中药蟾酥的药理作用研究进展

蟾酥是我国传统中药,是蟾蜍科动物中华大蟾蜍或黑眶蟾蜍的干燥分泌物。蟾酥所含化学成分主要有蟾蜍内酯类、蟾毒色胺类等,现代药理学研究表明其具有抗肿瘤、强心、局麻、镇痛、抗炎等多种作用。本文综述近年来国内外学者对蟾酥的化学成分、药理作用的研究概况。     

花背蟾蜍♀×中华大蟾蜍♂受精过程的细胞学研究

对以花背蟾蜍作母本、中华大蟾蜍作父本的受精卵从受精后10分钟到180分钟期间进行了细胞学研究。结果表明,杂交受精卵与花背蟾蜍本种受精卵发育过程基本一致。在18-20℃室温下人工受精后20-30分钟精子入卵;60-70分钟雌雄原核形成,80-100分钟雌雄原核相互移近相结;110-140分钟,雌雄原核结合,形成合子核;150-180分钟首次卵裂中期图形建成。整个受精过程中,实验组比对照组落后20分钟,此外,阶段内受精卵发育的一致性不如对照组。 Abstract:The cytology changes in the cross0fertilized eggs 10 to 180 minutes after fertilization between Bufo raddei(female)and Bufo bufo(male)was in vestigated.The experiment results showed:The development process of fertilitzed eggs in experiment roup and control group was basically similar.They all undergo the same progress:the sperm entering the egg,the sperm head decondensing,male and female pronucleus forming,two pronuclei moving together and fusing.It took 180 minutes for the fertilized eggs to form the metaphase picture of the first cleavage at 18~20 centigrade in water.The development speed of fertilized egg was 20 minutes slower that control group.The development of cross0fertilied egg was not as even as than of control group.     

Modulators of Bufo arenarum ovulation

In this study we investigated ovulation in vitro using ovary samples from Bufo arenarum with respect to their response to stimulation with homologous pituitary homogenate (HPH) or with progesterone and prostaglandins (PGF2alpha and PGE1) as intermediates of pituitary action. Ovary samples were obtained from animals captured during the breeding period. Our results demonstrate that the ovulatory response to all different inducers was dose dependent, the highest percentage of ovulated oocytes being obtained with HPH treatment. An important increase in the ovulatory response was obtained by the association of PGF2alpha with either HPH or progesterone at suboptimal doses, indicating that this prostaglandin induced a synergistic potentiating effect. Incubation with cyclooxygenase inhibitors (indomethacin or diclofenac sodium) produced a significant decrease in the ovulation induced by HPH, demonstrating that prostaglandins are involved in the action of the pituitary gland in this process. According to our results, PGE1 not only had no participation in the ovulatory process, but also produced an inhibitory effect on ovulation induced by HPH treatment.     

Lipids during Bufo arenarum oogenesis

The content and composition of phospholipids and triacylglycerols (TAGs) in Bufo arenarum oocytes in stages III and IV of their oogenesis were studied. The total amount of phospholipids in stage IV oocytes is 0.5-fold higher than in stage III oocytes. In both cases, the main phospholipids are phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). A striking observation concerns the high level of diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) in stage III oocytes, which could be indicative of a relatively larger mitochondrial population with respect to other oogenetic stages. A net increase in sphingomyelin content was found during oogenesis. This fact could be related to the role of this phospholipid in the signal transductional pathways. In PC, palmitic (16:0), linoleic (18:2) and oleic (18:1) are the major fatty acids for both types of oocytes, while in PE the main acyl groups are 18:1, 16:0, arachidonic acid (20:4n6) and 18:2. PE is more unsaturated than PC and both phospholipids are more unsaturated in stage III oocytes than in stage IV oocytes. The amount of triacylglycerols is 0.3-fold higher in stage IV oocytes than in stage III oocytes. In both stages, the main fatty acids are 18:2, 18:1 and 16:0. During oogenesis, a significant increase in 18:1 and 18:3n3, and a decrease in 18:2 of TAG were found. The unsaturation index of TAGs from stage IV oocytes is higher than that from stage III oocytes. The TAG increase during oogenesis is consistent with the putative use of these lipids as a source of energy in embryo development.     

Cytoplasmic Influence on Lethality in Nucleocytoplasmic and Natural Hybrids between Bufo Calamita Laur and Bufo Bufo L. (Amphibia, Anura)

Nucleocytoplasmic interactions have been studied through nuclear and cytoplasmic grafts. Bufo bufo nuclei transplanted in Bufo calamita eggs provoked 95% lethality during gastrulation. Influence of the cytoplasm in such a nucleocytoplasmic incompatibility has been studied through cytoplasmic fractionation and grafting of the fractions obtained. Fractionation of egg cytoplasm gave three fundamental fractions: lipid, hyaline cytoplasm and vitellus. After injection of B. calamita fractions into B. bufo fertilized eggs, the hyaline cytoplasmic fraction provoked a gastrulation block in the same ratio (95%) as in the interspecific nuclear graft experiment. Influence of the hyaline cytoplasmic fractions of both species has been tested on nucleocytoplasmic and natural hybrid developments. The B. calamita hyaline cytoplasmic fraction provoked in each case a developmental block at the beginning of gastrulation. The B. bufo hyaline cytoplasmic fraction acts later at the yolk plug stage and in some cases partially corrects the developmental bolck or exogastrulation of young hybrid gastrula. It can be generalized that in both kinds of hybrids, the hyaline cytoplasmic fraction of B. calamita exerted a lethal effect on B. bufo nucleus.     

中华蟾蜍精子的发生和形成

中华蟾蜍精子的发生可以分为精原细胞期、初级精母细胞期、次级精母细胞期、精子细胞期和精子期5个时期,精子的形成过程包括核固缩、细胞质丢失、鞭毛形成等阶段.曲细精管中可以分出4种形态的精原细胞,其中有3种为增殖型精原细胞,另1种形态的精原细胞通过分裂形成1个精原干细胞和1个增殖型精原细胞,前者分裂以维持精原细胞的数量,后者发育分裂成精母细胞.Mallory三色法染色能清晰的区分精原干细胞和增殖型精原细胞.毕特氏器是异性生殖腺的残余,与精巢以被膜为界.性成熟个体的毕特氏器之卵母细胞圆形或椭圆形,多处于Ⅲ时相;滤泡细胞扁平或矮立方状;卵母细胞间富含微血管、间质细胞、嗜苦味酸细胞等.     

西藏蟾蜍皮肤的组织学观察

为了解西藏蟾蜍Bufo tibetanus与其高海拔生活环境的适应性,采用常规石蜡切片和苏木精-伊红染色方法,对西藏蟾蜍雌雄性头部、躯干和四肢的背、腹侧皮肤显微结构进行了观察、测量和比较。结果显示皮肤的基本结构与已报道的无尾两栖类相似,由表皮和真皮组成。表皮较薄,由5~8层细胞构成,由外到内分为角质层、中间层和基底层。真皮较厚,分为疏松层和致密层。各部位大多表现为背侧皮肤厚度大于腹侧,相应部位大多为雌性大于雄性。皮肤厚度的变化在一定程度上与西藏蟾蜍运动方式和繁殖期间抱对行为相适应。皮肤腺体分粘液腺和颗粒腺2种。色素细胞主要分布在疏松层近表皮处,但在表皮和腺体周围也可见色素细胞的不连续分布。皮肤中毛细血管极其丰富,不仅在表皮下几乎成连续分布,而且在腺体周围也有密集分布。西藏蟾蜍皮肤结构明显表现出与生活环境中强紫外辐射和缺氧环境相适应的特点。     

中国蟾蜍属精子形态比较

采用扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察了采自我国的蟾蜍属(Bufo)7种(亚种)的精子形态,对精子各部位量度进行了测量和计算。结果表明,该属7种(亚种)精子的形态基本相同,精子由头部、中片和尾部组成,头部细长微弯且前端渐尖,中片有球状突起,尾部长,由轴纤维、轴丝和波动膜构成。与已有报道的两栖动物的精子形态相比较,蟾蜍属精子与无尾类其他科精子形态差别较大,而与有尾类精子形态相似。本文认为两栖动物精子形态和量度在科间存在明显差异;两栖动物精子形态的差异可能与其繁殖模式有关。     

Pepsin in the toad Bufo marinus

The macroscopic localization of pepsinogen in the upper gastrointestinal tract of the anuran Bufo marinus was studied by means of biochemical assay. The pH optimum of the anuran pepsin was determined to be 1.6. The effect of lowered ambient temperature on stored pepsinogen and proteolytic activity was studied. Both parameters were reduced. The results are extrapolated to speculate on the mechanisms of gastric brooding in gastric brooding frogs of the genus Rheobatrachus.     

Der Nahrungserwerb von Bufo calamito Laurenti

Ohne ZusammenfassungDie vorliegende Arbeit, wurde unternommen auf Anraten des Herrn Dr. J. Verwey, welchem ich für seine Hilfe zu besonderem Dank verpflichtet bin.     

新疆有花背蟾蜍分布的再证实

2007年6～7月在新疆两栖类考察过程中,于乌鲁木齐北京五家渠市安宁渠镇附近(海拔1655 ft,N:44°01.705',E:87°30.763')采集到两种蟾蜍标本.