The structure of the seed in some Western Australian species of the genus Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae)

The internal structure of the seed was studied for four Western Australian species of the genus Hibbertia (Fam.: Dilleniaceae). The principal mechanical layer of the seed coat is the endotesta. The large cells of the endotesta are heavily cutinized in potentially viable seeds of all examined species. However, results for H. hypericoides show that the cells of the endotesta are distinctly less cutinized in non-viable seeds. The tegmen consists of only one layer which is spirally thickened. Remains of the nucellus enclose the endosperm. The endosperm is rich in both starch and lipids, and the embryo is underdeveloped and minute.     

西瓜胚和胚乳的发育

应用显微技术对西瓜胚和胚乳的发育过程进行了观察并分析了西瓜胚珠败育的原因。西瓜胚发育属紫菀型。合子第一次分裂为不均等分裂 ,形成的基细胞体积明显较顶细胞大 ,两细胞均含有多个液泡。原胚发育过程中没有明显的胚柄。最外层的原胚细胞 ,与胚乳细胞相邻的壁上被胼胝质物质包围 ,且无外连丝存在 ;与胚囊壁相接的壁上无壁内突结构。胚的子叶体积增长的同时 ,子叶细胞内积累蛋白质和脂类物质 ,多糖物质的含量下降。胚乳发育属核型 ,在球形胚期开始自珠孔端向合点端细胞化 ,胚子叶分化出后开始自珠孔端向合点端退化。胚乳合点端在球形胚早期形成发达的胚乳吸器 ,开始呈游离核状态 ,后细胞化 ,在心型胚期之后退化。     

Genetic analysis as a tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying seed development in maize

BACKGROUND: In angiosperms the seed is the outcome of double fertilization, a process leading to the formation of the embryo and the endosperm. The development of the two seed compartments goes through three main phases: polarization, differentiation of the main tissues and organs and maturation. SCOPE: This review focuses on the maize kernel as a model system for developmental and genetic studies of seed development in angiosperms. An overview of what is known about the genetic and molecular aspects underlying embryo and endosperm formation and maturation is presented. The role played by embryonic meristems in laying down the plant architecture is discussed. The acquisition of the different endosperm domains are presented together with the use of molecular markers available for the detection of these domains. Finally the role of programmed cell death in embryo and endosperm development is considered. CONCLUSIONS: The sequence of events occurring in the developing maize seed appears to be strictly regulated. Proper seed development requires the co-ordinated expression of embryo and endosperm genes and relies on the interaction between the two seed components and between the seed and the maternal tissues. Mutant analysis is instrumental in unravelling the genetic control underlying the formation of each compartment as well as the molecular signals interplaying between the two compartments.     

何首乌胚和胚乳的发育

何首乌为直生胚珠,双珠被。胚发育属于柳叶菜型。心形胚柄最为发达,鱼雷形胚期胚柄奶化。早期胚胎发育营养的主要来源可能是合了中积累的淀粉和胚柄吸收来的营养。成熟胚中积累了大量的蛋白质和淀粉粒。胚乳发育属核型。从球形胚期起,胚乳细胞化过程由珠孔端向合点端逐渐推进。初始垂周壁源于姊妹核间的细胞反或非姊妹核间由次生成膜生的细胞板。初始平周壁源于有丝分裂所产生的细胞板。心形胚期,除合点端保持游离核胚乳吸器外,     

柽柳胚和胚乳发育的观察

利用常规石蜡制片技术,对柽柳（Tamarix chinensis Lour.）胚和胚乳的发育过程进行了观察。结果表明,胚发育属茄型,其基细胞先行纵裂。胚柄基部发育迅速,具吸器作用,球形胚期胚柄最为发达,其细胞质丰富,贮藏淀粉类物质,至晚心形胚期胚柄依然存在。助细胞被受精产生多胚现象。胚乳发育属核型,初生胚乳核常常晚于合子分裂,胚乳核的分裂速度慢于胚体细胞的分裂速度。当胚乳游离核为 32个时,以自由生长细胞壁的方式进行胚乳细胞化。胚乳细胞进一步增殖极少。珠心细胞只有两层,细胞核大,胞质丰富,内含贮藏物质,至心形胚期逐渐解体。     

A preliminary study of the seed anatomy of Zingiberaceae

Seeds in Zingiberaceae comprise an aril, seed coat, perispenn, endosperm, embryo, and micropylar and chalazal region. The seed coat is derived from the outer integument, and can be divided into cxotesta, mcsotesta and endotesta; the mesotesta is further subdivided into hypodcrmis, translucent cell layer and pigmented cell layer. The micropylar region includes a micropylar collar and operculum; in some taxa it also includes a caruncle-like structure or a stalk-like structure. A chalazal pigmented cell group (CPG), endotcstal gap, diaphragm and the course of raphe bundle in the chalazal region may be of systematic significance in some species. There are two types of endotesta in the family: parenchymatous (in tribes Hedychieae, Zingibereae and Globbeae) and sclerenchymatous (in Alpineae). The exception is Pommereschea lacknen , which is placed in Alpineae but has the parenchymatous type of endotesta. For this and other reasons this taxon should be transferred to another tribe. On the basis of seed characters, Hedychieae, Zingibereae and Globbeae are apparently closely related, although Hedychieae and Zingibereae differ from Globbeae which has a multiple-layered exotestal epidermis. Seeds of most Zingibereae have a peculiar carunclelike structure at the base of the seed which forms the expanding part beyond the micropylar collar. Zingiberaceae and Costaceae are connected through tribe Alpineae with a sclerenchymatous type of endotesta.     

Cell wall invertase as a regulator in determining sequential development of endosperm and embryo through glucose signaling early in seed development

Seed development depends on coordination among embryo, endosperm and seed coat. Endosperm undergoes nuclear division soon after fertilization, whereas embryo remains quiescent for a while. Such a developmental sequence is of great importance for proper seed development. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Recent results on the cellular domain- and stage-specific expression of invertase genes in cotton and Arabidopsis revealed that cell wall invertase may positively and specifically regulate nuclear division of endosperm after fertilization, thereby playing a role in determining the sequential development of endosperm and embryo, probably through glucose signaling.     

濒危植物百山祖冷杉种子发育特征及其胚培养

百山祖冷杉(Abies beshanzuensis)种子萌发率低,发育特性尚不明确,极大地限制了种群在原生境的自然更新。该研究以百山祖冷杉不同发育时期的雌球果为材料,通过研究球果中种子的胚与胚乳数量、重量和显微结构特性,及测定种子发育关键时期胚乳的初生代谢物,探究种子发育特征及影响种子发育的主要因素。结果表明,7月是百...     

miRNA参与植物胚和胚乳发育调控的研究进展

籽粒性状是构成产量的重要基础,是粮食产量的最终体现,也是育种最复杂的性状之一。籽粒主要由胚和胚乳组成,胚乳是积累和贮藏营养物质的场所,主要为胚的萌发和生长提供营养。胚乳细胞的发育、增殖和充实情况决定了籽粒的重量和品质。籽粒发育是一个非常复杂的生物过程,涉及许多基因的时空表达以及转录水平和转录后水平的调控。微小RNA（microRNAs,miRNAs）是一类内源性的非编码小RNA（21～24 nt）,可通过靶向降解和翻译抑制在转录后水平调控植物基因表达。miRNA及其靶基因组成精密的调控网络参与籽粒的发育。基于此,概述了植物miRNAs的生成及作用机制,综述了miRNAs在植物胚和胚乳发育中的调控功能研究进展,以期为进一步鉴定与玉米籽粒发育相关的miRNAs并解析其调控功能提供更好的研究方向。     

北柴胡胚和胚乳的发育及对其种子萌发的影响

利用常规石蜡制片技术对北柴胡胚和胚乳的发育及对其种子萌发的影响进行了观察。结果表明北柴胡胚的发育属于茄型,基细胞进行一次横分裂后不再分裂,因而胚柄不发达,且很早解体。胚乳的发育属于核型,初生胚孔核的分裂远远早于受精卵的分裂。对果实采收时期胚发育状况进行统计发现,在被测采收期果实中有20％的果实的胚处于球形胚阶段,70％处于心形胚,只有10％处于鱼雷胚,说明北柴胡种子采收时胚处于不同的发育阶段,存在形态后熟现象,这是北柴胡种子萌发难、萌发率低且出苗不整齐的主要因素。     

华山新麦草胚和胚乳的发育研究

采用常规石蜡切片法,观察了华山新麦草胚和胚乳的发育过程,结果表明,华山新麦草胚和胚乳的发育过程与一般禾本科植物基本相同,胚胎发生属紫宛型,顶细胞和基都参与胚体的形成,胚胎发育经过二细胞原胚,多细胞原胚,球形原胚,梨形原胚,分化胚和成熟胚阶段,成熟胚具有胚根,胚芽,盾片,胚牙鞘,胚根鞘,外胚叶等典型禾本科植物成熟胚的结构,胚乳发育类型为核型,包括游离核阶段,细胞化阶段和生长成熟阶段,待大量游离核形成之后才形成细胞壁,紧贴胚囊的一层胚乳细胞最后形成种子的糊粉层,其余的胚乳细胞最后充满淀粉粒,其特点为：（1）有双球形原胚的现象;（2）反足细胞解体较早;（3）胚乳游离核时期和细胞时期胚乳细胞核的核仁多样。