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1.
Md. Maksudul Alam Sazia Sharmin Zinnatun Nabi Shakhinur Islam Mondal Md. Shahidul Islam Sarmah Bin Nayeem Muhammad Shoyaib Haseena Khan 《Plant Molecular Biology Reporter》2010,28(3):394-402
A putative leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase (LRR-RLK) gene together with its 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions
of jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) has been identified and sequenced. The gene is 3,371 bp long containing two exons and one intron. The coding sequence
of the gene is 2,879 bp long encoding a peptide of 957 amino acids. The predicted protein contains several domains and motifs
characteristic of a transmembrane protein kinase. It is complete with domains for an N-terminal leucine-rich repeat and a
protein kinase core, an active site for serine/threonine protein kinase, an ATP binding conserved site and a transmembrane
region. Expression of the gene is induced by low temperature, high salt concentration, dehydration, abscisic acid treatment,
and fungal infection, suggesting the involvement of the gene in multiple stress response pathways in jute (C. olitorius L.). A possible mechanism of the role of the gene in signal transduction and environmental stress response is discussed.
To date, LRR-RLK is the only jute gene which has been completely sequenced and characterized. 相似文献
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Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR RLKs) comprise the largest group within the plant receptor-like kinase (RLK)
superfamily, and the Arabidopsis genome alone contains over 200 LRR RLK genes. Although there is clear evidence for diverse roles played by individual LRR
RLK genes in Arabidopsis growth and development, the evolutionary mechanism for this functional diversification is currently unclear. In this study,
we focused on the LRRII RLK subfamily to investigate the molecular mechanisms that might have led to the functional differentiation
of Arabidopsis LRR RLK genes. Phylogenetic analysis of 14 genes in this subfamily revealed three well-supported groups (I, II, and III).
RT-PCR analysis did not find many qualitative differences in expression among these 14 genes in various Arabidopsis tissues, suggesting that evolution of regulatory sequences did not play a major role in their functional divergence. We analyzed
substitution patterns in the predicted ligand-binding regions of these genes to examine if positive selection has acted to
produce novel ligand-binding specificities, using the nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratio (d
N/d
S) as an indicator of selective pressure. Estimates of d
N/d
S ratios from multiple methods indicate that nonsynonymous substitutions accumulated during divergence of the three lineages.
Positive selection is likely to have occurred along the lineages ancestral to groups II and III. We suggest that positive
selection on the ligand-binding sites of LRRII RLKs promoted diversification of ligand-binding specificities and thus contributed
to the functional differentiation of Arabidopsis LRRII RLK genes during evolution.
[Reviewing Editor: Dr. Martin Kreitman] 相似文献
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David C. Prince Claire Drurey Cyril Zipfel Saskia A. Hogenhout 《Plant physiology》2014,164(4):2207-2219
The importance of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) against microbial pathogens has been recently demonstrated. However, it is currently unclear if this layer of immunity mediated by surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) also plays a role in basal resistance to insects, such as aphids. Here, we show that PTI is an important component of plant innate immunity to insects. Extract of the green peach aphid (GPA; Myzus persicae) triggers responses characteristic of PTI in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Two separate eliciting GPA-derived fractions trigger induced resistance to GPA that is dependent on the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1)/SOMATIC-EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE3, which is a key regulator of several leucine-rich repeat-containing PRRs. BAK1 is required for GPA elicitor-mediated induction of reactive oxygen species and callose deposition. Arabidopsis bak1 mutant plants are also compromised in immunity to the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), for which Arabidopsis is normally a nonhost. Aphid-derived elicitors induce expression of PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT3 (PAD3), a key cytochrome P450 involved in the biosynthesis of camalexin, which is a major Arabidopsis phytoalexin that is toxic to GPA. PAD3 is also required for induced resistance to GPA, independently of BAK1 and reactive oxygen species production. Our results reveal that plant innate immunity to insects may involve early perception of elicitors by cell surface-localized PRRs, leading to subsequent downstream immune signaling.Close to a million insect species have so far been described, and nearly one-half of them feed on plants (Wu and Baldwin, 2010). Within these plant-feeding insects, most feed on a few related plant species, with only 10% feeding upon multiple plant families (Schoonhoven et al., 2005). Plant defense to insects include several layers (Bos and Hogenhout, 2011; Hogenhout and Bos, 2011). Physical barriers, volatile cues, and composition of secondary metabolites of plants are important components that determine insect host choice (Howe and Jander, 2008; Bruce and Pickett, 2011). In addition, plants induce a variety of plant defense responses upon perception of herbivore oral secretions (OS), saliva, and eggs (De Vos and Jander, 2009; Bruessow et al., 2010; Ma et al., 2010; Wu and Baldwin, 2010). These responses may provide full protection against the majority of insect herbivores, and insects that are able to colonize specific plant species likely produce effectors in their saliva or during egg laying that suppress these induced defense responses (Bos and Hogenhout, 2011; Hogenhout and Bos, 2011; Pitino and Hogenhout, 2013).Aphids are sap-feeding insects of the order Hemiptera and are among the most destructive pests in agriculture, particularly in temperate regions (Blackman and Eastop, 2000). More than 4,000 aphid species in 10 families are known (Dixon, 1998). Most aphid species are specialists and use one or a few closely related plant species within one family as host for feeding and reproduction. Examples are pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae), and English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) that colonize plant species within the legumes (family Fabaceae), brassicas (Brassicaceae), and grasses (Gramineae), respectively. The green peach aphid (GPA; Myzus persicae) is one of few aphid species with a broad host range and can colonize hundreds of plants species in over 40 plant families, including brassicas (Blackman and Eastop, 2000). Aphids possess mouthparts composed of stylets that navigate to the plant vascular system, predominantly the phloem, for long-term feeding. However, before establishing a long-term feeding site, these insects display a host selection behavior by probing the upper leaf cell layers with their stylets, a behavior seen on host and nonhost plants of the aphid (Nam and Hardie, 2012). When the plant is judged unsuitable, the aphid takes off to find an alternative plant host. It is not yet clear what happens in the initial stages of insect interactions with plants.Plants sense microbial organisms (including bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes) through perception of conserved molecules, named microbe-associated molecular patterns and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to induce the first stage of plant immunity, termed PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). PTI is effective against the majority of plant pathogens. Bacterial and fungal PAMPs characterized so far include bacterial flagellin (or its derived peptide flg22), bacterial elongation factor (EF)-Tu (or its derived peptide elf18), bacterial lipopolysaccharides and bacterial cold shock protein, chitin oligosaccharides, and the oomycete elicitin INF1 (Boller and Felix, 2009)Plant PRRs are either receptor-like kinases (RLKs) or receptor-like proteins. Most leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-type PRRs associate with and rely for their function on the small regulatory LRR-RLK BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1)/SOMATIC-EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE3 (SERK3; Monaghan and Zipfel, 2012). For example, in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), flg22 and elf18 bind to the LRR-RLKs FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE2 (FLS2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR), respectively, leading to a quasi-instant association with BAK1 (Gómez-Gómez and Boller, 2000; Zipfel et al., 2006; Chinchilla et al., 2007; Heese et al., 2007; Schulze et al., 2010; Roux et al., 2011; Sun et al., 2013). BAK1 is required for optimal downstream immune signaling events, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts, callose depositions, induction of immune genes, and induced resistance. Similarly, BAK1 is a positive regulator of innate immune responses triggered by the Arabidopsis LRR-RLKs PLANT ELICITOR PEPTIDE1 RECEPTOR1 (PEPR1) and PEPR2 that bind the Arabidopsis-derived damage-associated molecular pattern A. thaliana Peptide1 (AtPep1; Krol et al., 2010; Postel et al., 2010; Roux et al., 2011) and by the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) LRR receptor-like protein Ve1 that recognizes Ave1 derived from Verticillium spp. (Fradin et al., 2009; de Jonge et al., 2012). Consistent with the role of BAK1 downstream of numerous PRRs, BAK1 is required for full immunity to a number of bacterial, fungal, oomycete, and viral pathogens (Heese et al., 2007; Kemmerling et al., 2007; Fradin et al., 2009; Chaparro-Garcia et al., 2011; Roux et al., 2011; Kørner et al., 2013).Notably, it has been recently shown that the ortholog of BAK1 in Nicotiana attenuata regulates the induction of jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation upon herbivory (Yang et al., 2011a). However, immunity to insects was not affected when BAK1 was silenced, and the observed effect on JA accumulation may be due to an indirect effect on brassinosteroid (BR) responses, for which BAK1 is also an important positive regulator (Li et al., 2002; Nam and Li, 2002). Therefore, it is currently unclear if BAK1 is involved in the early recognition of insect-derived elicitors leading to immunity.We discovered that the key regulatory LRR-RLK BAK1 participates in plant defense to an insect herbivore. We found that extracts of GPA trigger plant defense responses in Arabidopsis that are characteristic of PTI. Arabidopsis bak1 mutant plants are compromised in defense to GPA, which colonizes Arabidopsis, and to pea aphid, for which Arabidopsis is a nonhost. BAK1 is required for ROS bursts, callose deposition, and induced resistance in Arabidopsis upon perception of aphid-derived elicitors. One of the defense genes induced by GPA-derived extracts encodes PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT3 (PAD3), a cytochrome P450 that catalyzes the conversion of dihydrocamalexic acid to camalexin, which is a major Arabidopsis phytoalexin that is toxic to GPA (Kettles et al., 2013). PAD3 expression is required for Arabidopsis-induced resistance to GPA, independently of BAK1 and ROS. Our results provide evidence that innate immunity to insect herbivores may rely on the early perception of elicitors by cell surface-localized PRR. 相似文献
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Ching-Wei Chen Dario Panzeri Yu-Hung Yeh Yasuhiro Kadota Pin-Yao Huang Chia-Nan Tao Milena Roux Shiao-Chiao Chien Tzu-Chuan Chin Po-Wei Chu Cyril Zipfel Laurent Zimmerli 《The Plant cell》2014,26(7):3201-3219
Plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors such as FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR) recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to activate the first layer of plant immunity termed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). A reverse genetics approach with genes responsive to the priming agent β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) revealed IMPAIRED OOMYCETE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (IOS1) as a critical PTI player. Arabidopsis thaliana ios1 mutants were hypersusceptible to Pseudomonas syringae bacteria. Accordingly, ios1 mutants demonstrated defective PTI responses, notably delayed upregulation of PTI marker genes, lower callose deposition, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activities upon bacterial infection or MAMP treatment. Moreover, Arabidopsis lines overexpressing IOS1 were more resistant to P. syringae and demonstrated a primed PTI response. In vitro pull-down, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, coimmunoprecipitation, and mass spectrometry analyses supported the existence of complexes between the membrane-localized IOS1 and FLS2 and EFR. IOS1 also associated with BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) in a ligand-independent manner and positively regulated FLS2/BAK1 complex formation upon MAMP treatment. Finally, ios1 mutants were defective in BABA-induced resistance and priming. This work reveals IOS1 as a regulatory protein of FLS2- and EFR-mediated signaling that primes PTI activation upon bacterial elicitation. 相似文献
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Wambui S. Wandu Cuiyan Tan Osato Ogbeifun Barbara P. Vistica Guangpu Shi Samuel J. H. Hinshaw Chengsong Xie Xi Chen Dennis M. Klinman Huaibin Cai Igal Gery 《PloS one》2015,10(6)
Background
Mutations in LRRK2 are related to certain forms of Parkinson’s disease and, possibly, to the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. In both these diseases inflammatory processes participate in the pathogenic process. LRRK2 is expressed in lymphoid cells and, interestingly, Lrrk2 (-/-) mice were reported to develop more severe experimental colitis than their wild type (WT) controls. Here, we examined the possible involvement of LRRK2 in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), an animal model for human uveitis, by testing Lrrk2 (-/-) mice for their capacity to develop this experimental eye disease and related immune responses.Methods
Lrrk2 (-/-) mice and their WT controls (C57Bl/6) were immunized with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) and compared for their development of EAU, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) by skin tests, production of cytokines in culture, and expression of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-17 and FoxP3 by spleen cells, using flow cytometry. Peritoneal macrophages were examined for their production of cytokines/chemokines in culture following stimulation with LPS or the oligodeoxynucleotide CpG. The Lrrk2 (-/-) and WT mice were also compared for their response to bovine serum albumin (BSA).Results
The Lrrk2 (-/-) mice developed lower levels of EAU, DTH responses and cytokine production by lymphocytes than did their WT controls. Intracellular expression of IFN-γ and IL-17, by spleen cells, and secretion of cytokines/chemokines by activated peritoneal macrophages of Lrrk2 (-/-) mice trended toward diminished levels, although variabilities were noted. The expression levels of FoxP3 by Lrrk2 (-/-) spleen cells, however, were similar to those seen in WT controls. Consistent with their low response to IRBP, Lrrk2 (-/-) mice responded to BSA less vigorously than their WT controls.Conclusions
Lrrk2 deficiency in mice diminished the development of EAU and the related adaptive immune responses to IRBP as compared to the WT controls. 相似文献8.
Receptor-Like Kinase (RLK)/Pelle genes play roles ranging from growth regulation to defense response, and the dramatic expansion of this family has been postulated to be crucial for plant-specific adaptations. Despite this, little is known about the history of or the factors that contributed to the dramatic expansion of this gene family. In this study, we show that expansion coincided with the establishment of land plants and that RLK/Pelle subfamilies were established early in land plant evolution. The RLK/Pelle family expanded at a significantly higher rate than other kinases, due in large part to expansion of a few subfamilies by tandem duplication. Interestingly, these subfamilies tend to have members with known roles in defense response, suggesting that their rapid expansion was likely a consequence of adaptation to fast-evolving pathogens. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) expression data support the importance of RLK/Pelles in biotic stress response. We found that hundreds of RLK/Pelles are up-regulated by biotic stress. Furthermore, stress responsiveness is correlated with the degree of tandem duplication in RLK/Pelle subfamilies. Our findings suggest a link between stress response and tandem duplication and provide an explanation for why a large proportion of the RLK/Pelle gene family is found in tandem repeats. In addition, our findings provide a useful framework for potentially predicting RLK/Pelle stress functions based on knowledge of expansion pattern and duplication mechanism. Finally, we propose that the detection of highly variable molecular patterns associated with specific pathogens/parasites is the main reason for the up-regulation of hundreds of RLK/Pelles under biotic stress. 相似文献
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Daniel Ness Zhao Ren Shyra Gardai Douglas Sharpnack Victor J. Johnson Richard J. Brennan Elizabeth F. Brigham Andrew J. Olaharski 《PloS one》2013,8(6)
Genetic evidence links mutations in the LRRK2 gene with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease, for which no neuroprotective or neurorestorative therapies currently exist. While the role of LRRK2 in normal cellular function has yet to be fully described, evidence suggests involvement with immune and kidney functions. A comparative study of LRRK2-deficient and wild type rats investigated the influence that this gene has on the phenotype of these rats. Significant weight gain in the LRRK2 null rats was observed and was accompanied by significant increases in insulin and insulin-like growth factors. Additionally, LRRK2-deficient rats displayed kidney morphological and histopathological alterations in the renal tubule epithelial cells of all animals assessed. These perturbations in renal morphology were accompanied by significant decreases of lipocalin-2, in both the urine and plasma of knockout animals. Significant alterations in the cellular composition of the spleen between LRRK2 knockout and wild type animals were identified by immunophenotyping and were associated with subtle differences in response to dual infection with rat-adapted influenza virus (RAIV) and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ontological pathway analysis of LRRK2 across metabolic and kidney processes and pathological categories suggested that the thioredoxin network may play a role in perturbing these organ systems. The phenotype of the LRRK2 null rat is suggestive of a complex biology influencing metabolism, immune function and kidney homeostasis. These data need to be extended to better understand the role of the kinase domain or other biological functions of the gene to better inform the development of pharmacological inhibitors. 相似文献
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《Current biology : CB》2014,24(2):134-143
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Mutations in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are strongly associated with familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). High expression levels in immune cells suggest a role of LRRK2 in regulating the immune system. In this study, we investigated the effect of the LRRK2 (G2019S) mutation in monocytes, using a human stem cell-derived model expressing LRRK2 at endogenous levels. We discovered alterations in the differentiation pattern of LRRK2 mutant, compared to non-mutant isogenic controls, leading to accelerated monocyte production and a reduction in the non-classical CD14+CD16+ monocyte subpopulation in the LRRK2 mutant cells. LPS-treatment of the iPSC-derived monocytes significantly increased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, demonstrating a functional response without revealing any significant differences between the genotypes. Assessment of the migrational capacity of the differentiated monocytes revealed moderate deficits in LRRK2 mutant cells, compared to their respective controls. Our findings indicate a pivotal role of LRRK2 in hematopoietic fate decision, endorsing the involvement of the immune system in the development of PD. 相似文献
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The Dwarf crayfish or Cambarellinae, is a morphologically singular subfamily of decapod crustaceans that contains only one genus, Cambarellus. Its intriguing distribution, along the river basins of the Gulf Coast of United States (Gulf Group) and into Central México (Mexican Group), has until now lacked of satisfactory explanation. This study provides a comprehensive sampling of most of the extant species of Cambarellus and sheds light on its evolutionary history, systematics and biogeography. We tested the impact of Gulf Group versus Mexican Group geography on rates of cladogenesis using a maximum likelihood framework, testing different models of birth/extinction of lineages. We propose a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for the subfamily based on mitochondrial and nuclear loci (3,833 bp) using Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood methods. The phylogenetic structure found two phylogenetic groups associated to the two main geographic components (Gulf Group and Mexican Group) and is partially consistent with the historical structure of river basins. The previous hypothesis, which divided the genus into three subgenera based on genitalia morphology was only partially supported (P = 0.047), resulting in a paraphyletic subgenus Pandicambarus. We found at least two cases in which phylogenetic structure failed to recover monophyly of recognized species while detecting several cases of cryptic diversity, corresponding to lineages not assigned to any described species. Cladogenetic patterns in the entire subfamily are better explained by an allopatric model of speciation. Diversification analyses showed similar cladogenesis patterns between both groups and did not significantly differ from the constant rate models. While cladogenesis in the Gulf Group is coincident in time with changes in the sea levels, in the Mexican Group, cladogenesis is congruent with the formation of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Our results show how similar allopatric divergence in freshwater organisms can be promoted through diverse vicariant factors. 相似文献
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Both the Extracellular Leucine-Rich Repeat Domain and the Kinase Activity of FLS2 Are Required for Flagellin Binding and Signaling in Arabidopsis 总被引:16,自引:2,他引:14
In Arabidopsis, activation of defense responses by flagellin is triggered by the specific recognition of the most conserved domain of flagellin, represented by the peptide flg22, in a process involving the FLS2 gene, which encodes a leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine protein kinase. We show here that the two fls2 mutant alleles, fls2-24 and fls2-17, which were shown previously to confer insensitivity to flg22, also cause impaired flagellin binding. These features are rescued when a functional FLS2 gene is expressed as a transgene in each of the fls2 mutant plants, indicating that FLS2 is necessary for flagellin binding. The point mutation of the fls2-17 allele lies in the kinase domain. A kinase carrying this missense mutation lacked autophosphorylation activity when expressed in Escherichia coli. This indicates that kinase activity is required for binding and probably affects the stability of the flagellin receptor complex. We further show that overexpression of the kinase-associated protein phosphatase (KAPP) in Arabidopsis results in plants that are insensitive to flagellin treatment, and we show reduced flg22 binding in these plants. Furthermore, using the yeast two-hybrid system, we show physical interaction of KAPP with the kinase domain of FLS2. These results suggest that KAPP functions as a negative regulator of the FLS2 signal transduction pathway and that the phosphorylation of FLS2 is necessary for proper binding and signaling of the flagellin receptor complex. 相似文献
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Saurabh Sen Philip J. Webber Andrew B. West 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2009,284(52):36346-36356
Dominant missense mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common known genetic cause of Parkinson disease. LRRK2 encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase, and pathogenic mutations may increase kinase activity. Intrinsic GTP binding in the GTPase domain may govern kinase activity through an internal signal transduction cascade. As with many protein kinases, LRRK2 self-interacts through mechanisms that may regulate enzymatic activity. We find that the disruption of either GTPase or kinase activity enhances the formation of high molecular weight oligomers and prevents the formation of LRRK2 dimer structures. In addition, brief application of the broad spectrum kinase inhibitor staurosporine ablates LRRK2 dimers and promotes LRRK2 high molecular weight oligomers. LRRK2 interactions with other proteins in cell lines are kinase-independent and include chaperones and cell cytoskeleton components, suggesting that LRRK2 self-assembly principally dictates complex size. To further explore the mechanics of kinase activation, we separate soluble LRRK2 protein that encodes the pathogenic G2019S mutation into high molecular weight oligomers, dimers, and monomers and find that kinase activity resides with dimeric LRRK2. Some PD-associated mutations that increase kinase activity in vitro significantly increase the proportion of dimer structures relative to total LRRK2 protein, providing additional insight into how pathogenic mutations may alter normal enzymatic regulation. Targeting and tracking LRRK2 dimerization may provide a clear way to observe LRRK2 kinase activity in living cells, and disruption of dimeric LRRK2 through kinase inhibition or other means may attenuate pathogenic increases in LRRK2 enzymatic output. 相似文献
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We analyze members of the receptor-like kinase (RLK) gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana for positive selection. Likelihood analyses find evidence for positive selection in 12 of the 52 RLK family sequences groups. These 12 groups represent 97 of the 403 sequences analyzed. The majority of genes in groups subject to positive selection have not been functionally characterized, but sites under selection are predominantly located in the extracellular region. The pattern of selection in the extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motif of groups 14 and 51 is similar to previous studies where positively selected positions are located in a solvent exposed β-strand that may determine disease specificity, raising the possibility that some RLK genes function in a similar role.[Reviewing Editor: Rasmus Nielsen] 相似文献
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Shuang Zhang Hui Yan Chao-Zheng Li Yi-Hong Chen Feng-hua Yuan Yong-gui Chen Shao-Ping Weng Jian-Guo He 《PloS one》2013,8(2)
Leucine-rich repeat flightless-I-interacting protein 2 (LRRFIP2) is a myeloid differentiation factor 88-interacting protein with a positive regulatory function in toll-like receptor signaling. In this study, seven LRRFIP2 protein variants (LvLRRFIP2A-G) were identified in Litopenaeus vannamei. All the seven LvLRRFIP2 protein variants encode proteins with a DUF2051 domain. LvLRRFIP2s were upregulated in hemocytes after challenged with lipopolysaccharide, poly I:C, CpG-ODN2006, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Dual-luciferase reporter assays in Drosophila Schneider 2 cells revealed that LvLRRFIP2 activates the promoters of Drosophila and shrimp AMP genes. The knockdown of LvLRRFIP2 by RNA interference resulted in higher cumulative mortality of L. vannamei upon V. parahaemolyticus but not S. aureus and WSSV infections. The expression of L. vannamei AMP genes were reduced by dsLvLRRFIP2 interference. These results indicate that LvLRRFIP2 has an important function in antibacterials via the regulation of AMP gene expression. 相似文献