九江地区人头发横断面的研究

本文对九江市汉族463例健康人,4710根头发横断面进行观察和显微测量。分析了本地区人年龄与头发直径的关系、年龄与头发黑色素颗粒分布的关系。结果表明:黑色素颗粒随年龄增长而渐浓密,成年人最丰富,老年人头发黑色素颗粒则渐崩溃稀少;头发各径亦随年龄增长而增大,而老年人头发各径是逐渐减小。此外,本文还同欧、亚、美国各民族人头发资料进行比较。根据头发指数,确定本市人头发形伏为直发形。     

人体特征的头发代谢组学及蛋白质组学研究进展

人类头发是以角蛋白和角蛋白相关蛋白为主要成分的天然纤维,是一种可表征一定时间内机体状态的良好生物学样本。头发易采集、低成本、易于运输和存储等优点使其在毒品、酒精及兴奋剂等的检测中具有独特优势。蛋白质组学是一种在整体水平上研究蛋白表达和调控的新兴技术,在生命科学领域应用广泛。蛋白质组学技术可用于不同人群头发蛋白组成及动态变化研究,在寻找疾病标志物、区分个人特质等方面具有巨大潜力。本文从头发的结构及组成、心理压力下头发的变化以及头发蛋白质组学分析技术的研究进展进行了全面综述,对理解头发蛋白质组学表征人体特征以及指导相关研究具有重要意义。     

头发的奥秘

人的头发,其颜色、光泽、疏密和曲直等各有差异。本文对头发的基本结构、组成、与身体的关系及所揭示的信息等作一阐述。１头发的基本结构、组成和生长状况一般来说,人的头发杆状,粗细均匀,横断面为圆形,直径约为８８μｍ。利用这一特点,可以将头发与其它动物的毛发...     

环颈雉的血细胞观察

应用常规血涂片Wright染色法对环颈雉血细胞进行染色、显微观察、形态参数测定、图示、描述和比较。结果表明:环颈雉成熟的红细胞呈长椭圆形,长径18.88±1.54μm,短径10.00±0.79μm。白细胞多呈圆形或椭圆形,其中嗜中性粒细胞长径16.84±0.92μm,短径16.35±0.73μm;嗜酸性粒细胞长径17.94±1.00μm,短径16.80±0.62μm;嗜碱性粒细胞长径15.82±0.27μm,短径14.25±1.36μm;单核细胞长径19.60±1.67μm,短径14.89±1.58μm;小淋巴细胞长径12.15±1.41μm,短径10.97±1.58μm;大淋巴细胞长径16.39±0.53μm,短径15.29±1.04μm。凝血细胞呈圆形或椭圆形,长径12.28±1.22μm,短径9.00±1.05μm。     

对藏族、畲族、朝鲜族人发中微量元素的聚类分析研究

用ICP发射光谱法对中国藏族、畲族和朝鲜族青年人体头发中的钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌、镉 7种元素的含量进行了测定 ,用聚类分析方法进行了比较研究。研究表明 ,在 3个民族的人发之间 ,7种元素含量的综合水平存在着较显著的差别。     

人头发DNA的提取及其基因扩增

头发是犯罪现场最容易得到的材料之一。本文报道从人的头发中提取DNA的方法以及利用PCR(聚合酶链反应)技术,从少量人发DNA扩增大量拷贝数的基因片段。对基因扩增得到的大量基因片段进行进一步的基因分析,将为法医物证学提供客观证据,具有重要价值。     

湖北长阳青铜时代人类乳齿特征的研究

对在湖北长阳县深潭湾崖葬墓出土的青铜时代人类乳齿形态特征的观察研究显示在人类恒齿出现的大多数具有种族识别价值的形态特征在乳齿有相等程度的表现,其中部分特征的出现率和表现程度高于恒齿。与其他地区人群相比,长阳青铜时代人类乳齿特征在总体上与东北亚人类具有的“中国型牙齿”特征接近。同时,在个别牙齿特征上呈现出南亚蒙古人种的特点。作者对产生这种现象的原因进行了分析。本文还就长阳青铜时代人类乳齿测量数据的表现特点进行了探讨。     

基于头发蛋白质组学区分个人特质的方法学探究

目的 头发是一类重要的皮肤附属物,主要由角蛋白和角蛋白相关蛋白等组成。不同种族及性别样本的头发蛋白质组成和占比存在差异,且目前缺乏高效率提取头发蛋白的方法。本文探究基于定量头发蛋白质组学方法,旨在探索该方法区分不同个体的可能性。方法 以3例头发样本,对样品处理方法和裂解缓冲液进行探究,发展一种名为PLEE (PTM lab for protein extraction from hair with high efficiency)的稳定、高效的头发蛋白质提取方法,对7例人发样本,以PLEE法进行提取,结合胶内消化方法进行蛋白质组学实验,产出蛋白质组学数据,分析个体间的头发蛋白质组成及占比。结果 共鉴定274种蛋白质,共有的蛋白质107种,非共有蛋白质种类在57～119,部分样本存在独特鉴定蛋白。使用共鉴定107种蛋白质进行定量蛋白质组分析,通过聚类和主成分分析,可将各样本进行区分,且技术重复样本可聚在一起,表明流程的稳定性。另外,筛选出10个关键蛋白（KRT33A、KRTAP9-6、KRT83、KRTAP7-1、KRT32、BLMH、KRT38、KRTAP11-1、NPAS1、KRTA...     

犬小孢子菌病67例临床观察

犬小孢子菌病为亲动物真菌,感染人类致头皮、头发、皮肤及甲的传染性疾病,还可致头皮深在性感染引起脓癣等。以往均按其发病部位分别归人其他皮肤癣菌病如头癣、体癣等病种内报告。国内少有人将犬小孢子菌所致的病作为一独立的疾病来全面描述。为进一步认识犬小孢子菌及其所致疾病的特征,提高诊断、治疗、预防水平。作者在上海复旦大学华山医院皮肤科进修期间观察了经真菌培养为犬小孢子菌的67例癣菌病患者的真菌学特点和临床表现,并对其特征进行分析研究,现归纳报道如下。     

三维技术对安徽白鹭洲战国墓M566墓主容貌的复原

2011年安徽白鹭洲发现战国时期保存完整的楚国贵族墓葬,因墓主人头发和发簪保存完好、墓主身份显赫而备受关注。该头骨保存完整,具有亚洲蒙古人种的特征,根据骨骼的形态推测其为女性,年龄为35-39岁。为展现该地区战国贵族妇女的容貌、丰富该地区考古多样性提供研究材料。本文首先使用高分辨率CT对该个体的头骨及下颌骨进行了扫描和重建,然后采用基于偏最小二乘回归的颅面复原方法实现生前容貌基本形态的复原。最后,结合考古资料,利用三维模型处理软件对面貌复原模型及其发饰进行了三维建模和纹理贴图等处理,提高了颅面复原模型的真实感,生动形象地再现战国贵族女性面部的形态特征。     

杜鹃花属的子叶形态分类

通过对杜鹃花属中4个亚厲104种或变种的广叶形态观察发现:1、杜鹃花属中4个亚属间的子叶形态差异较大,杜鹃花鳞片的有无从子叶上就可以清楚地看出。2、常绿无鳞杜鹃亚属Subgenus Hymenanthes(BL)K.Koch的子叶边缘多只腺体状毛或白、棕色单毛,极少无毛。背面多为暗紫红色或为灰白及灰绿色,叶片多具侧脉少数仅具中脉;有鳞杜鹃亚屈SubgenusRhododendron的子叶边缘无毛或仅少数有白色单毛,背面基部或边缘具可数片,背面多为灰绿色极少暗紫色,叶片多具中脉少有侧脉;映山红亚属Subgeuus Tsutsusi(Sweet)Pojar-kova的子叶边缘无毛或仅一种有毛,背面灰绿色,具侧脉;马银花亚属Subgentis AzaleaslrumPlanch.的子叶近圆形,边缘无毛,具侧脉3-4对,背面白绿色。 有关杜鹃花属子叶形态研究,国外虽有报道,但仅涉及少数种类,最多的也不超过35种,其中野生种仅有7种,其代表性显然是不够的。在国内,有关杜鹃花属于叶形态分类方面的研究目前尚未见报道。杜鹃花是久负盛誉的世界名花,云南是杜鹃花的分布中心之一。观察杜鹃花和子叶形态并进行分类,不仅为杜鹃花的系统发育及杜鹃花属的分类提供佐证而且为杜鹃花的育种提供一个早期的鉴定指标。     

Age-associated thin hair displays molecular,structural and mechanical characteristic changes

Hair thinning occurs during normal chronological aging in women and in men leading to an increased level of thinner hair shafts alongside original thicker shafts. However, the characteristics of age-associated thin hairs remain largely unknown. Here we analyzed these characteristics by comparing at multiscale thin and thick hairs originated from Caucasian women older than 50 years. We observed that the cortex of thick hair contains many K35(+)/K38(?) keratinocytes that decrease in number with decreasing hair diameter. Accordingly, X-ray diffraction revealed differences supporting that thin and thick hairs are different with regards to the nature of the intermediate filaments making up their cortices. In addition, we observed a direct correlation between hair ellipticity and diameter with thin hairs having an unexpected round shape compared to the elliptic shape of thick hairs. We also observed fewer cuticle layers and a reduced frequency of a medullae in thin hairs. Regarding mechanical properties, thin hairs exhibited a surprising increased rigidity, a decrease of the viscosity and a decrease of the water diffusion coefficient. Hence, aged-associated thin hairs exhibit numerous modifications likely due to changes of hair differentiation program as evidenced by the modulations in the expression of hair keratins and keratin-associated proteins and by the X-ray diffraction specters. Hence, hair thinning with age does not consist simply of the production of a smaller hair. It is rather a more profound process likely relying on the implementation of an “aged hair program” that takes place within the hair follicle.     

动物的毛与人发角蛋白组分的比较研究

本文用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)对10科18种50份动物毛与人发进行了角蛋白组分分析。结果证实,动物的毛与人发角蛋白组分的主要差异在<18.500低分子量区域;不同种属的动物毛角蛋白组分也存在明显差异;大熊猫毛的角蛋白组分与小熊猫和黑熊的相比有显著不同。不同种属动物毛角蛋白组分的差异对动物分类学研究能提供有参考价值的实验依据。     

东北蕨类植物配子体发育的研究X.岩蕨科

在室内培养条件下,详尽地比较观察了我国东北产的岩蕨科２属４种的配子体发育过程,了解该科在配子体发育上的特征,来说明建立岩蕨科的合理性和种属间的区别。     

The failure behavior of the anchorage of hairs during slow extraction

Treatment of excessive hair growth is an important issue in both dermatological and cosmetic practice. In contrast to treatments with medication, most physical methods are treatments that focus on the hair follicle. To obtain insight in the failure behavior of the anchorage of hairs, hairs were extracted (in vitro) from pig skin at a speed of 0.1mm/s, one at a time. The pulling force and tweezers displacement were recorded. The extracted hairs were classified with respect to the phase in the growing cycle: anagen (growing phase), telogen (resting phase) or other (catagen phase or unable to determine). The anagen hairs showed a different relation between the tweezers displacement and the pulling force than the telogen hairs. Moreover, the maximum force that could be applied before a hair was extracted proved to be lower for anagen hairs than for telogen hairs (0.36N, 1.8N, respectively). The extracted hair length, defined as the part of the hair that had been embedded in the skin which was extracted, was higher for anagen hairs than for telogen hairs (4.8mm, 3.0mm, respectively). Removing proximal skin tissue and the embedded parts of the anagen hair (root) resulted in a change of the extraction curves. The results indicate that two phenomena play a role in the anchorage of anagen hairs. We have proposed a model for the extraction of an anagen hair that has been based on these results: first the interface between hair and skin that is located around the inner root sheath (IRS) starts to fail, followed by failing of the hair itself in the region where the hair keratinizes.     

中国产委陵菜属叶表皮毛的研究

在光学显微镜和实体解剖镜下对28种和变种国产委陵菜属植物的叶表皮毛进行了研究,结果如下：1．在所观察的植物中,有4种类型叶表皮毛的存在,即：单细胞直的不分支的毛;单细胞卷曲的不分支的毛;腺毛;星状毛。2．叶表皮毛的种类在本属植物中具有稳定性,因此具有一定的分类学价值。3．腺毛在所观察的植物中普遍存在。4．讨论了金露梅、银露梅、小叶金露梅的系统归属。     

Morphological characteristics of the hair of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata): Length,diameter and shape in cross-section,and arrangement of the medulla

A morphological study was carried out on hairs of the Japanese monkey. The shapes in cross-section were circles or ellipses. The diameters of the hairs ranged from 13.5 to 92 μ, and the mean value in each monkey was between about 30 and 40 μ. The average value of the fibre index was approximately 90 in each monkey. The arrangement of the medulla was considered to be of the narrow medulla lattice type. Medullae were developed poorly or disappeared in hairs with a diameter of less than 30 μ. A correlation was noted between the hair thickness and presence of medulla: medullated hairs were thicker than non-medullated hairs. A tendency was found for thicker hairs to be of greater length. The hairs of the Japanese monkey could be divided broadly into two types: medullated hair and non-medullated hair. The medullated hairs could be regarded as guard hair-like hairs since they were thick and long, and the non-medullated hairs as underhair-like hairs since they were thin and short.     

Hair density in the Eurasian otter <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lutra lutra</Emphasis> and the Sea otter <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enhydra lutris</Emphasis>

The hair density of adult Eurasian otters Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) and sea otters Enhydra lutris (Linnaeus, 1758) was analysed using skin samples taken from frozen carcasses. Lutra lutra exhibited a mean hair density of about 70 000 hairs/cm² (whole body, appendages excepted), the mean individual density ranging from about 60 000 to 80 000 hairs/cm². The dominant hair type were secondary hairs (wool hairs), the hair coat comprising only 1.26% of primary hairs (PH). Secondary hair (SH) density remained constant over the body (appendages excepted), whereas a few variations in PH density were observed. Neither an influence of the sex, nor a seasonal variation of the hair coat was found, moulting seems to be continuous. Enhydra lutris had a hair density between 120 000 and 140 000 hairs/cm², the primary hairs representing less than 1% within the hair coat. Hair density remained quite constant over the regions of the trunk but was lower at the head (about 60 000 hairs/cm² on the cheek). The hair follicles were arranged in specific groups with different bundles of varying size, normally comprising dominant numbers of wool hair (SH) follicles. Invariably there was always a large central primary hair follicle and numerous sebaceous glands between the bundles and principally around the PH follicles. The results are discussed related to possible ecological influences on hair coat density.     

Evaluation of three methods for effective extraction of DNA from human hair

In this paper we evaluate three different methods for extracting DNA from human hair i.e. the Chelex method, the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit method and the ISOHAIR method. Analysis of DNA prepared from dyed hairs with the ISOHAIR method suggested that the DNA extracts contained PCR inhibitors. On the other hand, few inhibition was observed when DNA from dyed hairs were extracted using the Chelex method and the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit method. In conclusion, the Chelex method is recommended for PCR experiments in view of its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. To assess the reliability of the Chelex method for the extraction of genomic DNA from both natural and dyed hair samples, minisatellite variant repeat (MVR)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) patterns of Chelex-extracted DNA were compared using hairs (three natural black hairs and three dyed hairs) with buccal swabs from six individuals. Complete agreement was observed between hair and swab samples in each individual, proving the utility of the Chelex method.     

拟南芥根毛衰老死亡过程的PCD检测

根毛是植物体吸收养分的重要器官, 自然条件下根毛的寿命很短, 仅能存活2–3周, 随即脱落死亡。以模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)根毛为材料, 对根毛死亡的细胞学特征进行了报道。结果发现, 根毛衰老死亡后细胞内的原生质体发生了收缩, 并在胞质中观察到凝集物的出现; 通过原位末端标记(TUNEL)检测, 发现幼根上的根毛细胞核DNA发生了片段化。上述结果表明, 拟南芥根毛的衰老死亡很可能是植物体自主调控的程序性细胞死亡(PCD)。另外, 当根毛衰老死亡后,细胞核大多会迁移到靠近根毛基部的位置, 且正常的长管状根毛发生旋转扭曲。