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1.
Gert Van Hoof Angeline de Beaufort Christian Hochfeld Karli James 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(3):133-134
The subgroup ‘Driving Forces for Data Exchange’ as part of the SETAC LCA Workgroup on Data Availability and Quality is finishing
its final report with recommendations and guidelines to stimulate availability and exchange of LCI data. Activities in the
past three years involved a literature review, interviews with LCI data publishers and stakeholder discussions. The final
report will be part of a SETAC ‘Code of Life Cycle Inventory Practice’, dealing with LCI data availability and quality aspects
in a broader sense. 相似文献
2.
Life cycle inventory of medium density fibreboard 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Beatriz Rivela Ma Teresa Moreira Gumersindo Feijoo 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(3):143-150
Goal, Scope and Background Wood is the most important renewable material. The management of wood appears to be a key action to optimise the use of resources
and to reduce the environmental impact associated with mankind’s activities. Wood-based products must be analysed considering
the two-fold nature of wood, commonly used as a renewable material or regenerative fuel. Relevant, up-to-date environmental
data are needed to allow the analysis of wood-based products. The main focus of this study is to provide comprehensive data
of one key wood board industry such as the Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF). Moreover, the influence of factors with strong
geographical dependence, such as the electricity profile and final transport of the product, is analysed.
In this work, International Organization for Standardization standards (ISO 14040-43) and Ecoindicator 99 methodology have
been considered to quantify the potential environmental impact associated to the system under study. Three factories, considered
representative of the ‘state of art’, were selected to study the process in detail: two Spanish factories and a Chilean one,
with a process production of around 150,000 m3 per year. The system boundaries included all the activities taking place into the factory as well as the activities linked
to the production of the main chemicals used in the process, energy inputs and transport. All the data related to the inputs
and outputs of the process were obtained by on-site measurements during a one-year period. A sensitive analysis was carried
out taking into account the influence of the final transport of the product and the dependence on the electricity generation
profile.
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis LCI methodology has been used for the quantification of the impacts of the MDF manufacture. The process chain can be subdivided
in three main subsystems: wood preparation, board shaping and board finishing. The final transport of the product was studied
as a different subsystem, considering scenarios from local to transoceanic distribution and three scenarios of electricity
generation profile were assessed. The system was characterised with Ecoindicator 99 methodology (hierarchic version) in order
to identify the ‘hot spots’. Damage to Human Health, Ecosystem Quality and Resources are mainly produced by the subsystem
of Wood Preparation (91.1%, 94.8% and 94.1%, respectively). The contribution of the subsystem of Board Finishing is considerably
lower, but also significant, standing for the 5.8% of the damage to HH and 5.5% of the damage to Resources.
Condusions With the final aim of creating a database of wood board manufacture, this work was focused in the identification and characterisation
of one of the most important wood-based products: Medium Density Fibreboard. Special attention has been paid in the inventory
analysis stage of the MDF industry. The results of the sensitive analysis showed a significant influence of both the final
transport of the product and the electricity generation profile. Thus, the location of MDF process is of paramount importance,
as both aspects have considerable site-dependence.
Recommendations and Perspectives Research continues to be conducted to identify the environmental burdens associated to the materials of extended use. In this
sense, future work can be focused on the comparison of different materials for specific applications. 相似文献
3.
In 1998, the Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) launched a five-year national project entitled ‘Development
of Life Cycle Impact Assessment for Products’ (commonly known as ‘the LCA Project’). The purpose of the project is to develop
common LCA methodology as well as a highly reliable database that can be shared in Japan. Activities over these five years
have resulted in the supply of LCI data on some 250 products. Industrial associations voluntarily provided data. The results
of these activities are currently being made available on the Internet on a trial basis in the form of an LCA database. In
addition, a method entitled ‘Life-cycle Impact assessment Method based on Endpoint modeling (LIME)’ was developed. It is expected
that these results will be widely used in Japan in the future. This paper presents an outline of the results of the research
and development that has been conducted in the LCA Project in Japan. 相似文献
4.
If the complexity of real, socio-economic systems is acknowledged, life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) in life cycle assessment
(LCA) cannot be considered as unambiguous, objective, and as an exclusively data and science based attribution of material
and energy flows to a product. The paper thus suggests a set of criteria for LCI derived from different scientific disciplines,
practice of product design and modelling characteristics of LCI and LCA. A product system with its respective LCI supporting
the process of effective and efficient decision-making should ideally be: a) complete, operational, decomposable, non-redundant,
minimal, and comparable; b) efficient, i.e., as simple, manageable, transparent, cheap, quick, but still as ‘adequate’ as
possible under a functionalistic perspective which takes given economic constraints, material and market characteristics,
and the goal and scope of the study into account; c) actor-based when reflecting the decision-makers’ action space, risk-level,
values, and knowledge (i.e. mental model) in view of the management rules of sustainable development; d) as site- and case-specific
as possible, i.e. uses as much site-specific information as possible. This rationale stresses the significance of considering
both (i) material and energy flows within the technosphere with regard to the sustainable management rules; (ii) environmental
consequences of the environmental interventions on ecosphere. Further, the marginal cost of collecting and computing more
and better information about environmental impacts must not exceed the marginal benefits of information for the natural environment.
The ratio of environmental benefits to the economic cost of the tool must be efficient compared to other investment options.
As a conclusion, in comparative LCAs, the application of equal allocation procedures does not lead to LCA-results on which
products made from different materials can be compared in an adequate way. Each product and material must be modelled according
to its specific material and market characteristics as well as to its particular management rules for their sustainable use.
A generic LCA-methodology including preferences on methodological options is not definable. 相似文献
5.
Andreas Ciroth Marcel Hagelüken Guido W. Sonnemann Francesc Castells Günter Fleischer 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2002,7(6):363-368
Goal and Background Geographical and technological differences in Life Cycle Inventory data are an important source for uncertainty in the result
of Life Cycle Assessments. Knowledge on their impact on the result of an LCA is scarce, and also knowledge on how to manage
them in an LCA case study.
Objective Goal of this paper is to explore these differences for municipal solid waste incinerator plants, and to develop recommendations
for managing technological and geographical differences.
Methodology The paper provides a definition of technological and geographical differences, and analyses their possible impacts. In a case
study, the differences are caused intentionally in ‘games’, by virtually transplanting incineration plants to a different
location and by changing parameters such as the composition of the waste input incinerated. The games are performed by using
a modular model for municipal solid waste incinerator plants. In each case, an LCA including an Impact Assessment is calculated
to trace the impact of these changes, and the results are compared.
Conclusions The conclusions of the paper are two-fold: (1) reduce the differences in inventory data where their impact on the result is
high; where it is possible reducing them to a great extent, and the effort for performing the change acceptable; in the case
of incineration plants: Adapt the flue gas treatment, especially a possible DeNOx step, to the real conditions; (2) make use
of modular process models that allow adapting plant parameters to better meet real conditions, but be aware of possible modelling
errors. We invite the scientific community to validate the model used for a waste incinerator plant, and suggest putting up
similar models for other processes, preferably those of similar relevance for Life Cycle Inventories. 相似文献
6.
Roland Hischier Martin Baitz Rolf Bretz Rolf Frischknecht Niels Jungbluth Torsten Marheineke Phil McKeown Michiel Oele Philippe Osset Isa Renner Tim Skone Helena Wessman Angeline S. H. de Beaufort 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(4):192-198
Data availability and data quality are still critical factors for successful LCA work. The SETAC-Europe LCA Working Group
‘Data Availability and Data Quality’ has therefore focused on ongoing developments toward a common data exchange format, public
databases and accepted quality measures to find science-based solutions than can be widely accepted. A necessary prerequisite
for the free flow and exchange of life cycle inventory (LCI) data and the comparability of LCIs is the consistent definition,
nomenclature, and use of inventory parameters. This is the main subject of the subgroup ‘Recommended List of Exchanges’ that
presents its results and findings here:
相似文献
• | Rigid parameter lists for LCIs are not practical; especially, compulsory lists of measurements for all inventories are counterproductive. Instead, practitioners should be obliged to give the rationale for their scientific choice of selected and omitted parameters. The standardized (not: mandatory!) parameter list established by the subgroup can help to facilitate this. |
• | The standardized nomenclature of LCI parameters and the standardized list of measurement bases (units) for these parameters need not be appliedinternally (e.g. in LCA software), but should be adhered to inexternal communications (data for publication and exchange). Deviations need to be clearly stated. |
• | Sum parameters may or may not overlap - misinterpretations in either direction introduce a bias of unknown significance in the subsequent life cycle impact assessments (LCIA). The only person who can discriminate unambiguously is the practitioner who measures or calculates such values. Therefore, a clear statement of independence or overlap is necessary for every sum parameter reported. |
• | Sum parameters should be only used when the group of emissions as such is measured. Individually measured emission parameters should not be hidden in group or sum parameters. |
• | Problematic substances (such as carcinogens, ozone depleting agents and the like) maynever be obscured in group emissions (together with less harmful substances or with substances of different environmental impact), butmust be determined and reported individually, as mentioned in paragraph 3.3 of this article. |
• | Mass and energy balances should be carried out on a unit process level. Mass balances should be done on the level of the entire mass flow in a process as well as on the level of individual chemical elements. |
• | Whenever possible, practitioners should try to fill data gaps with their knowledge of analogous processes, environmental expert judgements, mass balance calculations, worst case assumptions or similar estimation procedures. |
7.
Bengt A. Steen 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2006,11(1):49-54
Goal, Scope and Background The goal of the present paper is to demonstrate how environmental product declarations (EPDs) are developed based on a set
of product category rules (PCRs) in accordance with the requirements in the ISO 14025-standard. This is demonstrated by examples
from the furniture industry in Norway, where several case models are evaluated. To ease the capability of developing EPDs
in this industry, a database with specific environmental data for materials in furniture is developed. The database is used
to produce the LCA for selected furniture models, and further, the database is the backbone of a data-assistance tool used
to create the EPDs.
Methods The LCA-data are produced based on traditional LCA-methodology. The PCR is based on a stakeholder analysis and the proposed
methodology in the ISO 14025-standard. The EPDs developed so far, are results of close collaboration between companies and
research centres in the Nordic countries. For the verification of the EPDs, auditing methodologies are used as a part of the
audit of the companies' environmental management systems (EMS).
Results and Conclusion Based on a hearing of a set of suggested PCRs, a consensus document for seating accommodation is developed. This is further
the model for how to develop PCR-documents for all types of furniture, for example sleeping accommodations. Likewise, the
database shall contain the most important data for the parts of a furniture model. Within the goal of the project period,
EPDs will be developed for 80% of Norwegian furniture. The verification of the EPDs is done as a part of the certification
procedures of EMS in accordance with the ISO 14001.
Recommendation and Perspective The results presented in the paper are mainly for the pilot models in the project. However, the results will be further tested
and the data-tool will be developed as a part of a product design tool where environmental requirements will be combined with
quality requirements. The product design tool will be implemented in the furniture industry. Information on how to use EPDs
in public purchasing will also be a part of future work. 相似文献
8.
Andreas Ciroth Marcel Hagelüken Guido W. Sonnemann Francesc Castells Günter Fleischer 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2002,7(5):295-300
Goal and Background Geographical and technological differences in Life Cycle Inventory data are an important source for uncertainty in the result
of Life Cycle Assessments. Knowledge on their impact on the result of an LCA is scarce, and also knowledge on how to manage
them in an LCA case study.
Objective Goal of this paper is to explore these differences for municipal solid waste incinerator plants, and to develop recommendations
for managing technological and geographical differences.
Methodology The paper provides a definition of technological and geographical differences, and analyses their possible impacts. In a case
study, the differences are caused intentionally in ‘games’, by virtually transplanting incineration plants to a different
location and by changing parameters such as the composition of the waste input incinerated. The games are performed by using
a modular model for municipal solid waste incinerator plants. In each case, an LCA including an Impact Assessment is calculated
to trace the impact of these changes, and the results are compared.
Conclusions The conclusions of the paper are two-fold: (1) reduce the differences in inventory data where their impact on the result is
high; where it is possible reducing them to a great extent, and the effort for performing the change acceptable; in the case
of incineration plants: Adapt the flue gas treatment, especially a possible DeNOx step, to the real conditions; (2) make use
of modular process models that allow adapting plant parameters to better meet real conditions, but be aware of possible modelling
errors. The paper invites the scientific community to validate the model used for a waste incinerator plant, and suggest putting
up similar models for other processes, preferably those of similar relevance for Life Cycle Inventories. 相似文献
9.
Anna Lúcia Mourad Leda Coltro Paula A. P. L. V. Oliveira Rojane M. Kletecke José Paulo O. A. Baddini 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(6):408-413
Goal, Scope and Background A methodological approach for representing agricultural products in terms of life cycle inventory is suggested in this paper.
This approach was developed during the conduction of an LCA study for two perennial crops of important Brazilian exportation
products: green coffee and orange juice, which included tillage cultivation by commercial farms, harvest, as well as product
processing when pertinent.
The published papers on agricultural products LCA usually discuss the final results in terms of LCIA, being not very clear
what methodology or principles were applied on the LCI phase. The aim of this paper is to present a simple methodology that
would be employed by different stakeholders as farmers, environment managers and decision makers for evaluating the environmental
performance of their products.
In recent years, many researchers have tried to make a worldwide effort in order to reach comparable results of LCA studies
developed in different countries. So, the proposed methodology has also the aim of isolating the site-dependency of the results
that are not strictly related to the agricultural production. The time coverage suggested is the period can be considered
as an average for the specific tillage under evaluation, usually two crops, since there is a large variation on the inputs
in every other crop, including the higher and subsequent lower productive periods.
Method The functional unit recommended is 1,000 kg of the specific product, being recommended to distinguish the energy used for
the cultivation from that used by the processing stage. There are several specific considerations to transform the data collected
through the questionnaires in an inventory data set of fertilizers (macro and micro nutrients), correctives, fillers and pesticides
further detailed. Water used for chemicals preparation, in the cleaning and processing stages of the harvested crop is also
considered. Land use refers to the area used land for cultivation divided by the medium life period of the tillage.
The stoichiometric balance is performed based on the elementary composition of the products. An average carbohydrate formula
is established for the products considering the relationship among the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen contents of them. The carbohydrate
formula (output) is balanced with carbon dioxide and water (inputs) according to the basic principles of the photosynthesis
reaction. The differences among the mineral composition of the products and the total content of these elements (N, P, K,
Ca, Mg and micronutrients elements) for all the crop inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, correctives) are allocated as outputs
of the system. The pesticides is counted in two forms: grouped in classes (herbicide, fungicide, acaricide, bactericide and
inseticide) and specified by the chemical name of the active ingredient.
Results and Discussion A simplified inventory useful for different purposes is generated with the principles described in this paper. The exact fate
of each pesticide, fertilizer or corrective or assumptions can be further associated to impact categories as nutriphication,
human health, natural resources depletion, ecological toxicity, etc. In this approach the mass balance was focused in the
grain or fruit growth and not in the plant or tree as a whole, considering basically the elementary composition of the product
and the photosynthesis principle. Despite agricultural LCAs performed in different countries have been published, neither
of them considers the carbon capture by the agricultural products during their growth.
Conclusions This method is based on well accepted universal principles of stoichiometry applied to the grain or fruit growth. Minimum
estimations were introduced in this approach, which produces ‘clean inventories’, with comparable results between different
studies. The generated inventory can be gradually improved as the understanding about each emission fate is known, producing
a valid methodology for actual and future knowledge about the fate of tillage emissions. The inventory results of this method
can be employed by different stakeholders as farmers, environment managers, decision makers and traders, with valuable environmental
parameters for evaluating the environmental performance of their products and also for introducing improvements on their systems,
without however to exhibit any particular data. 相似文献
10.
Intention, Goal, Scope, Background Input-Output Analysis (IOA) has recently been introduced to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In applying IOA to LCA studies, however,
it is important to note that there are both advantages and disadvantages.
Objectives This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of adopting IOA in LCA, and introduces
the methodology and principles of the Missing Inventory Estimation Tool (MIET) as one of the approaches to combine the strengths
of process-specific LCA and IOA. Additionairy, we try to identify a number of possible errors in the use of IOA for LCA purposes,
due to confusion between industry output and commodity, consumer’s price and producer’s price.
Method MIET utilises the 1996 US input-output table and various environmental statistics. It is based on an explicit distinction
between commodity and industry output.
Results and Discussion MIET is a self-contained, publicly available database which can be applied directly in LCA studies to estimate missing processes.
Conclusion By adopting MILT results in existing, process-based, life-cycle inventory (LCI), LCA practitioners can fully utilise the process-specific
information while expanding the system boundary.
Recommendations and Outlook MIET will be continuously updated to reflect both methodological developments and newly available data sources. For supporting
information sec http:// wwwJeidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/softwarc/miet. 相似文献
11.
流域尺度海量生态环境数据建库关键技术——以塔里木河流域为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
流域尺度海量生态环境数据库构建是生态环境精准化研究的基础。以塔里木河流域生态环境数据库构建为例,对流域尺度海量生态环境数据建库的无缝数据拼接、建库规范设计、要素代码设计、空间索引设计、特征展示表及一键入库设计等关键技术进行了探讨。针对流域跨带裂缝问题,从缝隙源出发,通过分离物理数据层和逻辑数据层并区分矢量数据和栅格数据,在统一的多尺度空间框架体系下实现了海量数据的跨带无缝拼接;数据库规范设计和要素代码设计是数据入库前的关键工作,针对流域实际,分别采用规范化英文字母和图形数据比例尺设置数据库命名规范和建立代码标准;在ArcSDE框架下,采用格网索引设计和多级金字塔结构分别构建矢量数据和栅格数据的空间索引,提高了数据的快速检索和浏览;通过建立特征展示表并提出"一键入库"策略,提高了系统响应及数据入库效率等。通过构建流域尺度海量生态环境数据库系统,实现了流域尺度多源、多类型、跨带海量生态环境数据的有效存储和管理,为流域一体化管理和生态环境研究提供了基础数据支撑。 相似文献
12.
Mark A. J. Huijbregts Gregory Norris Rolf Bretz Andreas Ciroth Benoit Maurice Bo von Bahr Bo Weidema Angeline S. H. de Beaufort 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(3):127-132
Modelling data uncertainty is not common practice in life cycle inventories (LCI), although different techniques are available
for estimating and expressing uncertainties, and for propagating the uncertainties to the final model results. To clarify
and stimulate the use of data uncertainty assessments in common LCI practice, the SETAC working group ‘Data Availability and
Quality’ presents a framework for data uncertainty assessment in LCI. Data uncertainty is divided in two categories: (1) lack
of data, further specified as complete lack of data (data gaps) and a lack of representative data, and (2) data inaccuracy.
Filling data gaps can be done by input-output modelling, using information for similar products or the main ingredients of
a product, and applying the law of mass conservation. Lack of temporal, geographical and further technological correlation
between the data used and needed may be accounted for by applying uncertainty factors to the non-representative data. Stochastic
modelling, which can be performed by Monte Carlo simulation, is a promising technique to deal with data inaccuracy in LCIs. 相似文献
13.
A survey of unresolved problems in life cycle assessment 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
John Reap Felipe Roman Scott Duncan Bert Bras 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2008,13(4):290-300
Background, aims, and scope Life cycle assessment (LCA) stands as the pre-eminent tool for estimating environmental effects caused by products and processes
from ‘cradle to grave’ or ‘cradle to cradle.’ It exists in multiple forms, claims a growing list of practitioners, and remains
a focus of continuing research. Despite its popularity and codification by organizations such as the International Organization
for Standards and the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, life cycle assessment is a tool in need of improvement.
Multiple authors have written about its individual problems, but a unified treatment of the subject is lacking. The following
literature survey gathers and explains issues, problems and problematic decisions currently limiting LCA’s goal and scope
definition and life cycle inventory phases.
Main features The review identifies 15 major problem areas and organizes them by the LCA phases in which each appears. This part of the
review focuses on the first 7 of these problems occurring during the goal and scope definition and life cycle inventory phases.
It is meant as a concise summary for practitioners interested in methodological limitations which might degrade the accuracy
of their assessments. For new researchers, it provides an overview of pertinent problem areas toward which they might wish
to direct their research efforts.
Results and discussion Multiple problems occur in each of LCA’s four phases and reduce the accuracy of this tool. Considering problem severity and
the adequacy of current solutions, six of the 15 discussed problems are of paramount importance. In LCA’s first two phases,
functional unit definition, boundary selection, and allocation are critical problems requiring particular attention.
Conclusions and recommendations Problems encountered during goal and scope definition arise from decisions about inclusion and exclusion while those in inventory
analysis involve flows and transformations. Foundational decisions about the basis of comparison (functional unit), bounds
of the study, and physical relationships between included processes largely dictate the representativeness and, therefore,
the value of an LCA. It is for this reason that problems in functional unit definition, boundary selection, and allocation
are the most critical examined in the first part of this review.
相似文献
Bert BrasEmail: |
14.
Background, Goal and Scope The research presented here represents one part of GlaxoSmithKline’s (GSK) efforts to identify and improve the life cycle
impact profile of pharmaceutical products. The main goal of this work was to identify and analyze the cradle-to-gate environmental
impacts in the synthesis of a typical Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API). A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of a
commercial pharmaceutical product is presented as a case study.
Methods Life cycle inventory data were obtained using a modular gate-to-gate methodology developed in partnership with North Carolina
State University (NCSU) while the impact assessment was performed utilizing GSK’s sustainability metrics methodology.
Results and Discussion Major contributors to the environmental footprint of a typical pharmaceutical product were identified. The results of this
study indicate that solvent use accounts for a majority of the potential cradle-to-gate impacts associated with the manufacture
of the commercial pharmaceutical product under study. If spent solvent is incinerated instead of recovered the life-cycle
profile and impacts are considerably increased.
Conclusions This case study provided GSK with key insights into the life-cycle impacts of pharmaceutical products. It also helped to establish
a well-documented approach to using life cycle within GSK and fostered the development of a practical methodology that is
applicable to strategic decision making, internal business processes and other processes and tools. 相似文献
15.
Assessing extinction risk in the absence of species-level data: quantitative criteria for terrestrial ecosystems 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jon Paul Rodríguez Jennifer K. Balch Kathryn M. Rodríguez-Clark 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2007,16(1):183-209
The conservation of individual plant and animal species has been advanced greatly by the World Conservation Union’s (IUCN)
development of objective, repeatable, and transparent criteria for assessing extinction risk, which explicitly separate the
process of risk assessment from priority-setting. Here we present an analogous procedure for assessing the extinction risk
of terrestrial ecosystems, which may complement traditional species-specific risk assessments, or may provide an alternative
when only landscape-level data are available. We developed four quantitative risk criteria, derived primarily from remotely
sensed spatial data, information on one of which must be available to permit classification. Using a naming system analogous
to the present IUCN species-specific system, our four criteria were: (A) reduction of land cover and continuing threat, (B)
rapid rate of land cover change, (C) increased fragmentation, and (D) highly restricted geographical distribution. We applied
these criteria to five ecosystems covering a range of spatial and temporal scales, regions of the world, and ecosystem types,
and found that Indonesian Borneo’s lowland tropical forests and the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest were Critically Endangered,
while South Africa’s grasslands and Brazil’s Mato Grosso were Vulnerable. Furthermore, at a finer grain of analysis, one region
of Venezuela’s coastal dry forests (Margarita Island) qualified as Vulnerable, while another (the Guasare River watershed)
was Critically Endangered. In northern Venezuela, deciduous forests were classified as Endangered, semi-deciduous forests
Vulnerable, and evergreen forests of Least Concern. We conclude that adoption of such a standardized system will facilitate
globally comparable, repeatable geographic analyses that clearly separate risk assessment (a fundamentally scientific process),
from the definition of conservation priorities, which should take into account additional factors, such as ecological distinctiveness,
costs, logistics, likelihood of success, and societal preferences.
Jon Paul Rodríguez and Jennifer K. Balch are contributed equally to this work 相似文献
16.
Vranken W 《Journal of biomolecular NMR》2007,39(4):303-314
Information obtained from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments is encoded as a set of constraint lists when calculating
three-dimensional structures for a protein. With the amount of constraint data from the world wide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB)
that is now available, it is possible to do a global, large-scale analysis using only information from the constraints, without
taking the coordinate information into account. This article describes such an analysis of distance constraints from NOE data
based on a set of 1834 NMR PDB entries containing 1909 protein chains. In order to best represent the quality and extent of
the data that is currently deposited at the wwPDB, only the original data as deposited by the authors was used, and no attempt
was made to ‘clean up’ and further interpret this information. Because the constraint lists provide a single set of data,
and not an ensemble of structural solutions, they are easier to analyse and provide a reduced form of structural information
that is relevant for NMR analysis only. The online resource resulting from this analysis () makes it possible to check, for example, how often a particular contact occurs when assigning NOESY spectra, or to find
out whether a particular sequence fragment is likely to be difficult to assign. In this respect it formalises information
that scientists with experience in spectrum analysis are aware of but cannot necessarily quantify. The analysis described
here illustrates the importance of depositing constraints (and all other possible NMR derived information) along with the
structure coordinates, as this type of information can greatly assist the NMR community. 相似文献
17.
18.
Cradle-to-gate study of red clay for use in the ceramic industry 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
María-Dolores Bovea Úrsula Saura Jose Luis Ferrero Josep Giner 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(6):439-447
Background, Goal and Scope The ceramic tile industry is one of the most important industries in Spain, with the highest concentration of firms to be
found in the province of Castellón on the Mediterranean coast. The basic input material for this industry is red clay. The
aim of this study was to carry out an LCA of the process of mining, treating and marketing this clay in order to identify
the stages and unit processes that have the greatest impact on the environment.
This LCA examines all the stages of the red clay from cradle to the customer’s gate, including the process of mining and treating
the clay in the mining facilities and its later distribution to end users.
Methods Life cycle inventory (LCI): An exhaustive LCI was performed by collecting data from the mine run by Watts Blake Bearne Spain,
S.A. (WBB-Spain) in Castellón. Inputs and outputs were collected for all the unit processes involved in the mining, treatment
and marketing of the clay:
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA): According to ISO 1404X standards, the LCIA is performed at two levels. Firstly, the emissions
accounted for in the inventory stage are sorted into impact categories to obtain an indicator for each category (mandatory
elements). Secondly, the weighting of environmental data to a single unit is applied (optional elements). In compliance with
ISO 14042, a sensitivity analysis is performed and three different impact assessment methods (Eco-Indicator’95, Eco-Indicator’99
and EPS’2000) are applied in order to analyse their influence on the results.
Results The processes that involve the movement of clay within the mine (excavation and loading and transport to the crushing facilities
and heaps) are the ones that make the greatest contribution to impact categories for pollutant emissions. As weighting methods
in LCA remain a controversial issue, a recommendation when robust results are required, can be to use several methods to examine
the sensitivity of the results to different values and worldviews. In our application case, in spite of the differences between
the three impact assessment methods applied (Eco-Indicator’95, Eco-Indicator’99 and EPS’2000), the same conclusions can be
established from the environmental point of view and we can conclude that the ultimate results are not sensitive in the transformation
of mid-points to end-points.
Discussion Taking into account the characteristics of the product being analysed, in addition to the impact categories for pollutant
emissions that are traditionally considered in LCA studies, environmental parameters related to resource use (fuel, electricity
and water consumption), waste generation (dangerous and non-dangerous wastes) and land use (natural resource appreciation
and land use efficiency) and its later rehabilitation (degree of rehabilitation) have been defined. These parameters can be
used as additional criteria for an environmental product declaration or criteria for a future eco-labelling of red clay.
Conclusion The results of this study made it possible to identify the unit processes that make the greatest contribution to environmental
impact that being, specifically, excavation and loading and transport to the crushing facilities and heaps. Such processes
are directly related to the fuel consumption, category that faithfully reproduces the environmental profile of most of the
impact categories related to pollution emissions. Special interest has the consideration of additional parameters to quantify
the land use and its later rehabilitation.
Recommendations The ceramic tile industry has a basis to market and promote tile products with improved environmental impacts. Given that
transport and extraction are dominant underlying issues, it is quite likely that such environmental improvements are also
win-win in the economic sense. The availability of exhaustive life cycle inventories is the key to allow this industry to,
rapidly, incorporate LCA during product development. Complimentary life cycle costings would also be relatively minimal in
terms of effort.
Perspectives Although this study performs the LCI for the basic raw material (clay), future studies should be conducted to complete an
LCI for the remaining elements employed by the ceramic tile industry, with the aim of developing a characteristic LCI database
for this industry. This includes data on raw materials (feldspar, silicious and feldspars sand, boron, glaze, frit, etc.)
and processes (enamelling, firing, water waste treatment, etc.). 相似文献
– | Mining the clay, which embraces the unit processes of removing the layer of vegetation covering the chosen area, preparing the area to allow access for the firm’s vehicles, and boring or blasting the place the clay is to be extracted from. |
– | Treating the clay that is mined to make the finished product, which entails all unit processes required to separate out the waste material and transport it to the tip (which will later be reconditioned), excavating and transporting the clay to the crushing plant and later storing it in heaps before delivery to customers. All the internal transport that takes place between each unit process has also considered. |
– | Distribution of the final product, where the clay is loaded onto dumper trucks and delivered to the customer. |
19.
Zhang Y 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2007,31(1):73-100
Chinese medicine emphasizes the underlying connection of the bodily, emotional, social, and environmental dimensions in illness
experience and healing. The therapeutic process, characterized as tiao (attuning, balancing), targets the patient’s overall illness condition and experience including both physical and nonphysical
aspects of suffering. This study, incorporating techniques of microanalysis as an ethnographic tool and using an actual recorded
clinical interaction as data, analyzes how the path to effective healing is negotiated among multiple clinical realities at
a clinic of Chinese medicine in Beijing. A close examination of interactive features of actual face-to-face communication
between a doctor and a patient in a specific case of “stagnation of emotions” reveals that, for an illness recognized in Chinese
medicine as originating from disordered emotions, adjustment of the patient’s perceptions of reality and social relations
is particularly salient in the “attuning” process. Efficacy then should be understood as more than physiological changes produced
by herbs, but also as emergent through an interactive event of clinical encounters. This study demonstrates empirically how
the clinical process of Chinese medicine works to define and transform the patient’s emotions and experience. 相似文献
20.
C. S. Silva E. Bovarotti M. I. Rodrigues C. O. Hokka Marlei Barboza 《Bioprocess and biosystems engineering》2009,32(5):625-632
The purification of clavulanic acid (CA), which is an important β-lactam antibiotic produced by submerged cultivation of Streptomyces clavuligerus, was studied through the use of phosphate and polyethylene glycol-based aqueous two-phase systems. The parameters’ effect
on the yield and purification was evaluated through an experimental design and the preliminary results showed that the polyethylene
molecular mass and tie-line length and phase volume ratio exerted the strongest effect on the yield and distribution coefficient
in the range tested. In addition, the response surface methodology was used to optimize the distribution coefficient, yield,
and purification factor. The optimal conditions of yield and purification factor are in the regions where polyethylene has
a low molecular mass, pH close to the isoelectric point, and lower top phase volume. A 100% yield and a 1.5-fold purification
factor are obtained when extracting CA by maximizing the conditions of an aqueous two-phase system. 相似文献