化石氨基酸在第四纪古生态和古气候研究中的应用—以吉林长白山孤山屯和江苏太湖全新世沉积物中氨基酸为例

近几十年来,随着稳定性碳同位素和^14C测年等新技术,新方法的应用,使第四纪研究迅速地由定性向定量发展,然而,氨基酸应用于第四纪古生态和古气候的研究在国内仍少有人知,在国际期刊上也不多见。近年来,作者开展了长白山孤山屯和太湖全新世沉积物的氨基酸和有机碳同位素分布与古生态,古气候意义的分析研究,结果表明,化石氨基酸同样可为第四纪的生态环境和古气候的研究提供信息,并为全球性对比提供证据。     

广西柳江土博甘前洞的铀系年代

本文报道晚期智人化石地点广西柳江博甘前洞新生碳酸盐岩和骨化石样的铀系测年结果。该地点表层钙板在约94Ka前开始形成,含化石粘土堆积叠压的钙板年代为约20ka,人牙化石应位于二者之间。二个动物化石样的二种铀系法年代范围为85－139ka,表明该地点与含化石堆积与表层钙板间无地层倒序现象,支持人牙化石大于100ka的结论。邻近的柳江晚期智人化石地点和柳州白莲洞人类遗址铀系测年的结果与本文一致。具现代解剖特征智人在中国南方出现的时间,很可能不晚于西非和非洲。在现代人类起源方面,中国不应是远离中心、滞后和被取代的地区。     

第四纪地层中壳斗科植物花粉化石及其与气候地理条件的关系

壳斗科植物花粉化石是被子植物花粉化石最为丰富的类群之一,在地史上自第三纪以来一直是中国各地质历史时期中植物区系的一个主要成分。据初步统计,我国第四纪地层中共发现壳斗科花粉化石有6属:Castanea,Castanopsis,Lithocarpus,Cyclobalanopsis,Fagus及Quercus,后者还分出含常绿栎类Quercus(E)和落叶栎类Quercus(D)两种类型。文中对6属中花粉形态相似的Castanea,Castanopsis和Lithocarpus 3属,以及Cyclobalanopsis和Quercus(E)花粉,从花粉粒形状和大小、萌发孔数量和形状、极面×赤道面的平均大小、最长极轴与最长赤道轴比以及外壁表面纹饰等多方面进行详细数值对比和照片对照,提出鉴定要点,希望能提高壳斗科花粉化石鉴定的准确性。同时,文中还讨论中国壳斗科各属植物生长的气候地理条件和生态环境。Castanopsis和Lithocarpus花粉化石分布中心范围在北纬28°—20°,反映该两属生长气候要求大约是年平均气温不低于15℃,年降水量不少于1 000mm;Cyclobalanopsis和Fagus花粉化石的产地在秦岭—淮河一线以南,生长的地理气候条件要求是1月份气温不低于0℃,年均温在8—15℃以上,年降水量不少于800mm的温暖湿润的生态环境;Castanea和Quercus花粉化石在全国各地均有发现,分布北界达北纬36°—50°,反映该两属生长的生态幅度较Castanopsis/Lithocarpus宽得多,基本的生长气候范围在年均温3.5—23℃,能够忍受1月份低于―10℃的寒冷,也能够经受7月份近30℃的高温考验,年均降水量约为500—1 700mm。希望该研究能为提高再造第四纪古植被和古环境,提供一些有说服力的气候地理条件的原始资料。     

Scale and structure of time-averaging (age mixing) in terrestrial gastropod assemblages from Quaternary eolian deposits of the eastern Canary Islands

Quantitative estimates of time-averaging (age mixing) in gastropod shell accumulations from Quaternary (the late Pleistocene and Holocene) eolian deposits of Canary Islands were obtained by direct dating of individual gastropods obtained from exceptionally well-preserved dune and paleosol shell assemblages. A total of 203 shells of the gastropods Theba geminata and T. arinagae, representing 44 samples (= stratigraphic horizons) from 14 sections, were dated using amino acid (isoleucine) epimerization ratios calibrated with 12 radiocarbon dates. Most samples reveal a substantial variation in shell age that exceeds the error that could be generated by dating imprecision, with the mean within-sample shell age range of 6670 years and the mean standard deviation of 2920 years. Even the most conservative approach (Monte Carlo simulations with a non-sequential Bonferroni correction) indicates that at least 25% of samples must have undergone substantial time-averaging (e.g., age variations within those samples cannot be explained by dating imprecision alone). Samples vary in shell age structure, including both left-skewed (17 out of 44) and right-skewed distributions (26 out of 44) as well as age distributions with a highly variable kurtosis. Dispersion and shape of age distributions of samples do not show any notable correlation with the stratigraphic age of samples, suggesting that the structure and scale of temporal mixing is time invariant. The statistically significant multi-millennial time-averaging observed here is consistent with previous studies of shell accumulations from various depositional settings and reinforces the importance of dating numerous specimens per horizon in geochronological studies. Unlike in the case of marine samples, typified by right-skewed age distributions (attributed to an exponential-like shell loss from older age classes), many of the samples analyzed here displayed left-skewed distributions, suggestive of different dynamics of age mixing in marine versus terrestrial shell accumulations.     

秦岭第四纪的蜥蜴类化石

1　引言本文所记述的秦岭第四纪蜥蜴类化石,是西北大学地质系新生代地质与环境研究所在1 999年对陕西洛南县张坪洞穴群进行考察时所采集的部分爬行类标本,包括Coni codontosaurusqinlingensissp .nov .、Eumecessp .和Eremiassp .。这些材料均来自于洛河北岸的石灰岩洞穴堆积。该洞穴群的时代,经研究(薛祥煦等,2 0 0 4) 2 ) 认为属中更新世以来的不同时段。本文所研究的标本均来自该洞穴群中位置最高的洞穴,年代约为493±55kaB .P .。2　化石记述蜥蜴亚目LacertiliaOwen ,1 841 (1 842 )　科位置待定Fam .Indet.　　　锥齿蜥属Conicodon…     

保定市郊小学五年级儿童血中氨基酸水平研究

采用日立８３５－５０型氨基酸分析仪对河北保定市郊正常五年级小学生血浆游离氨基酸作了分析测定,所得结果与刘哲等人实验结果进行了比较,从而为了解市郊正常小学五年级儿童血浆游离氨基酸的正常值提供参考,这对于该时期儿童的营养调查及评价和临床代谢性紊乱疾病的辅助诊断,具有十分重要的意义。     

Electrical Stimulation of the Stratum Radiatum Increases the Release and Neosynthesis of Aspartate, Glutamate, and γ-Aminobutyric Acid in Rat Hippocampal Slices

The release of endogenous aspartic, glutamic, and gamma-aminobutyric acids (Asp, Glu, GABA, respectively) was measured in the effluent from superfused hippocampal slices using a new and sensitive mass spectrometric method. The stimulation of the stratum radiatum of the rat dorsal hippocampus caused a Ca2+-dependent increase in the release of these amino acids. This release was accompanied by an increase in the incorporation of [13C2] from [13C]glucose into Asp, Glu, and GABA, suggesting an increase in their neosynthesis. The removal of Ca2+ from the superfusion fluid brought about a marked decrease in Asp and Glu release at rest, and prevented their stimulation-evoked release and the appearance of population spikes. The results support the hypothesis that Asp and Glu are excitatory neurotransmitters in intrinsic hippocampal circuits and are possibly released from the Schaffer collaterals and commissural fibres. The increase in GABA release and neosynthesis during stimulation of the stratum radiatum could be related to recurrent inhibition evoked by transsynaptic stimulation of the pyramidal cells.     

细菌中D-氨基酸生物合成及调控作用研究进展

细菌中普遍存在L/D型氨基酸,与L-氨基酸(L-AAs)不同,D-氨基酸(D-AAs)不参与蛋白质合成,而与细胞壁肽聚糖的合成有关,直接影响细菌细胞壁的形状、数量和强度。D-AAs在细菌表征、药物抑菌性、靶标确定等方面具有重要的作用。目前,外源添加D-AAs参与肽聚糖合成的机制已有一些研究进展,其荧光衍生物已应用于细菌可视化,特异性探测细胞壁形成/重塑、细菌生长和细胞形态。但D-AAs如何影响细菌生长及其抗逆性的机制尚未研究清楚。对D-AAs的研究现状进行综述,重点介绍D-AAs在细菌中的生物合成机制和参与细胞壁合成的机制、非典型DAAs对细菌的调控以及在细菌可视化中的应用,并对D-AAs未来研究方向进行了展望。