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1.
Dirk-Henner Lankenau Gregory B. Gloor 《BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology》1998,20(4):317-327
While it has long been possible to study the process of recombination in yeast and other single-celled organisms, it has been difficult to distinguish between pathways of meiotic and mitotic recombination in multicellular eukaryotes. The experimental system described here bridges the historically separated fields of Genetic Recombination and DNA Repair in Drosophila. It is now feasible to study the repair of unique double-strand breaks induced in the Drosophila genome by the excision of a P-transposable element or by cleavage at an introduced endonuclease recognition sequence. This repair can be studied in both somatic cells and mitotically dividing germ cells. The repair of these breaks occurs mainly by copying sequence from a template located anywhere in the karyoplasm, and occurs in both male and female flies. This system, which was the first of its kind in metazoan organisms, is now being used for gene targeting in Drosophila. This review summarizes results that provide new insights into the process of gap repair in Drosophila and outline some recent experiments that demonstrate the power of the gene targeting technique. BioEssays 20: 317-327, 1998.© 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
2.
Tadeusz J. Kawecki 《Population Ecology》2010,52(1):15-25
Ecologically and evolutionarily oriented research on learning has traditionally been carried out on vertebrates and bees.
While less sophisticated than those animals, fruit flies (Drosophila) are capable of several forms of learning, and have the advantage of a short generation time, which makes them an ideal system
for experimental evolution studies. This review summarizes the insights into evolutionary questions about learning gained
in the last decade from evolutionary experiments on Drosophila. These experiments demonstrate that Drosophila has the genetic potential to evolve a substantially improved learning performance in ecologically relevant learning tasks.
In at least one set of selected populations, the improved learning generalized to a task other than that used to impose selection,
involving a different behavior, different stimuli, and a different sensory channel for the aversive reinforcement. This improvement
in learning ability was associated with reductions in other fitness-related traits, such as larval competitive ability and
lifespan, pointing to evolutionary trade-offs for improved learning. These trade-offs were confirmed by other evolutionary
experiments where a reduction in learning performance was observed as a correlated response to selection for tolerance to
larval nutritional stress or for delayed aging. Such trade-offs could be one reason why fruit flies have not fully used up
their evolutionary potential for learning. Finally, another evolutionary experiment with Drosophila provided the first direct evidence for the long-standing idea that learning can under some circumstances accelerate and in
others slow down genetically based evolutionary change. These results demonstrate the usefulness of fruit flies as a model
system to address evolutionary questions about learning. 相似文献
3.
Marie-Ange Chabaud Jean-Marc Devaud Minh-Hà Pham-Delègue Thomas Preat Laure Kaiser 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2006,192(12):1335-1348
Olfactory learning and memory processes in Drosophila have been well investigated with aversive conditioning, but appetitive conditioning has rarely been documented. Here, we
report for the first time individual olfactory conditioning of proboscis activity in restrained Drosophila melanogaster. The protocol was adapted from those developed for proboscis extension conditioning in the honeybee Apis mellifera. After establishing a scale of small proboscis movements necessary to characterize responses to olfactory stimulation, we
applied Pavlovian conditioning, with five trials consisting of paired presentation of a banana odour and a sucrose reward.
Drosophila showed conditioned proboscis activity to the odour, with a twofold increase of percentage of responses after the first trial.
No change occurred in flies experiencing unpaired presentations of the stimuli, confirming an associative basis for this form
of olfactory learning. The adenylyl cyclase mutant rutabaga did not exhibit learning in this paradigm. This protocol generated at least a short-term memory of 15 min, but no significant
associative memory was detected at 1 h. We also showed that learning performance was dependent on food motivation, by comparing
flies subjected to different starvation regimes. 相似文献
4.
Learning, defined as changes in behavior that occur due to past experience, has been well documented for nearly 20 species of hymenopterous parasitoids. Few studies, however, have explored the influence of learning on population-level patterns of host use by parasitoids in field populations. Our study explores learning in the parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday that attacks pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). We used a sequence of laboratory experiments to investigate whether there is a learned component in the selection of red or green aphid color morphs. We then used the results of these experiments to parameterize a model that examines whether learned behaviors can explain the changes in the rates of parasitism observed in field populations in South-central Wisconsin, USA. In the first of two experiments, we measured the sequence of host choice by A. ervi on pea aphid color morphs and analyzed this sequence for patterns in biased host selection. Parasitoids exhibited an inherent preference for green aphid morphs, but this preference was malleable; initial encounters with red aphids led to a greater chance of subsequent orientation towards red aphids than predicted by chance. In a second experiment, we found no evidence that parasitoids specialize on red or green morphs; for the same parasitoids tested in trials separated by 2 h, color preference in the first trial did not predict color preference in the second, as would be expected if they differed in fixed preferences or exhibited long-term (> 2 h) learning. Using data from the two experiments, we parameterized a population dynamics model and found that learning of the magnitude observed in our experiments leads to biased parasitism towards the most common color morph. This bias is sufficient to explain changes in the ratio of aphid color morphs observed in field sites over multiple years. Our study suggests that for even relatively simple organisms, learned behaviors may be important for explaining the population dynamics of their hosts. 相似文献
5.
Kandel ER 《Bioscience reports》2004,24(4-5):475-522
The biology of learning, and short-term and long-term memory, as revealed by Aplysia and other organisms, is reviewed. 相似文献
6.
Nikitina E. A. Tokmatcheva E. V. Savateeva-Popova E. V. 《Russian Journal of Genetics》2003,39(1):25-31
The structures and functions of many genes are homologous in Drosophilaand humans. Therefore, studying pathological processes in Drosophila, in particular neurogenerative processes accompanied by progressive memory loss, helps to understand the ethiology of corresponding human disorders and to develop therapeutic strategies. It is believed that the development of neurogenerative diseases might result from alterations in the functioning of the heat shock/chaperone machinery. In view of this, we used Drosophila mutant l(1)ts403 with defective synthesis of heat shock proteins for studying learning and memory in a test of conditioned courtship suppression following a heat shock given at different developmental stages. High learning indices were registered immediately and 30 min after training both in the intact controls and in flies subjected to different developmental heat shocks. This indicated normal learning and memory acquisition in the mutant. At the same time, memory retention (3 h after training) suffered to different extent depending on the developmental stage. The remote effects of heat shock given during the formation of the mushroom bodies indicated the important role of this brain structure in the memory formation. The observed memory defects may result from alterations both in mRNA transport and in the functions of molecular chaperones in the l(1)ts403 mutant. 相似文献
7.
Due to the limited computational capacity of visual systems and the limited capacity to perform several mental operations
at once, animals only select a small proportion of the stimuli available at any one time. It remains to be clarified how this
process is related to the spatio-temporal dynamics of cell assemblies in the brain. By employing the flight simulator, selective
visual attention behavior is studied in Drosophila. It has been found that for the visual objects presented, the tethered fruitflies display various attention patterns. Specifically,
the learning memory mutants dunce and amnesiac possess attention patterns totally different from that of the wild-type fly. To explain these results from the viewpoint
of dynamic cell assemblies, a neural network has been developed in which a possible link between the activity of cell assemblies,
encoding of sensory information, and selective attention in Drosophila is proposed.
Received: 3 November 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 1 July 1999 相似文献
8.
Anders Brodin 《Journal of Ethology》2005,23(2):77-83
Food hoarding and memory have primarily been studied in two bird families, the Corvidae (crows, jays, nutcrackers, etc.) and the Paridae (tits, titmice and chickadees). In both families there are species that hoard large quantities of seeds and nuts in the autumn and depend on these stores during the winter. Caches are concealed or highly inconspicuous and the most efficient way to retrieve them is to remember the exact locations. However, a long-term memory for a large number of caches may be physiologically expensive, and especially after long retention intervals, an alternative strategy could be to retrieve caches by cheaper but less efficient methods. Very few studies have been designed to investigate the decay of the memory in birds, but both field observations and experiments point in the same direction: although long-term hoarding corvids seem to possess an accurate long-term memory, long-term hoarding parids do not appear to. I discuss possible reasons for this and suggest that differences between the families in their degree of dependence on stored food or/and size-related limitations of brain capacity may be important. 相似文献
9.
Lipids are essential membrane structural components and important signal carriers. The major enzymatic metabolisms of various
lipids (phospholipid, sphingolipid, cholesterol) are well studied. The developmental function of lipid metabolism has remained,
for the most part, elusive. With the help of new techniques and model organisms, the important roles of lipid metabolism in
development just start to emerge. Drosophila spermatogenesis is an ideal system for in vivo studies of cytokinesis and membrane remodeling during development. The metabolic
regulators of many lipids, including phosphatidylinositol (PI) lipids, fatty acids and cholesterol, are reported to play critical
roles in various steps during Drosophila spermatogenesis. In this mini-review, we summarized recent findings supporting a tight link between lipids metabolism and
Drosophila sperm development. 相似文献
10.
Md. Alimoor Reza Siddhita D. Mhatre J. Calvin Morrison Suruchi Utreja Aleister J. Saunders David E. Breen Daniel R. Marenda 《Fly》2013,7(2):105-111
Study of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has yielded important insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of learning and memory. Courtship conditioning is a well-established behavioral assay used to study Drosophila learning and memory. Here, we describe the development of software to analyze courtship suppression assay data that correctly identifies normal or abnormal learning and memory traits of individual flies. Development of this automated analysis software will significantly enhance our ability to use this assay in large-scale genetic screens and disease modeling. The software increases the consistency, objectivity, and types of data generated. 相似文献
11.
Antisense RNAs have been used for gene interference experiments in many cell types and organisms. However, relatively few experiments have been conducted with antisense genes integrated into the germ line. In Drosophila reduced ribosomal protein (r-protein) gene function has been hypothesized to result in a Minute phenotype. In this report we examine the effects of antisense r-protein 49 expression, a gene known to correspond to a Minute mutation An antisense rp49 gene driven by a strong and inducible promoter was transformed into the Drosophila germ line. Induction of this gene led to the development of flies with weak Minute phenotypes and to the transient arrest of oogenesis. Parameters that may affect the success of antisense gene inactivation are discussed. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
12.
The tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini, a new model for studying the evolution of development 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gabriel WN McNuff R Patel SK Gregory TR Jeck WR Jones CD Goldstein B 《Developmental biology》2007,312(2):545-559
Studying development in diverse taxa can address a central issue in evolutionary biology: how morphological diversity arises through the evolution of developmental mechanisms. Two of the best-studied developmental model organisms, the arthropod Drosophila and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, have been found to belong to a single protostome superclade, the Ecdysozoa. This finding suggests that a closely related ecdysozoan phylum could serve as a valuable model for studying how developmental mechanisms evolve in ways that can produce diverse body plans. Tardigrades, also called water bears, make up a phylum of microscopic ecdysozoan animals. Tardigrades share many characteristics with C. elegans and Drosophila that could make them useful laboratory models, but long-term culturing of tardigrades historically has been a challenge, and there have been few studies of tardigrade development. Here, we show that the tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini can be cultured continuously for decades and can be cryopreserved. We report that H. dujardini has a compact genome, a little smaller than that of C. elegans or Drosophila, and that sequence evolution has occurred at a typical rate. H. dujardini has a short generation time, 13–14 days at room temperature. We have found that the embryos of H. dujardini have a stereotyped cleavage pattern with asymmetric cell divisions, nuclear migrations, and cell migrations occurring in reproducible patterns. We present a cell lineage of the early embryo and an embryonic staging series. We expect that these data can serve as a platform for using H. dujardini as a model for studying the evolution of developmental mechanisms. 相似文献
13.
Katsunori Motosaka Masayuki Koganezawa Satoko Narikawa Akira Furuyama Kenji Shinozaki Kunio Isono Ichiro Shimada 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2007,193(2):279-283
Acute choice behavior in ingesting two different concentrations of sucrose in Drosophila is presumed to include learning and memory. Effects on this behavior were examined for four mutations that block associative
learning (dunce, rutabaga, amnesiac, and radish). Three of these mutations cause cyclic AMP signaling defects and significantly reduced taste discrimination. The exception
was radish, which affects neither. Electrophysiological recordings confirmed that the sensitivity of taste receptors is almost indistinguishable
in all flies, whether wild type or mutant. These results suggest that food choice behavior in Drosophila involves central nervous learning and memory operating via cyclic AMP signaling pathways. 相似文献
14.
《Animal behaviour》1988,36(4):981-985
Six lines of the honey bee Apis mellifera capensis were selected for good and poor learning, and compared with respect to the time-course of their memory after a single learning trial to an odour stimulus (geraniol). The good learners showed the well known bi-phasic time-course with a high rate of conditioned responses immediately after learning, followed by a reduction 1–3 min later and a consolidation into a long-term memory after an interval longer than 5 min. Poor learners differed significantly with respect to their consolidation period and the initial high response rate. The initial period (of less than 1 min) is controlled not only by the associative memory of the learning trial but also by a sensitizing effect of the sucrose stimulus which was used as an unconditioned stimulus. It is concluded that the lines selected for learning performance differ with respect to the establishment of a long-term memory trace. As in Drosophila learning mutants, differences between good and poor learners are also affected by non-associative processes involved in sensitization. 相似文献
15.
目的 习得性无助(learned helplessness)是指动物经历了不可逃避性刺激后而产生的无助状态。它对随后实验动物的运动能力、生理状态等多方面都会产生影响,也是人类抑郁症的有效动物模型之一。目前已在多种动物模型中建立了研究习得性无助神经机制的行为实验范式,包括黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)。之前的研究发现,经历过不可逃避高温惩罚的果蝇在活跃程度等方面有显著改变。然而,果蝇的习得性无助状态是否也影响学习认知能力,目前仍然未知。本文对果蝇空间位置学习能力是否受到习得性无助状态影响进行了研究。方法 此研究中,我们完善实验范式,分别检测果蝇在新范式中的空间位置学习行为和习得性无助行为,以及经过长时程随机刺激后果蝇空间位置学习能力的变化。结果 野生型果蝇可在此范式中展现空间位置学习能力与习得性无助状态,而经过长时程不可逃避刺激训练的果蝇,空间位置记忆有显著下降。结论 此研究完善了果蝇习得性无助行为实验范式,实验结果表明习得性无助对果蝇空间位置记忆存在影响。这将对进一步加深对动物习得性无助行为的理解,进而其发生机制研究起到推进作用。 相似文献
16.
Bellin R Capila I Lincecum J Park PW Reizes O Bernfield MR 《Glycoconjugate journal》2002,19(4-5):295-304
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are known to modulate the activity of a large number of extracellular ligands thereby having the potential to regulate a great diversity of biological processes. The long-term studies in our laboratory have focused on the syndecans, one of the major cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan families. Most early work on syndecans involved biochemical studies that provided initial information on their structure and putative biological roles. In recent years, the development of transgenic organisms has allowed a more complete understanding of syndecan function. Studies with transgenic syndecan-1 and syndecan-3 mice have demonstrated an unforeseen role for syndecans in the regulation of feeding behavior. Syndecan-1 knockout mice display a reduced susceptibility to both Wnt-induced tumorigenesis and microbial pathogenesis. Experiments with Drosophila show that syndecan is first expressed upon cellularization in the early embryo, and may play a role in the early developmental stages of the fly. This review focuses on these diverse functions of the syndecans that have been elucidated by the use of transgenic mice and Drosophila as model systems. Published in 2003. 相似文献
17.
Drosophila larvae can be trained to avoid odours associated with electric shock. We describe here, an improved method of aversive conditioning
and a procedure for decomposing learning retention curve that enables us to do a quantitative analysis of memory phases, short
term (STM), middle term (MTM) and long term (LTM) as a function of training cycles. The same method of analysis when applied
to learning mutants dunce, amnesiac, rutabaga and radish reveals memory deficits characteristic of the mutant strains. 相似文献
18.
Hossein Kishani Farahani Ahmad Ashouri Seyed Hossein Goldansaz Martin S. Shapiro Jean‐Sebastien Pierre Joan van Baaren 《Insect Science》2017,24(4):569-583
Several factors, such as cold exposure, aging, the number of experiences and viral infection, have been shown to affect learning ability in different organisms. Wolbachia has been found worldwide as an arthropod parasite/mutualist symbiont in a wide range of species, including insects. Differing effects have been identified on physiology and behavior by Wolbachia. However, the effect of Wolbachia infection on the learning ability of their host had never previously been studied. The current study carried out to compare learning ability and memory duration in 2 strains of the parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae: 1 uninfected and 1 infected by Wolbachia. Both strains were able to associate the novel odors with the reward of an oviposition into a host egg. However, the percentage of females that responded to the experimental design and displayed an ability to learn in these conditions was higher in the uninfected strain. Memory duration was longer in uninfected wasps (23.8 and 21.4 h after conditioning with peppermint and lemon, respectively) than in infected wasps (18.9 and 16.2 h after conditioning with peppermint and lemon, respectively). Memory retention increased in response to the number of conditioning sessions in both strains, but memory retention was always shorter in the infected wasps than in the uninfected ones. Wolbachia infection may select for reduced memory retention because shorter memory induces infected wasps to disperse in new environments and avoid competition with uninfected wasps by forgetting cues related to previously visited environments, thus increasing transmission of Wolbachia in new environments. 相似文献
19.
全面揭示脑的奥秘是现代科学所面临的最大挑战.通过脑研究,我们可以获得防治脑疾病、认知及心理障碍的线索和工具,找到提高人类智力和心理健康水平的途径,并发展出具备高等智能的机器人.果蝇作为研究基因-神经回路-行为关系的首选模式动物,日益得到重视.本文围绕果蝇复杂脑功能包括视觉学习记忆、欲望与动机、情感相关行为和社会行为的研究意义及前景、已知调控基因及神经回路以及未来研究方向展开综述,便于读者把握相关领域的全貌. 相似文献
20.
Memory phases, dependent on different neural and molecular mechanisms, strongly influence memory performance. Our understanding, however, of how memory phases interact is far from complete. In Drosophila, aversive olfactory learning is thought to progress from short-term through long-term memory phases. Another memory phase termed anesthesia resistant memory, dependent on the radish gene, influences memory hours after aversive olfactory learning. How does the radish-dependent phase influence memory performance in different tasks? It is found that the radish memory component does not scale with the stability of several memory traces, indicating a specific recruitment of this component to influence different memories, even within minutes of learning. 相似文献