染料木黄酮对成骨细胞增殖分化的影响

目的：研究染料木黄酮对体外培养乳鼠颅盖骨成骨细胞增殖分化的影响。方法：取乳鼠颅盖骨,采用胶原-胰蛋白酶消化法,进行颅骨成骨细胞培养,取第二代成骨细胞,添加10^-5～10^-7mol／L染料木黄酮,在CO2孵箱中培养48h和72h后MTT比色法测定细胞增殖,培养72h采用^3H-TdR和^H-Pro掺入实验测定DNA和胶原合成。用试剂盒检测细胞裂解液碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性。结果：染料木黄酮明显增加成骨细胞MTT的吸光度值、^3H-TdR和^3H-Pro的掺入,增加成骨细胞碱性磷酸酶活性。结论：染料木黄酮促进体外培养的乳鼠颅盖骨成骨细胞DNA和胶原的合成,促进增殖和分化。     

郧县人类头骨化石与周口店直立人头骨的形态比较

对郧县人类头骨化石与周口店直立人头骨作了形态上的比较以检验直立人特征在郧县头骨化石上的表现情况．比较项目包括眶上圆枕、枕骨圆枕、枕平面与项平面之间的转折情况、眶后收缩、颅骨最大宽位置、颅盖低平情况、前额后倾情况和颅容量．结果表明,在郧县人类头骨化石的这些特征项目中,有的因头骨破损和变形而难以肯定．其余的则应是早期智人的特征．从形态上讲,郧县人类头骨化石目前还难肯定是属于直立人,而有可能属于智人,如果认为“直立人”和“智人”是两个不同的物种的话．     

南京2号人类头骨化石的复位和形态

南京2号人类头骨化石仅保留部分的额骨、顶骨、枕骨和颞骨,为一不完整的颅盖骨。其顶骨和枕骨有数条断裂缝,各断块之间有程度不一的错动,致使该颅盖骨显得外形异常。本项研究是对该颅盖骨的错动部分进行复位,结果表明,南京2号头骨有较大的顶骨、较小的上枕鳞相对宽度、可能较大的颅容量。这些形态提示该头骨与直立人有所不同而与早期智人相近。该头骨所具有的角圆枕、颞鳞顶缘形状、枕骨圆枕发育程度、枕骨的枕平面与项平面过渡情况、枕内隆突点与枕外隆突点的距离、头骨骨壁厚度、脑膜中动脉分支情况、头骨枕面观之轮廓线样式等形态细节,还很难作为可靠的依据把南京2号头骨鉴定为直立人。南京2号头骨很大可能是属于智人亚种(Homo sapiens sapiens)中的一员。     

黑骨(Melanosclerites):一类特殊的古生代杆状有机微体化石

黑骨是古生代一类特殊的杆状微体化石,较少研究,零星报道于寒武纪早期至泥盆纪晚期沉积物中,常与其它微体化石(如几丁虫和疑源类)同时出现。黑骨的亲缘关系不甚明了,或与水螅类刺胞生物或者藻类有一定亲缘关系。通过统计已经发表的文献资料,可知此类化石包括3科18属35种。本文利用新近获得的中国黑骨化石材料,对黑骨的形态学、分类学、系统古生物学、地史分布和生物亲缘关系等方面进行综述。     

湖北咸宁飞仙洞新发现的大熊猫化石

<正> 1987年9月,咸宁市古田乡新铺村农民周远文在飞仙洞采石场采集到一较完整的大熊猫头骨化石,即交我馆.我们随即来到现场进行清理,在距头骨采集地点约1米处,找到了大熊猫下颌骨及少量肢骨化石,包括肱骨、髂骨、肘骨、腰带骨等.本文仅对大熊猫头骨及下颌骨化石作一简要的报道.     

河北昌黎乌鳢化石的发现

1955年冬,河北昌黎泥炭中发现了两块乌鳢(Ophicephalus argus Cantor)化石。在同一地层中还有四不象鹿和赤鹿等哺乳类化石。所发现的两块化石,代表两个不同个体的鳃盖骨。鳃盖骨略呈等边三角形。外侧的放射肋纹及生长线,因有原先复盖在上面的鳞片的印痕,故显示不清。内侧的关节窝较大,略呈椭圆形。鳃盖上的鳞片彼此复盖形成不规则的五边形。     

从一块骨化石谈起

化石是保存在地层里的生物遗体或遗迹。骨化石,俗称“龙骨”,就是古脊椎动物的遗骸。完整的古脊椎动物化石是比较稀少的,通常找到的骨化石都只是一些零散的骨头或牙齿。有时候,即使只是一小块化石,对于帮助解决产化石地层的地质时代,对于了解古地理、古气候条件和生物进化的历史,也可以提供有价值的资料。下面用几个实际例子来说明一块骨化石在地层或生物史上的意义。渤海海底的披毛犀牙齿     

大自然的珍宝──龙骨不能滥作药用

大自然的珍宝──龙骨不能滥作药用自古以来,人们一直热衷于用“龙骨”来治病,很多中药方中,有“龙骨”这一味药。所谓“龙骨”,当然不是指龙的骨骼,而是泛指古代脊推动物的一些骨头和硬体化石,例如恐龙、象骨和其它哺乳动物的骨化石,也有人把龟化石、螃蟹化石等等...     

巢县人年代位置新证据及其意义

本文银山地点钟乳石和骨石样的铀系年代。根据位于第２层顶部一钙板样３次分析的平均值,巢县人的上限年龄应为３１万年,据此似可将这一人类化石从目前分类的早期智人改划为晚期直立人。讨论了钟乳石铀系年代的可信度。银山下部地层骨化石样的分析结果,可引为二法一致的骨化石铀系年龄不足以保证数据真实的例证。     

广东南雄的爬行动物化石

1962—1963和1963—1964年两个野外季度,古脊椎动物与古人类研究所在广东南雄作了详细的野外调查和化石发掘工作。在两个野外季度的工作中,发现了大量的恐龙蛋化石和属于第三纪初期的脊椎动物化石。但是在中生代的地层中,除了在乌逕腊树园(6225)发现了比较完整的乌逕南雄龟(Nanhsiungchelys wuchingensis Yeh)以外,几乎所有骨化石,都很破碎甚至不能鉴定。由于和蛋化石一起也保存有象龟那样比较完好的骨     

Cranial capacity/cranial base relationships and prediction of vault form: A canonical correlation analysis

Canonical correlation analysis was used to test an hypothesized morphological relationship between vault form and cranial capacity relative to length of the chondrocranium. Ninety-five adult male Czech skulls were measured for vault form expressed as length, width and height of the brain case; the chondrocranium was represented by nasion-basion and basion-opisthion lengths. In terms of explained variation, the first and most important dimension of covariation between vault and chondrocranial variables was size. The second most significant dimension of covariation expressed the hypothesized shape relationships—i.e., overall size being equal, the shorter the chondrocranial base relative to cranial capacity, the shorter and wider the vault. Furthermore, the competing hypothesis that vault form is determined by facial length proved untenable since facial length was predictive of vault shape only when measured as prosthion-basion, a measure that incorporates basal length. When corrected for basal length, facial length is unrelated to vault form. The results are consistent with the assumption that phylogenetic and microevolutionary trends toward brachycephaly in man stem from changes in the relationship between two components of skull growth, the chondrocranial base and the brain.     

国人颅骨某些角度的测量

本文对青岛和长春地区出土的124例(男71,女53)成人颅骨进行了某些角度的测量。测量结果,进行了颅骨的人类学特征和性别差异的讨论。并与其它地区的国人资料进行了比较。     

Distinct spatiotemporal roles of hedgehog signalling during chick and mouse cranial base and axial skeleton development

The cranial base exerts a supportive role for the brain and includes the occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid bones that arise from cartilaginous precursors in the early embryo. As the occipital bone and the posterior part of the sphenoid are mesoderm derivatives that arise in close proximity to the notochord and floor plate, it has been assumed that their development, like the axial skeleton, is dependent on Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and modulation of bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signalling. Here we examined the development of the cranial base in chick and mouse embryos to compare the molecular signals that are required for chondrogenic induction in the trunk and head. We found that Shh signalling is required but the molecular network controlling cranial base development is distinct from that in the trunk. In the absence of Shh, the presumptive cranial base did not undergo chondrogenic commitment as determined by the loss of Sox9 expression and there was a decrease in cell survival. In contrast, induction of the otic capsule occurred normally demonstrating that induction of the cranial base is uncoupled from formation of the sensory capsules. Lastly, we found that the early cranial mesoderm is refractory to Shh signalling, likely accounting for why development of the cranial base occurs after the axial skeleton. Our data reveal that cranial and axial skeletal induction is controlled by conserved, yet spatiotemporally distinct mechanisms that co-ordinate development of the cranial base with that of the cranial musculature and the pharyngeal arches.     

Size and location of the human temporomandibular joint

The literature abounds with conflicting data on various morphometric aspects of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of sex, ethnic group, and edentulism on TMJ osseous morphology and to define possible factors which might influence variation in this structure. TMJs and related craniofacial structures were measured directly on 229 dry skulls and matching mandibles. Analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were performed. Our results indicate that 1) the anteroposterior-related TMJ dimensions are independent of sex, ethnic group, and edentulism; 2) the transverse TMJ dimension is related to cranial breadth measures; and 3) the projected distance, along a midsagittal plane, between the TMJ and foramen magnum is independent of sex, ethnicity, and edentulism. It is our assertion that the TMJ must not be considered as a single morphological structure but rather viewed as a functional unit with component parts which are subordinate to completely different sets of influences. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

On the measurement of cranial thickness at nasion on cephalographs

Cranial bone thickness at nasion is difficult to measure by the conventional method of drawing a line at right angles to the tangent at nasion on the outer table. The difficulty arises from a lack of uniformity of the arc in this region. The proposed use of a constructed line, drawn at 30 degrees to the anterior projection of the Frankfort horizontal plane, provides an accurate, easily reproducible, and compatible alternative method of measurement.     

Classification systems for discrete variables used in forensic anthropology

In recent years a number of papers have been presented on the usefulness of non-metric traits of the cranial and infracranial skeleton in order that one, some few, or a subsample of crania may be allocated to a pair, family, or larger group. These papers have explored (1) which traits should be used, (2) the theoretical implications of assignment, and (3) the methodology for making these assignments. This paper addresses itself to the theoretical implications of assignment and the methodology for making these assignments. Classification techniques based on the Bayes' theorem, weight of evidence procedures, linear discriminant functions, tally method and the Rubison procedure, were utilized in the first level of analysis. The result suggests that methodologies used must contain an accommodation for correlation between bilateral traits and that pairwise classification procedures are often more applicable than multiple classification procedures considering a large number of groups. The accuracy of various methods starts at slightly better than 50%, while the better methods produce results above the 90% level. Results further show that when acceptable assignments are made the theoretical implications of these assignments do not necessarily suggest the use of a particular methodology, and for ease of analysis the simplest methodology should be used.     

Sexual dimorphism in the baboon facial skeleton

Baboons exhibit marked sexual dimorphism in many aspects of their morphology. Dimorphism is especially pronounced in the face. We use finite-element analysis to investigate the ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in a cross-sectional sample of baboon (Papio sp.) faces. This method provides detailed quantitative information about size and shape changes at anatomical landmarks in the face during growth. Allometric results suggest that sexual dimorphism in facial size and shape is produced by ontogenetic scaling: males and females share a common ontogenetic trajectory. Analyses of growth in time, which complement allometric analyses, show that female growth slows much earlier than male growth, accounting for the differences between sexes. Local size and local shape follow similar patterns of growth, but changes in these variables are slower in females. Local and global facial size are much more dimorphic than local and global facial shape.     

Correlation of relative muzzle width and relative incisor width with dietary preference in ungulates

Qualitative observations suggest that grazing ungulates have relatively broader muzzles than browsing ones, and that grazers have incisors that are all of a similar size, as opposed to the large central and smaller lateral incisors seen in browsers. These differences may be correlated respectively with the need for grazing ungulates to maintain a large daily intake, or for browsing ungulates to forage selectively in a stand of vegetation. Quantitative examination of relative muzzle width and incisor width ratio in 95 species of living ungulates, correlated with seven different types of dietary preferences, substantiated these observations, although phylogenetic history may exhort a strong influence on morphological proportions. For example, equids have relatively narrower muzzles than grazing ruminants despite their less selective mode of feeding. The narrowest relative muzzle widths are not found in regular browsers, but in high level browsers and in mixed feeders in open habitats. Incisor width ratio can distinguish grazers from browsers, but can not be used to discriminate mixed feeders from other feeding types, and grazers appear to have incisors that are relatively broader overall than those of other dietary types, in correlation with their relatively broader muzzles.