 7 of the A0 blood group gene and the neighbouring SURF6. We also showed that the ABO blood group antigens in humans and the A0 blood group antigens in pigs are coded by mutations within the orthologous glycosyltransferase gene. In addition, we developed a multiplex genotyping method for the porcine A0 blood group gene.     

The D blood group system of the horse1

Three new horse blood group factors designated E₂, E' and Y were described. Evidence was presented that these three factors as well as the factors D, J and E₁ known before, belong to the D system established by Stormont & Suzuki (1964). That system was thus extended from being a two factor, three allele system, to the most complex system known in the horse so far. It was demonstrated that the D system is closed through the factors E₂ and E'. However a few exceptions to that rule were encountered. A minimum of 10 alleles, two of which were extremely rare seemed to control the system. Frequencies of the factors and the genes of the system were given for the Swedish Trotter breed and the North-Swedish Horse breed.     

Isoimmune anti-A blood group reagents in pigs

Immunization or reimmunization of A-negative pigs with red blood cells (RBC) from A-positive donors yielded anti-A antibodies reacting in high titres with pheno-type A(Ac) RBC and, in some cases, in low dilutions, with phenotype Aw(Ap) RBC also. An attempt to raise the anti-A level by immunization with saliva which contained A substance was likewise successful.
Repeated immunization of A-negative recipients with the RBC of A-positive donors (compatible in all other factors), with the aid of adjuvant, is recommended as the best way of obtaining Aw typing reagents.     

Mm, a new factor in the porcine M blood group system

By means of a new antiserum, Mm, the Mae phenotype can be shown to be controlled by the Maem allele, the Mef phenotype by either the original Mef or a new Mefm allele, and the Mbe(f) phenotype by the Mbe(f)m allele. The complexity of the porcine M system is now extended to 13 internationally recognized blood group factors controlled by at least 19 alleles.     

Isoimmune anti-A blood group reagents in pigs.

Immunization or reimmunization of A-negative pigs with red blood cells (RBC) from A-positive donors yielded anti-A antibodies reacting in high titres with phenotype A(Ac) RBC and, in some cases, in low dilutions, with phenotype Aw(Ap) RBC also. An attempt to raise the anti-A level by immunization with saliva which contained A substance was likewise successful. Repeated immunization of A-negative recipients with the RBC of A-positive donors (compatible in all other factors), with the aid of adjuvant, is recommended as the best way of obtaining Aw typing reagents.     

The time of appearance of blood group antigens in miniature pigs

Erythrocytes of foetuses and piglets of miniature pigs of different age were tested with 50 to 55 blood group reagents of 15 genetic systems. Out of 49 blood factors found to be present in parent animals, 40 were present in 34–46-day-old foetuses. Factor Kb was detected in 66-day-old foetuses, and other factors of the K system (Ka, Kc, Kd and Ke) at 77 days of age. Factor A was demonstrated in one day old piglets, factor 0 not earlier than in piglets aged 13 to 24 days.     

On the bovine F blood group system

The F system of three Danish cattle breeds as determined by four specific anti-sera is described. In the Jersey breed three alleles are recognised. In the Danish cattle breeds there was no indication of a null allele. However, the phenotypes observed in zebu cattle by means of four reagents suggest the presence of at least six alleles in the bovine F system. Furthermore, the data show that the factors V₁ and V₂ do not form a linear subtype system in all cattle breeds.     

The inheritance of blood groups in the blood group system B in cattle

The mode of inheritance of blood groups in man and animals has been a matter of discussion as long as investigations in this field have been performed.A series of aberrations from the usual transmission of genes controlling the blood groups of the system B of cattle is presented. These data offer a contribution to the assumption that the blood groups are controlled by linked genes.On leave from the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo, Egypt, U.A.R.