两类二角山羊草细胞质小麦雄性不育系的细胞学研究

对具有二角山羊草(Aegilops bicornis)细胞质的同质异核1BL／1RS型小麦雄性不育系ms(Ae．bicornis)-5-1和非1BL／1RS不育系ms(Ae．bicornis)一V9125进行了花药发育细胞学分析。幼穗染色体制片显示,1BL／1RS不育系ms(Ae．bicornis)-5—1减数分裂正常,非1BL／1RS不育系ms(Ae．bicornis)-V9125减数分裂期染色体排列不整齐,出现不正常的四分体和含微核的小孢子。花药发育的细胞学观察表明,1BL／1RS不育系ms(Ae．bicornis)-5—1表现为染败,花药各壁层的发育是正常的;BC3代的非1BL／1RS不育系ms(Ae．bicornis)-V9125表现为园败,且发生了药室合并现象,从细胞学角度证明了二角型小麦不育系存在两个核质互作不育系统。     

克隆植物乌菱对底泥磷含量及植株密度的表型可塑性响应

植物,尤其是克隆植物,能够通过表型变化来缓解外界压力,提高对环境的适应能力。该文研究了水生克隆植物乌菱(Trapa bicornis)对底泥磷含量(Sediment phosphorus concentration, SP)、植株密度(Plant density, PD) 及两者间交互作用的可塑性响应,探讨可塑性是否能促进其在富营养化环境中的生长。结果显示,底泥磷含量对乌菱的主菱盘叶数、同化根比根长、吸收根比根长以及叶、茎、同化根、吸收根与植株总磷含量等都有显著影响 (p<0.05),而植株密度对乌菱各生长及生理生态参数均无显著作用 (p>0.05);SP与PD的交互作用弱化了底泥磷含量对乌菱的效应。底泥磷含量和植株密度甚至改变了同化根、吸收根、茎、叶与总生物量之间的异速生长关系。研究结果表明:乌菱的表型可塑性变化主要受底泥磷含量的影响,乌菱通过器官生物量分配、形态结构及生理生态特征的调整来响应底泥磷含量的变化;同时,高的植株密度也可以提高其在富营养化生境下的生态适应性。     

Genetic variation and population structure in remnant populations of black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis, in Africa

Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) are one of the most endangered mammal species in Africa, with a population decline of more than 96% by the end of the last century. Habitat destruction and encroachment has resulted in fragmentation of the remaining populations. To assist in conservation management, baseline information is provided here on relative genetic diversity and population differentiation among the four remaining recognized subspecies. Using microsatellite data from nine loci and 121 black rhinoceros individuals, and comparing the results with those of other African species affected in similar ways, Diceros bicornis michaeli retained the most genetic diversity (heterozygosity 0.675) compared with Diceros bicornis minor (0.459) and Diceros bicornis bicornis (0.505), suggesting that the duration of the known bottlenecks in these populations has only had a limited impact on diversity. Comparable and moderate degrees of population differentiation were found between D. b. minor, D. b. bicornis and D. b. michaeli. Results from the single sample available of the most endangered subspecies, Diceros bicornis longipes, showed the least diversity of all individuals examined. This information should assist conservation management decisions, especially those affecting population viability assessments and selection of individuals for translocations, and will also facilitate subspecies identification for ex situ individuals of uncertain origin.     

Environmental changes and zooplankton temporal and spatial variation in a disturbed Brazilian coastal lagoon.

The Imboassica lagoon, located in the Municipality of Macaé (RJ), is separated from the sea by a sand bar, and its surroundings are partially occupied by residential areas. This coastal lagoon has undergone environmental degradation due to sewage input and artificial sand bar openings. The temporal and spatial variation of environmental variables and zooplankton were studied monthly for four years. There were five artificial openings of the sand bar during the period of study, mostly in the rainy season. Besides osmotic changes, these events caused the drainage of the water of the lagoon into the sea, loss of total organic nitrogen, and an increase of total phosphorus. The zooplankton community of Imboassica lagoon included freshwater and marine taxa, holoplanktonic, meroplanktonic and nectobenthonic forms. Polychaeta, Bivalvia and Gastropoda larvae, and the taxa of Rotifera Hexarthra spp., Lecane bulla, Synchaeta bicornis, nauplii of Cyclopoida and Calanoida copepods were considered constant taxa. Distinct zooplankton assemblages were found during zooplankton spatial surveys in oligohaline and mesohaline conditions. The successful zooplankton populations were either favored by the disturbance of the sand bar opening, such as the veligers of the gastropod Heleobia australis, or capable of fast recovery after the closing of the sand bar, during the succession from a marine into an oligohaline environment, such as Hexarthra spp.. Such populations seemed well adapted to the stress conditions usually found in the lagoon due to osmotic changes, column mixing, nutrient input, and high fish predation pressure. Rare species in the community, such as Moina minuta, presented population increases all over the lagoon under oligohaline conditions.     

Long-term follow-up of patients treated with radical surgery for rectal cancer

In developed societies colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most frequent malignant tumor which causes more than 5000 deaths yearly in Hungary. We have attempted to answer the question how to improve the above mentioned data by the long-term follow-up of patients operated upon for rectal cancer at our department. Of the patients operated on for rectal cancer at our department between March 1990 and April 2006, we have conducted regular follow-up of 297 patients according to a protocol developed by us. We have examined the length of time between the rectum operation and the diagnosis and the number of local recurrences, distant metastases, tumor progression in more than one organ as well as second tumors (independent of the rectal cancer). During this period we found 24 local recurrences, 32 distant metastases, 43 tumor progressions in more than one organ, and 21 second tumors. In two patients, in addition to distant metastases, we found a second CRC independent of the original rectal cancer, and in one patient with tumor progression in more than one organ we also detected breast cancer. In one patient we found 3 second tumors (CR, lung and urinary bladder) independent of the original rectal cancer. Altogether we found tumors in 117 out of 297 patients. During the same period, we performed 69/117 operations and 31/117 patients were alive at the end of our study with a median survival of 60.4 (3-184) months. In summary, we can state that this work is beneficial for curing the recurrence of rectal cancer, making the patients' life longer or making the quality of life better for the patients operated on for rectal cancer.     

二角山羊草细胞质小麦雄性不育系的育性特异性分析

利用大量小麦亲本材料和优良品种(系)与具有粘果、易变、偏凸和二角山羊草细胞质的小麦雄性不育系杂交,并对其杂交F1过氧化物同工酶进行了分析,结果表明：(1)二角山羊草细胞质与小麦核内的遗传物质组成两个不同的核质互作不育系统,粘、易、偏型不育系育性基本表现一致,而二角型不育系除了与前三种不育系具有相同的1BL／1RS保持系以外,对某些小麦近缘植物的杂交后代材料还表现出育性特异性。(2)粘、易、偏和二角型同核异质不育系5-1及其与V9125杂交F1过氧化物同工酶分析表明,粘、易、偏和二角型不育系5-1过氧化物同工酶带型基本表现一致,粘、易、偏不育系5-1与V9125杂交F1过氧化物同工酶带型基本表现一致,而二角型不育系5-1杂交F1过氧化物同工酶则表现出酶带减少变弱。     

Cross-talk along gastrointestinal tract during electrical stimulation: effects and mechanisms of gastric/colonic stimulation on rectal tone in dogs

Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) has been shown to alter motor and sensory functions of the stomach. However, its effects on other organs of the gut have rarely been investigated. The study was performed in 12 dogs implanted with two pairs of electrodes, one on the serosa of the stomach and the other on the colon. The study was composed of two experiments. Experiment 1 was designed to study the effects of GES on rectal tone and compliance in nine dogs compared with colonic electrical stimulation (CES). Rectal tone and compliance were assessed before and after GES or CES. Experiment 2 was performed to study the involvement of sympathetic pathway in 8 of the 12 dogs. The rectal tone was recorded for 30-40 min at baseline and 20 min after intravenous guanethidine. GES or CES was given for 20 min 20 min after the initiation of the infusion. It was found that both GES and CES reduced rectal tone with comparable potency. Rectal compliance was altered neither with GES, nor with CES. The inhibitory effect of GES but not CES on rectal tone was abolished by an adrenergic blockade, guanethidine. GES inhibited rectal tone with a comparable potency with CES but did not alter rectal compliance. The inhibitory effect of GES on rectal tone is mediated by the sympathetic pathway. It should be noted that electrical stimulation of one organ of the gut may have a beneficial or adverse effect on another organ of the gut.     

二角型非1B/1R 小麦CMS不育恢复体系的建立

通过对具有二角山羊草细胞质的1B/1R型小麦雄性不育系m s(A e.bicorn is)-5-1回交置换,获得了新型二角山羊草细胞质小麦雄性不育系m s(A e.bicor)-V 9125和m s(A e.bicor)-M 853.利用染色体制片、分子标记、原位杂交和酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对其保持系V 9125和M 853进行分子细胞遗传学检测,并对其育性恢复性机理进行了初步研究.结果表明:(1)V 9125和M 853均为非1B/1R易位系.V 9125为小麦-簇毛麦易位系,m s(A e.bicor)-V 9125是二角山羊草细胞质与普通小麦核背景中簇毛麦外源染色体互作产生的一类新的核质互作不育系.(2)M 853为小麦-滨麦易位系,m s(A e.bicor)-M 853是二角山羊草细胞质与普通小麦核背景中滨麦外源染色体互作产生的一类新的核质互作不育系.(3)利用一些普通小麦品种(系)与这两个不育系杂交,m s(A e.bicor)-V 9125和m s(A e.bicor)-M 853仅与T 6-3杂交育性得到恢复,且恢复度较高,变异小,而与其它大部分普通小麦杂交F1表现雄性不育,且扬花期花药不外露.而m s(A e.bicor)-5-1与包括T 6-3在内的普通小麦品种(系)杂交F1育性得到不同程度的恢复.从而得出结论,二角山羊草细胞质与小麦细胞核的互作存在两个不同的不育-恢复系统.     

湖北菱科的数量分类研究[Ⅱ]

引言菱科(Trapaceae)植物为一年生水生浮叶草本,常见于湖泊,池塘及沟渠中。全世界约有70余种,主要分布于旧大陆的温带、亚热带地区,亦见于热带地区,如印度,东南亚及非洲,后来被引进美洲大陆和澳大利亚。中国有5至10种及其栽培种。菱科为一单属科。自林奈时期以来,菱科的分类学研究一直是一个富有探索性的问     

Ultrastructure of the rectal sac, the site of water vapour uptake from the atmosphere in larvae of the oriental rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis

A portion of the hindgut of Xenopsylla cheopis larvae, the rectal sac, is extraordinarily enlarged and differentiated into a specialized organ displaying well-elaborated transporting epithelia. This organ is unique among insect recta because of gutter-like arrangement of two ultrastructurally distinct cell types with an asymmetrical position of the membranemitochondria complexes. The cells of the dorsal gutter have highly folded apical plasma membranes on the lumen side. The cells of the ventral gutter show deep infoldings of the basal plasma membrane on the haemolymph side. Less elaborate folds originate from the opposite sides of the cells. The nuclei of the dorsal epithelial cells are located in the basal part; those of the ventral cells in the apical portion of the cell. The ultrastructural features of the rectal sac, its ventilation synchronized with rhythmic opening of the anus during phases of active water vapour uptake, as well as the reversible arrest of uptake by experimental occlusion of the anus, reveal that condensation and uptake of atmospheric water take place in this organ.     

二角山羊草Pinb基因的克隆与表达分析

根据已报道的小麦Pinb基因的保守序列,设计合成了1对特异性引物,对二角山羊草(Aegilops bicornis,SS)的基因组DNA进行Pinb基因扩增、克隆、序列分析,发现了1个新型Pinb等位基因,基因长360bp,编码119个氨基酸残基,对应于麦类作物PinB成熟蛋白结构区域,具有其特有的WPTKWWK色氨酸结构域和10个半胱氨酸所形成的5个二硫键结构。与软粒小麦cv.Capitole的Pinb-D1a相比较,其核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为93.1%和91.6%。RT-PCR证实了Pinb基因在籽粒胚乳中的表达。研究结果表明,二角山羊草中包含着与小麦差异较大的籽粒硬度控制基因,为栽培小麦品质改良提供了丰富的遗传资源。     

Parvicapsula bicornis n. sp. and P. limandae n. sp. (Myxozoa, Parvicapsulidae) in Pleuronectidae (Teleostei, Heterosomata) from Denmark

Two species of Parvicapsula were found in the kidney tubules and the urinary bladder of 2 pleuronectid fish from the northern Oresund, Denmark. The coelozoic, spherical, disporic trophozoites of both species are 10 to 12 pm in diameter. The myxospores of both species are elongate, asymmetrical and slightly curved, and have spherical polar capsules. Parvicapsula bicornis n. sp. (6-8 x 5-6 microm, polar capsule 2.5 microm in diameter) occurs in Pleuronectes platessa. The polar capsules of P. bicornis are arranged symmetrically on either side of the longitudinal axis and its spores differ from other species of Parvicapsula in having two 2-3 microm long posterior processes of different length. Parvicapsula limandae n. sp. (8-11 x 4-5 pm, polar capsule 1.6 microm in diameter) is found in Limanda limanda. The polar capsules are arranged along the longitudinal axis. It differs from Parvicapsula unicornis Kabata, 1962, recorded from L. limanda, in the arrangement of the polar capsules and in the absence of a posterior horn-like projection. The phylogenetic relationship between P. bicornis n. sp., P. limandae n. sp. and other Parvicapsula spp. was examined with their partial small subunit rDNA (SSU rDNA) sequences. P. limandae n. sp. and P. asymmetrica appear to be closely related, while P. bicornis n. sp. and P. minibicornis are the most divergent members of the genus.     

山羊草属不同细胞质对小麦籽粒蛋白含量及组分的影响研究

以山羊草属（Aegilops)6种不同异源细咆质的异质小麦品系Chris为材料,与生产上广泛种植的9个常规小麦品种正反杂交,系统地研究了供试6种蚌源细胞质对其F1籽粒蛋白含量的影响,同时对单芒山草(Ae．uniaristata)、二角山羊草(Ae.bicorins)细胞质对籽粒蛋门组分含量的影响亦进行了研究。结果表明：(1)在以6种异源细胞质材料为母本的杂交组合中,78%的组合其蛋白含量高于反交对照。尤以单芒、二角山羊草细胞质的正效应最为显著,平均提高2个以上百分点,最高达3．7个百分点。(2)供试单芒、二角异源细胞质对籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白的含量影响最大,对醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量的影响相对较小,其效应值大小因特定组合而异。(3)供试异源细胞质对籽粒蛋白质含量和组成的影响均存在显著的核质互作效应。通过异源细胞质的途径来改良小麦籽粒的蛋白含量和组分是一条有效可行的方法,只要选择合适的核质组合即可达到改良目的。     

Physiological requirements for 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced rectal sac distention in the pupa of the silkworm, Bombyx mori

Successful insect development is achieved via appropriate fluctuation of ecdysteroid levels. When an insect's ecdysteroid level is disrupted, physiological and developmental defects occur. In the pupa of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, the rectal sac is an essential organ that operates as a repository for degraded ecdysteroids, and it can be distended by administration of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Our previous study showed that rectal sac distention appears 4 days after 20E administration. Hemolymph ecdysteroid levels, however, decrease to lower level during this period. Thus, the timing of the rectal sac distention does not match with that of ecdysteroid elevation. Here, we examine how 20E induces rectal sac distention. A ligature experiment and ecdysteroid quantification showed that continuous 20E stimulation induces rectal sac distention. Thorax tissue contributed to the continuous 20E stimulation needed to induce distention. Ecdysteroid released from the thorax tissue may be converted to 20E by ecdysone 20-hydroxylase to produce continuous 20E stimulation. Thus, the ecdysone metabolic pathway plays a critical role in rectal sac distention.     

A note on eyelashes in an Arfican black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis

The presence of eyelashes on the lower eyelid of an adult Diceros bicornis (L.) was observed and recorded by photography.     

Organ-related distribution of phospholemman in the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias

The distribution of phospholemman among nine different organs of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) has been determined on the basis of Western blotting of microsomal material. Only rectal gland (100%), brain (43%), heart (18%), and kidney (19%) (abundancies as percent of the concentration in rectal gland) contained the protein, but not gill and colon. The relative abundance in the brain makes this organ a preferential test system for phospholemman in fishes that lack a rectal gland like teleosts.     

Cortical processing of human gut sensation: an evoked potential study

The rectum has a unique physiological role as a sensory organ and differs in its afferent innervation from other gut organs that do not normally mediate conscious sensation. We compared the central processing of human esophageal, duodenal, and rectal sensation using cortical evoked potentials (CEP) in 10 healthy volunteers (age range 21-34 yr). Esophageal and duodenal CEP had similar morphology in all subjects, whereas rectal CEP had two different but reproducible morphologies. The rectal CEP latency to the first component P1 (69 ms) was shorter than both duodenal (123 ms; P = 0.008) and esophageal CEP latencies (106 ms; P = 0.004). The duodenal CEP amplitude of the P1-N1 component (5.0 microV) was smaller than that of the corresponding esophageal component (5.7 microV; P = 0.04) but similar to that of the corresponding rectal component (6.5 microV; P = 0.25). This suggests that rectal sensation is either mediated by faster-conducting afferent pathways or that there is a difference in the orientation or volume of cortical neurons representing the different gut organs. In conclusion, the physiological and anatomic differences between gut organs are reflected in differences in the characteristics of their afferent pathways and cortical processing.     

Ultrastructure of the tail region of the second stage preparasitic larva of the root-knot nematode

Studies on the tail of second-stage infective larvae (L₂s) of Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita and M. hapla from a region anterior to the rectal gland to the tail tip have revealed the presence of a previously undescribed sensory organ, the caudal sensory organ, in the posterior region of the tail.The extreme tip of the tail consists of solid cuticle and the different zones of this structure are described throughout the tail region. Longitudinal sections through the anus and rectum have revealed that the cortical (external cortical, epicuticle) layer gradually decreases in thickness until its outermost layer appears to merge with the plasma membrane of the rectal inflation or gland. This gland appears to be similar in all three species studied.The two phasmidial glands and their canals are described from transverse sections. Somatic muscle is first found in the region of the anus and it extends anteriorly throughout most of the length of the L₂. Depressor ani muscles which insert on the dorsal surface of the rectum are also described.The rectal gland in the dilated state occupies about three quarters of the diameter of the L₂. It contains a matrix which resembles that extruded from the adult female rectal gland cells. The rectal gland cells contain large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and desmosomes are found close to the junction of these cells and the plasma membrane of the gland itself. More anteriorly in the L₂ most of the area is taken up by large lipid droplets which function as an energy reserve.It is suggested that the rectal gland should not be used as a taxonomic criterion for separating the La_2^S of Meloidogyne because it can vary so much in appearance within the same species.     

中国刺足小粪蝇属一新种和一新纪录种(双翅目,小粪蝇科)(英文)

记述了中国刺足小粪蝇属Phthitia Enderlein 2种,新种为双角刺足小粪蝇Phthitia bicornis sp.nov.,新纪录种为指刺足小粪蝇P.glabrescensc,研究标本保存在沈阳大学.