外源激素对雌性黄鳝血清类固醇激素的影响

本文研究了几种外源激素对不同季节的雌性黄鳝血清性类固醇激素的影响。结果表明:鲤鱼垂体匀浆和人绒毛膜促性腺激素均显著蹭加血清类固醇水平,多巴胺拮抗剂domperidone降低血清类固醇水平,鲑鱼促性腺激素释放激素类似物增加血清类固醇水平。这些结果提示:雌鳝促性腺激素分泌亦受促性腺激素释放激素刺激,但多巴胺是否也起促性腺激素释放抑制因子的作用尚不清楚。垂体-性腺轴对外源激素的反应有明显的季节性差异,繁殖季节性腺成熟系数高的鱼反应性最强,繁殖前性腺未成熟期较繁殖后恢复发育期反应快.     

重庆地区雌性恒河猴生殖生理的季节性变化

目的 研究重庆地区雌性恒河猴性周期的行为、内生殖器随季节的变化.方法 36只人工饲养条件下的成年雌性恒河猴,①建立恒河猴个体月经史档案,观察不同生殖季节性周期的行为变化.②用彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)和MRI检测不同生殖季节恒河猴子宫形态、子宫内膜厚度在月经周期中的变化.③剖腹探查,直视下测量子宫各径线.结果 10月至次年2月恒河猴的月经周期短而规则,CDFI和MRI检测子宫内膜线清晰可见.3月至9月恒河猴的月经周期多不规则,CDFI和MRI检测子宫内膜线模糊,子宫内膜组织、卵巢组织随月经周期变化不明显.结论 重庆地区人工饲养条件下,雌性恒河猴的生殖季节为10月至次年2月,非生殖季节为3月至9月,其性周期的行为、内生殖器随季节变化明显.     

17β-雌二醇对不同性腺发育时期鲤鱼生长激素分泌的影响

目的　以不同性腺发育阶段的雌性鲤鱼为材料 ,采用脑垂体碎片离体灌流孵育的方法 ,研究 17β 雌二醇对由神经内分泌因子—促性腺激素释放激素和促甲状腺素释放激素诱导的生长激素分泌的调节作用的季节性变化特点。方法与结果　用 10 - 8mol L和 10 - 1 0 mol L 17β 雌二醇对鲤鱼脑垂体碎片进行 10～ 12h的过夜孵育后 ,性腺处于退化期和发育期的的鲤鱼脑垂体对浓度依次为 10 - 9,10 - 8和 10 - 7mol L的促性腺激素释放激素类似物的脉冲刺激的反应性显著大于对照组 ,但在成熟期 17β 雌二醇作用组的反应性与对照组无显著性差异 ;经过同样浓度的 17β 雌二醇预孵育后 ,鲤鱼脑垂体碎片对浓度依次为 10 - 1 0 ,3× 10 - 8和 10 - 7mol L的促甲状腺素释放激素脉冲刺激的反应性也表现出季节性差异 ,反应性的增强作用表现为 :成熟期 >发育期 >退化期。结论　性类固醇激素具有调节脑垂体对刺激生长激素分泌的神经内分泌因子的反应性的作用 ,这种调节作用与鱼体的性腺发育状态有关 ,具有季节性变化的特点     

恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)生殖周期内性类固醇激素分泌规律的研究

本文用放射免疫测定法对7只雌性恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)的20个月经周期进行了雌二醇,孕酮和睾酮的动态测定分析,其中15个月经周期的中期都有睾酮和雌二酮峰(其峰值分别为1010.7±0.65ng/ml. 正常黄体期的血清孕酮水平不低于1ng/ml. 20个月经周期的平均天数为28.6±5.4天, 滤泡期和黄体期分别为11.9±2.6和19.2±6.3天. 月经周期可用公式Y=18.92±0.03×X²(Y:月经周期,X: 黄体期. R=0.9444)表示.实验结果表明, 测定周期内三种性类固醇激素可以准确确定排卵.睾酮在生殖受气内的分泌调节机制还待进一步研究.     

米非司酮对恒河猴促性腺激素分泌水平的抑制作用

目的分析米非司酮（RU486）对恒河猴促性腺激素分泌水平的影响,探讨RU486影响恒河猴促性腺激素分泌的可能机制,为临床安全用药提供理论依据。方法采用生物测定法测定恒河猴促性腺激素,比较在不同情况下恒河猴促性腺激素的分泌水平。结果实验表明：不同时间（0、0.5、1、2、4、8、12、244、8 h）用药后,RU486对恒河猴促黄体激素（LH）、促滤泡激素（FSH）分泌水平的影响,在用药0.5、1、24、h后,对LH、FSH分泌均有抑制作用,其中在用药4 h时,LH、FSH分泌水平均有显著的降低,而用药81、2、244、8 h后,LH、FSH浓度没有显著差异。在月经周期的不同时期一次用药后发现,卵泡期：RU486对LH、FSH分泌水平影响较小;排卵期：RU486对LH、FSH峰的发生延迟现象;黄体期：观察到RU486对FSH、LH基础分泌水平及脉冲的幅度出现下降。结论RU486对恒河猴的LH、FSH分泌水平,在不同情况下有显著差异。     

鱼类内分泌学研究的动向

鱼类内分泌学的研究是整个比较内分泌学的重要组成部份。1981年12月在香港举行的第九届国际比较内分泌学学术会议,在下丘脑-脑垂体,神经分泌物,促性腺激素释放激素,生殖内分泌,促性腺激素,甲状腺,肾上腺皮质,生长激素和催乳激素,类固醇激素,性分化,性腺成熟,排卵和产卵,季节性周期和节律,代谢的内分泌调节,钙调节,血管活动激素,前列腺素等专题学术报告和讨论组中,关于鱼类内分泌的研究论文都占相当比例。       

恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)生殖周期内性类固醇激素分泌规律的研究

本文用放射免疫测定法对7只雌性恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)的20个月经周期进行了雌二醇、孕酮和睾酮的动态测定分析,其中15个月经周期的中期都有睾酮和雌二醇峰(其峰值分别为1010.7±411.3pg/ml和179.1±91.3pg/ml),孕酮在黄体期的峰值为2.54±0.65ng/ml。正常黄体期的血清孕酮水平不低于1ng/ml。20个月经周期的平均天数为28.6±5.4天,滤泡期和黄体期分别为11.9±2,6和19.2±6.3天。月经周期可用公式Y=18.92±0.03×X~2 (Y:月经周期,X:黄体期。R=0.9444)表示。实验结果表明,测定周期内三种性类固醇激素可以准确确定排卵。睾酮在生殖周期内的分泌调节机制还待进一步研究。     

鱼类内分泌学研究的动向

鱼类内分泌学的研究是整个比较内分泌学的重要组成部份。1981年12月在香港举行的第九届国际比较内分泌学学术会议,在下丘脑-脑垂体,神经分泌物,促性腺激素释放激素,生殖内分泌,促性腺激素,甲状腺,肾上腺皮质,生长激素和催乳激素,类固醇激素,性分化,性腺成熟,排卵和产卵,季节性周期和节律,代谢的内分泌调节,钙调节,血管活动激素,前列腺素等专题学术报告和讨论组中,关于鱼类内分泌的研究论文都占相当比例。     

灵长类月经周期的调控

灵长类月经周期的调控与啮齿类不同,在下丘脑没有促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)的周期性分泌中枢。排卵前促性腺激素(GTH)峰的出现无需下丘脑活动的增强和GnRH分泌的增加。GnRH对垂体GTH的周期性分泌不起控制作用,只起“允许作用”,起控制作用的是卵巢雌激素。雌二醇作用于垂体促性腺细胞的两个功能池,控制GnRH对它们的作用,完成调节GTH分泌的作用。     

哺乳动物促性腺激素对文昌鱼卵母细胞成熟的影响

在繁殖季节,将哺乳动物促性腺激素注射到性腺正在成熟文昌鱼体内,注射３６小时后,检查促性腺激素的生理效应,结果表明这两种激素均有效地诱发卵母细胞成熟和产卵。从而认为雌性文昌鱼的生殖活动,像脊椎动物一样,可能受促性腺激素的调控。     

Estrous behavior of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

The sexual behavior of a group of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was studied for 13 consecutive months in an attempt to determine whether or not sexual activity occurred year-round, and the importance of sexual attraction to rhesus monkey social organization.Estrous behavior was seen both inter-menstrually and peri-menstrually, producing a shorter mean estrous cycle length than reported by other workers. New data was gathered on the interrelationships among age, dominance rank, and sexual activity; son-mother and brothersister matings; and sexual favoritism among free-ranging rhesus monkeys.A few females who failed to conceive during the fall breeding season showed cyclic estrous behavior throughout the entire annual cycle. Hypotheses are given as to possible physiological bases for birth season sexual cycles.Several forms of inter-animal bonding, including sexual bonding, are enumerated, and their importance to rhesus monkey social organization discussed.     

Reproductive Behavior in the Rhesus Monkey: Social and Endocrine Variables

SYNOPSIS. Social groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto) livingin outdoor environments exhibit a distinct seasonal mating patternand female rhesus are observed to be sexually receptive fordiscrete periods averaging about 9 days duration. In the laboratoryenvironment mating occurs throughout the year and, in the pairtest, female rhesus are observedto be sexually receptive throughall phases of a menstrual cycle, with a periovulatory peak incopulatorybehavior. The apparent conflict between results from field andlaboratory studies has been difficult to resolve because ofmethodological limitations inherent in each study environment.Studies conducted on social groups of rhesus monkeys housedin outdoor compounds, an environment in which the species typicalseasonal mating pattern is preserved and which allowsfor concomitantmeasurement of behavioral and hormonal variables, provided informationabout the covariance between female sexual behavior and ovariancycles. Female copulations were observed only in associationwith ovulatory cycles, and were limited to the follicular andperi-ovulatory phases of such cycles, demonstrating that copulatorybehavior in female rhesus monkeys is strongly influenced bycyclic hormonal variables. The studies also revealed that femalestend to conceive on the first ovulatory cycle of the season,that there was no synchrony of cycles among the females, andthat the best predictor of the timing of ovulation in a particularfemale is reproductive outcome in the previous year.     

Synergism between psychosocial and metabolic stressors: impact on reproductive function in cynomolgus monkeys

The role of energy imbalance versus psychosocial stress in the pathogenesis of female reproductive dysfunction characterized by anovulation and amenorrhea remains controversial. In women, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea can develop in the absence of significant weight loss, excessive exercise, or profound psychosocial disruption. We posited, therefore, that commonplace, seemingly minor stressors that alone would have minimal impact upon reproductive function might interact synergistically such that combinations of stressors would cause a greater impairment of the reproductive axis than any single stressor alone. We then developed a monkey model to test this hypothesis. Adult female cynomolgus monkeys with normal menstrual cycles were randomized into three experimental groups and studied over four menstrual cycles. The groups were: low-level psychosocial stress (i.e., moving to a new housing environment; Move, n = 8), moderate energy imbalance (Exercise + Diet, n = 9); and all stressors in combination (Move + Exercise + Diet, n = 10). Food intake, body weight, menstrual cyclicity, and reproductive hormones were assessed for two control menstrual cycles followed by two experimental cycles during which the monkeys experienced the stressors. Abnormal cycles were considered to be abnormally long or anovulatory cycles. Few abnormal cycles occurred in the Move group (1 of 8 monkeys) and in the Exercise + Diet group (1 of 9 monkeys). In contrast, 7 of 10 monkeys in the Move + Exercise + Diet group displayed at least one abnormal cycle (chi(2) = 9.61, P = 0.008). These findings suggest that infertility due to hypothalamic hypogonadism can result from the combination of commonplace, seemingly minor stressors that often escape clinical attention.     

Thyroid status of female rhesus monkeys and preliminary information on impact of perchlorate administration

Thyroid status was assessed in adult female rhesus monkey breeders at the California National Primate Research Center at the beginning of the breeding season. The 95% confidence intervals for thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxine (T(4)) and triiodothyronine (T(3)) (n = 66-80) were similar to those previously reported in smaller samples of macaque monkeys. Based on human criteria, 10 of 80 monkeys (12%) were hypothyroid (TSH > 2.0 μIU/mL). Because hypothyroxinaemia can be a risk factor in pregnancy, T(4) status was compared with past breeding history, breeding outcome for that season and general health records in a subset of 42 breeders. Age, weight and parity did not differ between monkeys in the lowest T(4) quartile as compared with those in the upper three quartiles. However, T(4) concentrations were significantly associated with the number of missed menstrual cycles during the previous breeding season. In additional work, three healthy lactating rhesus monkeys were given three different doses of environmental contaminant and thyroid iodine uptake inhibitor, ammonium perchlorate (0.006, 0.34, 12.8 mg/kg/day, respectively) in food for two weeks. Thyroid status variables (TSH, T(4), T(3), thyroid radioactive iodine uptake) were then measured. In the monkey receiving the highest perchlorate dose, iodine uptake was suppressed relative to baseline. The study shows the availability of tools to study thyroid status in rhesus monkeys, the variability of thyroid status in the breeder colony and the potential ability of environmental factors to influence thyroid status.     

Sexual behavior and hormone levels during the menstrual cycles of rhesus monkeys.

The sexual interactions of 10 pairs of rhesus monkeys were observed during a control and an experimental menstrual cycle of each female. During the experimental cycle the females were treated with an antiandrogen, flutamide. Daily peripheral serum levels of estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone in each female were determined by radioimmunoassay. Sexual behavior did not correlate reliably with female serum concentrations of any hormone measured nor with the menstrual cycle stage. Administration of the antiandrogen to the females did not affect the sexual behavior of the pairs, although female serum levels of estradiol and testosterone were reduced. It was concluded that although female ovarian hormones may influence rhesus sexual interactions under some circumstances, the normal hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle need not regulate this behavior; a knowledge of an intact rhesus female's hormonal condition does not allow accurate predictions about behavior displayed during laboratory pair tests with a male.     

Physical activity of adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) across the menstrual cycle

Physical activity is an important physiological variable impacting on a number of systems in the body. In rodents and several species of domestic animals, levels of physical activity have been reported to vary across the estrous cycle; however, it is unclear whether such changes in activity occur in women and other primates across the menstrual cycle. To determine whether significant changes in activity occur over the menstrual cycle, we continuously measured physical activity in seven adult female rhesus monkeys by accelerometry over the course of one menstrual cycle. Monkeys were checked daily for menses, and daily blood samples were collected for measurement of reproductive hormones. All monkeys displayed ovulatory menstrual cycles, ranging from 23 to 31 days in length. There was a significant increase in estradiol from the early follicular phase to the day of ovulation (F(1.005,5.023) = 40.060, P = 0.001). However, there was no significant change in physical activity across the menstrual cycle (F(2,12) = 0.225, P = 0.802), with activity levels being similar in the early follicular phase, on the day of the preovulatory rise in estradiol and during the midluteal phase. Moreover, the physical activity of these monkeys was not outside the range of physical activity that we measured in 15 ovariectomized monkeys. We conclude that, in primates, physical activity does not change across the menstrual cycle and is not influenced by physiological changes in circulating estradiol. This finding will allow investigators to record physical activity in female primates without the concern of controlling for the phase of the menstrual cycle.     

人工饲养恒河猴、食蟹猴的繁殖性能初报

目的探索北京地区人工饲养恒河猴与食蟹猴的繁殖性能,为温带地区猕猴的人工饲养和繁殖方式提供借鉴。方法对军事医学科学院实验动物中心饲养的317只恒河猴繁殖群（30只雄猴,287只雌猴）和78只食蟹猴繁殖群（8只雄猴,70只雌猴）近两年的繁殖性状进行观察和统计分析。结果恒河猴母猴妊娠率、繁殖率和成活率分别为60.73%、54.45%和96.89%。食蟹猴母猴妊娠率、繁殖率和成活率分别为79.86%、56.12%和75.00%。结论食蟹猴和恒河猴可以成功的在温带地区饲养和繁殖,但人工饲养食蟹猴的妊娠率与产仔率较恒河猴高,而仔猴成活率则低于恒河猴。     

Effect of age and breeding season on the developmental capacity of oocytes from unstimulated and follicle-stimulating hormone-stimulated rhesus monkeys

Effects of age and season on the developmental capacity of oocytes from unstimulated and FSH-stimulated rhesus monkeys were examined. Immature cumulus-oocyte complexes were matured in vitro in modified CMRL-1066 medium containing 20% bovine calf serum and subjected to in vitro fertilization followed by embryo culture. After fertilization, ova from unstimulated prepubertal monkeys displayed lower development to morula (4%) than those from unstimulated adult females (18% in breeding season and 22% in nonbreeding season). No developmental difference was found between ova from unstimulated adult monkeys in breeding and nonbreeding seasons. However, ova from FSH-primed prepubertal monkeys displayed greater development to blastocyst stage (54%) than those from adult monkeys in the breeding season (16%) and nonbreeding season (0%); and ova from FSH-primed adult females in the breeding season had significantly (P < 0.05) greater developmental competence than those obtained in the nonbreeding season (> or = morula stage, 54% vs. 3%; blastocyst stage, 16% vs. 0%). These data indicate that 1) rhesus monkey oocytes acquire developmental competence in a donor age-dependent manner, and 2) animal age and breeding season modulate the effect of FSH on oocyte developmental competence in the rhesus monkey.     

Sexual preferences during artificial menstrual cycles in social groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Eight groups of rhesus monkeys each consisting of one male and four ovariectomized females were observed while two of the females were treated with hormones to produce artificial menstrual cycles. These were either synchronized or offset by 7-day increments. Sexually preferred females, defined by the numbers of ejaculations per test, received almost twice as many ejaculations as did non-preferred females during all synchronized and offset cycles and during all cycle phases. However, short-term changes in partner preference occurred when the midcycle phase of non-preferred females coincided with the middle or late progesterone phase of preferred females, suggesting a negative effect of progesterone on behavior during the menstrual cycle. There were highly significant differences between preferred and non-preferred partners for almost all of their sexual and social interactions, and preferred partners showed longer proximity and grooming times as well as higher levels of sexual activity. Partner preferences accounted for more of the behavioral variance between pairs than did female dominance, although males sought the proximity of dominant females independently of their partner preferences. Thus, in a setting uncomplicated by male mate competition, sexual preference by male rhesus monkeys is a robust phenomenon depending on complex interactions between dominance, hormonal status, and the individual behavior of female partners.     

Sexual behaviour and paternity in three captive groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Each offspring born into three captive groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) during the spring of 1981 was assigned (1) a most probable behavioural father and (2) a subset of all possible behavioural fathers, on the basis of intensive observations of sexual activity during the 1980 fall breeding season. These predictions were then compared with true paternity determined by electrophoretic and serological analyses of polymorphic blood proteins of mothers, infants, and all adult and subadult males. Coincidence between the assignments of paternity based upon behavioural and biochemical data occurred no more frequently than chance would allow. Furthermore, there were no significant relationships between biochemical and behavioural rankings of overall reproductive success. It was concluded that conventional estimates of sexual activity during the breeding season are not a reliable indicator of true paternity and relative reproductive success in rhesus macaques.