The Use of RAPD Markers to Assess Catfish Hybridization

Taiwan's endemic catfish Clarias fuscus is gradually disappearing from its native habitat, and has been proposed for genebank preservation. Environmental pressures, including exotic species interference and habitat destruction, as well as possible competitive advantages of the hybrids over this species. In order to quickly and effectively provide a reliable DNA fingerprint for the pure strain of C. fuscus we used RAPD markers to assess C. fuscus, C. mossambicus, and C.batrachus. Of the 200 primers screened to prime PCR amplification of DNA from wild-caught C. fuscus, 16 yielded reproducible DNA bands. Unique RAPD markers generated from 3 PCR primers (#211, #245 and #287) are shown to be alleles present in the genomes of C. mossambicus but absent in the genome of C. fuscus. Hybrids of C. fuscus and C. mossambicus, therefore, could possibly be distinguished by the use of these specific molecular markers. Catfish caught from the Mingder Dam were then cautiously removed from the preserved stock because of the appearance of hybrid markers in their genomes.     

Seasonality in Dietary Shifts in Size-Structured Freshwater Fish Assemblages in Three Reservoirs of Sri Lanka

We studied seasonal changes in feeding habits of size-structured fish assemblages in three freshwater reservoirs in Sri Lanka. We obtained fish samples for diet analysis from three reservoirs during the months of rising water level (RIWL) and receding water level (REWL). During RIWL, peripheral areas with terrestrial/semi-terrestrial macrophytes get inundated, which resulted in increased food availability for macrophyte feeding fish. During REWL, detrital food sources increase due to decaying terrestrial plant material, which has inundated. Based on the dietary habits of individual species in the three reservoirs during RIWL and REWL, it is evident that detritivorous and phytoplanktivorous fish species, which belong to low trophic levels do not show significant variation in dietary habits between the two seasons (e.g. Oreochromis mossambicus, Oreochromis niloticus and Amblypharyngodon melettinus). Stenophagous species such as benthic invertebrate predators (Puntius chola and Puntius dorsalis), macrophytophagous species (Etroplus suratensis and Tilapia rendalli) and zooplanktivorous Hemirhamphus limbatus do not exhibit significant variation in dietary habits between seasons. Also their feeding habits do not vary with body size. Euryphagous species such as Puntius filamentosus on the other hand, exhibit variations in dietary habits between seasons as well as with body size. Stenophagous species, which feed on detritus and phytoplankton and euryphagous species, which exhibit temporal dietary plasticity, are therefore abundant in fish assemblages of these reservoirs.     

Trophic interrelationships between the exotic Nile tilapia, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis niloticus</Emphasis> and indigenous tilapiine cichlids in a subtropical African river system (Limpopo River,South Africa)

The stable isotope ratio and seasonal changes in diet of two indigenous (Oreochromis mossambicus, Tilapia rendalli) and one exotic (Oreochromis niloticus) tilapiine cichlids in the subtropical Limpopo River, South Africa were investigated to determine patterns of resource partitioning. Stomach contents of O. niloticus and O. mossambicus indicated high dietary overlap across size class, habitat and season, with both species primarily feeding on vegetative detritus. However, stable isotope analysis revealed that the two Oreochromis species had different stable isotope ratios derived from different food sources. The relatively δ¹³C-depleted O. niloticus indicates a phytoplankton-based diet, while the δ¹³C-enriched O. mossambicus indicates a macrophagous diet dominated by vegetative detritus and periphyton. The high similarity in stomach contents and the interspecific differences in isotopic composition reveal fine-scale patterns of food resource partitioning that could be achieved through selective feeding. Tilapia rendalli was largely macrophagous and fed mainly on aquatic macrophytes and had a low dietary overlap with both O. niloticus and O. mossambicus. In the Limpopo River, detritus and algae are probably the most abundant food resources and the causal factors responsible for the observed patterns of resource partitioning among the tilapiines are usually difficult to ascertain. Fish may be able to perceive food resources in terms of the dynamics that determine their availability. Detailed studies of variation in food resource availability and fish habitat use within the system are needed to evaluate this hypothesis.     

海州湾秋季小眼绿鳍鱼摄食习性的空间异质性

研究海州湾小眼绿鳍鱼摄食习性的空间异质性,对于海州湾食物网构建和资源保护具有重要意义。根据2011及2013-2016年秋季在海州湾海域进行的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,结合小眼绿鳍鱼（Chelidonichthys spinosus）的空间分布特征及其胃含物样品的分析结果,研究了海州湾小眼绿鳍鱼的摄食热点海域及其摄食习性的空间异质性。结果表明,小眼绿鳍鱼是海州湾秋季底层鱼类群落中的优势鱼种,且各年均主要分布在海州湾35 °N附近及以北海域。细螯虾（Leptochela gracilis）、戴氏赤虾（Metapenaeopsis dalei）和疣背宽额虾（Latreutes planirostris）是小眼绿鳍鱼最重要的三种饵料生物。研究发现,海州湾小眼绿鳍鱼的摄食热点海域主要集中在30 m等深线附近,且尚未呈现出明显的年间变化趋势。根据各站位小眼绿鳍鱼食物组成的相似性,将调查海域划分为两个区域,即近岸区和远岸区,近岸区小眼绿鳍鱼的体长和体重均显著小于远岸区（P < 0.05）,小眼绿鳍鱼在近岸区主要摄食细螯虾和疣背宽额虾,在远岸区则主要摄食戴氏赤虾。近岸区小眼绿鳍鱼的空胃率显著小于远岸区（P < 0.05）,条件指数显著大于远岸区（P < 0.05）,平均胃饱满指数大于远岸区,但尚未呈现出显著差异（P > 0.05）,表明海州湾秋季小眼绿鳍鱼的摄食习性存在明显的空间异质性。     

Postprandial changes in pH and enzyme activity from the stomach and intestines of Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger, 1897), Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) and Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

The ability to utilise dietary components differs among fish species. Digestive enzymes may be used to determine the efficiency of the digestive process. In this study, the activities of the digestive enzymes in Tilapia rendalli, Oreochromis mossambicus and Clarias gariepinus were explored. Protease, amylase, lipase and cellulase activities were measured in different parts of the digestive tract of the three fish species. The pH dynamics along the digestive tract were monitored. In all fish species, the presence of food led to a reduction in stomach pH, whereby pH values of 1.54, 1.58 and 2.01 were recorded 12 h after feeding in O. mossambicus, T. rendalli and C. gariepinus, respectively. Protease and amylase activities were significantly higher (P < 0.05, anova ) in the tilapias than in C. gariepinus. The tilapias may be pre‐adapted to produce more protease and amylase to digest plant material, which is more difficult to digest than animal matter. In all species amylase activity was significantly higher in the proximal intestine than in the other parts of the digestive tract (P < 0.05, anova ). The highest protease activity was recorded in the distal intestines. This is because of the alkaline pH recorded in the proximal and distal intestines, which favours amylase and protease activity, respectively. Lipase activities were significantly higher (P > 0.05) in C. gariepinus than in both tilapias. Marginal cellulase activities were recorded in all species. It is inferred here that phylogeny and not diet may be the main factor influencing enzyme activities, as all fish were fed a similar diet.     

The composition,nutritional status and digestibility of the diets of Sarotherodon mossambicus from nine man-made lakes in Sri Lanka

Synopsis The dietary composition and the nutritional status and the digestibility of the diets of Sarotherodon mossambicus from nine reservoirs in Sri Lanka were evaluated. The feeding habits of S. mossambicus were variable from reservoir to reservoir; they ranged from herbivory to total carnivory. The protein, total lipid, carbohydrate and total organic matter content of the ingested material were related to the dietary composition and ranged from 18.53% to 35.15% (x−24.18%), 5.94% to 9.84% (x−7.91%), 11.6% to 34.7% (x−22.34%) and 34.4% to 64.4% (x−45.71%), respectively. Irrespective of the feeding habits, the diet contained a significant proportion of organic material which cannot be accounted for by protein, total lipid and carbohydrate. As much as the ingested material was related to the feeding habit, the digestibility of the nutrient components was related to the food material devoured. For example, the mean digestibility of the total organic matter in S. mossambicus feeding on detritus, plants and animal were 36.85, 33.5 and 29.5 respectively, and compared well with observations from elsewhere. It is hypothesised that the favourable nutrient quality of the available dietary material in the reservoirs of Sri Lanka, which could be and is effectively utilized by S. mossambicus, may have been, at least partially, responsible for its almost unprecedented success in Sri Lanka.     

Food and feeding habits of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) (Pisces: Clariidae) in Lake Koka,Ethiopia

The food and feeding habits of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) were studied in Lake Koka, Ethiopia, in May 2011 (dry month) and September 2011 (wet month). Three hundred and thirty eight nonempty stomach samples were analysed using frequency of occurrence and volumetric methods of analysis. Detritus, insects, macrophytes, zooplankton and fish were the dominant food categories by occurrence, and they occurred in 79.6%, 63.6%, 63.0%, 56.2% and 15.4% of the stomachs, respectively. Volumetrically, the above food items comprised 24.3%, 14.1%, 14.5%, 19.3% and 21.8% of the total volume of food categories. Phytoplankton and gastropods were of low importance, and they occurred in 28.7% and 8.6% of the stomachs, respectively. Their volumetric contributions were 3.2% and 2.8% of the total volume of food categories. During the dry month, fish, zooplankton, insects and detritus were important food categories, while during the wet month detritus, macrophytes, insects and gastropods were important. Smaller catfish diets were dominated by detritus, macrophytes and insects, whereas larger catfish shifted to fish and zooplankton. Based on the results, C. gariepinus was found to be omnivorous in its feeding habits in Lake Koka.     

Food composition of Clarias gariepinus (= C. lazera) (Cypriniformes,Clariidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

The feeding behaviour of the freshwater piscivore, Clarias gariepinus (C. lazera) (C & V 1840) was studied over two periods: 1973–1975 and 1981–1982, in Lake Kinneret (Israel). The total number of fish analysed was 264 and their sizes (SL) and weights varied between 238 and 830 mm (146 to 5728 g). More than fifty species of plants and animals from the plankton, benthos and nekton of Lake Kinneret were identified in the intestines of C. gariepinus. Preyed fish were the most abundant food component (81%) and constituted the highest biomass, with Mirogrex terraesanctae representing the majority (although other species were also found). The potential impact of piscivory in the Kinneret ecosystem is considered.     

The nutrition of stomachless phytoplanktivorous fish in comparison with Tilapia

The contents of alimentary tracts of stomachless phytoplanktivorous fish, including silvercarp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Esomus danrica thermoicos, and Amblypharyngodon meletinus were investigated microscopically and compared with those of Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus, a fish with stomach).The predominance of detritus in the food and the low efficiency with which phytoplankton is utilized prove, that stomachless fish are not primarily herbivorous. The possibility of omnivorous feeding as an alternative is discussed. These results may contribute to our understanding of the role of filterfeeders in aquaculture and ecosystems.     

Seasonal and spatial variations of fish trophic guilds in a shallow,semi-enclosed tropical estuarine bay

A study on seasonal and spatial variations of feeding habits and trophic guilds of dominant fish species in Pattani Bay during March 2003 to February 2004 was aimed at classifying diet composition, identifying dominant food components of each species, categorizing trophic guilds of the community and evaluating effects of habitat characteristics and seasonality on guild organization. Most fishes showed high food intake, fed on a diverse range of food items but relied heavily on calanoid copepods and shrimps. All species, with the exception of Epinephelus coioides, were classified as specialist feeders. Four main dietary guilds were classified. Three of these were classified as the guilds dominated by at least two major food items. Significant variations in trophic guilds of 28 fish species based on habitat types and seasons were also identified. They could be divided into three seasonal groups and three site-groups and a single site. Trophic organization for each season and habitat ranged from two to four groups. This information identifies groups of fishes that seasonally and spatially utilize different food resources within a semi-enclosed estuarine bay ecosystem.     

Piscivory does not cause pansteatitis (yellow fat disease) in Oreochromis mossambicus from an African subtropical reservoir

相似文献   

Aspects of the biology of the catfish Clarias lazera (Cuv. & Val.) related to its economic cultivation

The seasonal abundance, population structure, reproduction, feeding, respiratory adaptations and tolerance were studied in the catfish Clarias lazera (Cuv. & Val.) in the reservoir of Jebel Aulia on the White Nile, and in the Green-Belt canals near Khartoum. Continuous monitoring of the ripe, spent and spawning females and immature fish in the population revealed that C. lazera breed synchronously in the autumn in the reservoir and rather sporadically in the canals. Medium-sized females were more fecund than old and young females. Administration of pituitary extract enhanced maturation, induced spawning in mature fish, stimulated body growth, especially in maturing specimens, and produced, as a side-effect, a diuretic response. Mature fish depended on pulmonary respiration for about 45% of the total oxygen requirement. C. lazera fed preferentially on its fry and on decayed proteinaceous food. The suitability of this species for economic cultivation is discussed.     

Feeding habits and seasonal trophic guilds structuring fish community in the bay mouth region of a tropical estuarine habitat

Understanding trophic relationships of fish in estuarine ecosystem is an important element for sustainable resource management. This study examined the feeding habits of 29 dominant fish species, characterized the trophic guilds, assessed the impact of season and clarified the role of diets in structuring the fish community in the mouth region of Pattani Bay, Thailand. Samples of 5792 fishes collected monthly by gillnets from March 2019 to February 2020 were used for stomach content analyses. It was found that the number of food types and fullness index differed between fish taxa (P < 0.001). Most fishes were specialist feeders feeding on specific food components and were categorized into five trophic guilds: piscivore, shrimp-fish feeder, polychaete feeder, zooplanktivore and planktivore. Six species were piscivorous, considered as apex predators, that fed almost entirely on fishes. High diet overlaps among some species (>0.6) were recorded. Not much variation in seasonal guilds was observed: four guilds in the dry season, three in the moderate rainy season and four in the rainy season. Some species remained in the same guild the whole year round, but some fishes changed seasonally. Two fish communities from different regions of the bay were segregated based on feeding habits. The inner bay community comprised mainly copepod and plankton feeders, but there were more piscivores in the deeper bay mouth area. Results from this study help us to understand the feeding habits and trophic guilds of dominant fish species at the mouth of this tropical estuarine bay.     

SOME NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF THE KAOKOVELD

Whitfield, A. K. &; Blaber, S. J. M. 1978. Feeding ecology of piscivorous birds at Lake St Lucia, Part 1: Diving birds. Ostrich 49:185-198.

The diets of three species of diving piscivorous birds at Lake St Lucia, Natal, South Africa during 1975 and 1976 are described and related to availability and abundance of different prey species. Mugilidae and Clarias gariepinus were the chief prey of the Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, while Johnius belengcrii and Sarotherodon mossambicus were, respectively, the main food items of Caspian Terns Hydroprogne tschegruva, and Pied Kingfishers Ceryle rudis. The methods of prey capture used by the three species of birds are described.

Predation on particular species of fish was related primarily to their swimming depth, abundance, size and distribution in littoral areas. Fishing habits, densities and foraging periodicity of the birds are discussed with regard to physical parameters such as thermals, wind speeds and water turbidity. The timing of breeding seasons at Lake St Lucia is related to fish densities, lake levels, turbidity of the water and air temperatures.     

Experimental herbivory of native Australian macrophytes by the introduced Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus

This study describes experimental herbivory and detritivory of three common native aquatic macrophyte species by the introduced Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) (Pisces: Cichlidae), and its physiological response to their consumption. There was a highly significant effect of fish herbivory on plant weight for each of the macrophyte species, but this effect was not influenced by any preference for periphyton. Despite the herbivory, there was a highly significant loss of fish body weight across all plant species and weight could only be maintained by supplementary feeding of a high protein fish flake. These results suggest that despite eating these plants, an alternative food resource may be needed for survival and may trigger trophic plasticity in O. mossambicus.     

Health assessment of freshwater fish species from Albasini Dam,outside a DDT-sprayed area in Limpopo province,South Africa: a preliminary study

During 2006 to 2008, the water, sediment and fish in Albasini Dam, used as a reference site outside a DDT-sprayed area, had been found to be as affected as those in the nearby DDT-sprayed area were. Accordingly, the aim of the current study, conducted in 2014, was to determine the health status of fish from Albasini Dam by means of a histology-based fish health assessment protocol. High levels of nitrates, as well as the organochlorine pesticides aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane and methoxychlor, were found in the water. Fish muscle tissue contained pesticides, including methoxychlor. A semi-quantitative histological assessment on Clarias gariepinus, Coptodon rendalli and Oreochromis mossambicus showed diverse histopathology in selected target organs, with the gills being most affected. Notably, the testis tissue of one C. rendalli was filled with eosinophilic liquid, characteristic of necrosis. Microscopic intersex was found in two of the nine O. mossambicus sampled. This is the second time that intersex as microscopic testicular oocytes has been reported in O. mossambicus in South Africa. This finding perhaps indicates that reproduction may be compromised and this will be investigated further. The presence of intersex and other histopathology in organs could be early warning signs of the declining water quality in this dam.     

Feeding preferences and grazing rates of Pfiesteria piscicida and a cryptoperidiniopsoid preying on fish blood cells and algal prey

The grazing rates and feeding preferences of the dinoflagellates Pfiesteria piscicida and a cryptoperidiniopsoid on the alga Rhodomonas sp. and fish blood cells were calculated at different ratios of the two food types and at different total food densities. Data from 6 h grazing periods within microcosms were used to calculate grazing rates. Grazing rates of both dinoflagellates increased linearly with an increased ratio of blood cells to Rhodomonas, and P. piscicida had a higher maximum grazing rate than the cryptoperidiniopsoid. The grazing rate of P. piscicida on Rhodomonas also increased with increased Rhodomonas densities relative to the blood cells, but increased densities of Rhodomonas did not increase the grazing rate of the cryptoperidiniopsoid, suggesting a lower feeding threshold for this species. Both dinoflagellates demonstrated a preference for fish blood cells over Rhodomonas cells, with no significant difference in the index of preference between the two species. Total food abundance affected the degree of preference differently for each dinoflagellate species. A higher index of feeding preference was attained by P. piscicida when resource levels were high, while the cryptoperidiniopsoid did not show this response. A preference for fish blood cells occurred at all food ratios for both dinoflagellates, including when blood cells were scarce relative to the alternate food type (15% of total available food). These results suggest that these strains of P. piscicida and the cryptoperidiniopsoid share similar feeding preferences for the prey types tested, although cryptoperidiniopsoids have not been associated with fish kills.     

Functional roles of an engineer species for coastal benthic invertebrates and demersal fish

Through their tissues or activities, engineer species create, modify, or maintain habitats and alter the distribution and abundance of many plants and animals. This study investigates key ecological functions performed by an engineer species that colonizes coastal ecosystems. The gregarious tubiculous amphipod Haploops nirae is used as a biological model. According to previous studies, the habitat engineered by H. nirae (i.e., Haploops habitat) could provide food and natural shelter for several benthic species such as benthic diatoms belonging to the gender Navicula, the micrograzer Geitodoris planata, or the bivalve Polititapes virgineus. Using data from scientific surveys conducted in two bays, this study explored whether (1) the Haploops sandy‐mud community modifies invertebrate and ichthyologic community structure (diversity and biomass); (2) H. nirae creates a preferential feeding ground; and (3) this habitat serves as a refuge for juvenile fish. Available Benthic Energy Coefficients, coupled with more traditional diversity indices, indicated higher energy available in Haploops habitat than in two nearby habitats (i.e., Sternaspis scutata and Amphiura filiformis/Owenia fusiformis habitats). The use of isotopic functional indices (IFIs) indicated (1) a higher functional richness in the Haploops habitat, related to greater diversity in food sources and longer food chains; and (2) a higher functional divergence, associated with greater consumption of a secondary food source. At the invertebrate‐prey level, IFIs indicated little specialization and little trophic redundancy in the engineered habitat, as expected for homogenous habitats. Our results partly support empirical knowledge about engineered versus nonengineered habitats and also add new perspectives on habitat use by fish and invertebrate species. Our analyses validated the refuge‐area hypothesis for a few fish species. Although unique benthic prey assemblages are associated with Haploops habitat, the hypothesis that it is a preferential feeding area was not verified. However, specialist feeding behavior was observed for predators, which calls for further investigation.     

Resource partitioning by Lake Tana barbs predicted from fish morphometrics and prey characteristics

We develop a food-fish model (FFM), whichquantitatively relates properties of aquaticfood types (size, shape, escape velocity,habitat, mechanical properties and chemicalquality) to feeding structures of cyprinidfish. The model is based on functionalmorphology and experiments on search, capture,selection, and internal processing of food byfish. The FFM shows which food properties aremost critical in feeding and how fish canoptimise coping with them. Relative food sizeimposes the highest demands, followed by preyvelocity, food habitat and mechanicalproperties. These overrule taxonomic affinitiesof food types. Highly demanding food types(large, fast prey, suspensions of plankton,benthic prey and mechanically tough items)impose incompatible morphological requirementson fish. We apply the FFM to the endemic Barbus species flock of Lake Tana (Ethiopia),since the structural diversity of its 14species reflects recent adaptations to trophicniches. We predict their potentials inutilising different food types by quantitativecomparisons of 35 parameters, measured for eachspecies, with the values for each foodspecialist derived from the FFM. These dietpredictions are tested against gut contentsfrom 4,711 fish, sampled over seasons andhabitats. Gut contents and predictions show agood overall fit. The value of the model isshown by its resolution in predicting resourcepartitioning among the barbs. For the 14 barbsa trophic hierarchy with six major trophicgroups is reconstructed which closely matchesthe predictions. Trophic specialists (> 65%by volume of a single food type) are alsostructurally specialised, whereas less extremeanatomical structures characterise trophicgeneralists, allowing them to switch betweenfeeding modes. Trophic generalists are bestdefined by behavioral flexibility, sincefeeding modes integrate both fish and foodcharacters. The FFM is of practical use inevaluating the role of morphological diversityin an ecosystem and enables the analysis oftrophic interactions in fish communities and ofthe cascading effects by environmental change.Such an approach can be instrumental in thedevelopment of management strategies forfisheries and in conservation of biodiversity.     

Seasonal variations in food resource partitioning among four sympatric gudgeon species in the upper Yangtze River

Knowledge of food resource partitioning among sympatric fish species is crucial for understanding the potential mechanisms of species coexistence. Gudgeons (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Gobioninae) often dominate fish assemblages in the upper Yangtze River. However, little research has been conducted on their trophic interactions. In this paper, seasonal diet and feeding strategy variations of four sympatric gudgeon species, Coreius guichenoti, Coreius heterodon, Rhinogobio ventralis, and Rhinogobio cylindricus, were investigated by analysis of intestinal tract contents, aiming to explore whether food resource partitioning occurred among them. Fish specimens were collected during spring (April–May) and autumn (August–October) in 2010 in Hejiang, a free‐flowing stretch of the upper Yangtze River. Coreius guichenoti, C. heterodon, and R. cylindricus showed omnivorous feeding habits, while R. ventralis exhibited an obligate carnivore feeding habit. Diet overlap among the four studied species was high, especially in spring. However, changes in feeding strategies were observed in autumn. Specifically, C. guichenoti and R. cylindricus expanded their dietary niche breadth and consumed detritus, Sinopotamidae or Hydropsychidae as important complementary food resources. In contrast, C. heterodon and R. ventralis reduced their dietary niche breadth and became more specialized on mussels (Limnoperna lacustris). These results confirmed that sympatric fish species can coexist with high diet overlap, and food resource partitioning among these species may also fluctuate with the seasons.