Connectivity of the auditory forebrain nuclei in the Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)

Summary Injection of tritiated leucine and proline into the nucleus ovoidalis of the Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) produces terminal labeling in the palaeostriatum and in three adjacent zones (field L₁–L₃) of the auditory neostriatum (AN). L₂, situated between L₁ and L₃, receives the main input and corresponds to the former field L of Rose. These neuroanatomically defined zones of the auditory neostriatum are also characterized by differing properties of their neurons. Injection of radioactive material into the auditory neostriatum produces labeling of (i) a palaeostriatal, (ii) a ventral hyperstriatal, and (iii) an additional neostriatal area (Nd). Injection into the hyperstriatum ventrale reveals connections (i) to field L₂, (ii) to the palaeostriatum, (iii) to Nd, and (iv) to the archistriatum. After injection into the palaeostriatum, labeling can be observed (i) in the neostriatum dorsale, (ii) in the hyperstriatum ventrale, (iii) in the archistriatum, (iv) in the diencephalic nuclei, nucleus ansae lenticularis and nucleus spiriformis lateralis, and (v) in the mesencephalic nuclei, nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus and nucleus intercollicularis. These results show that a widespread connectivity exists among primary and presumably higher order auditory areas in the forebrain of birds. Connections also exist between these auditory areas and presumed vocal-motor areas (neostriatum dorsale, archistriatum, nucleus intercollicularis).Abbreviations A Archistriatum - AL Ansa lenticularis - AN Auditory neostriatum - Bas Nucleus basalis - CA Commissura anterior - Cb Cerebellum - CP Commissura posterior - DLP Nucleus dorsolateralis posterior thalami - DTh Dorsal thalamus - E Ectostriatum - EM Nucleus ectomamillaris - FA Tractus fronto-archistriatalis - FPL Fasciculus prosencephali lateralis - GLv Nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars ventralis - HA Hyperstriatum accessorium - HD Hyperstriatum dorsale - HIS Hyperstriatum intercalatum superius - HV Hyperstriatum ventrale - HVc Hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudale - I Injection site - ICo Nucleus intercollicularis - ICT Nucleus intercalatus thalami - Imc Nucleus isthmi, pars magnocellularis - Ipc Nucleus isthmi, pars parvocellularis - l₁, L₂, L₃ Auditory neostriatum: zones L₁, L₂, L₃ - LAD Lamina archistriatalis dorsalis - LH Lamina hyperstriatica - LMD Lamina medullaris dorsalis - LPO Lobus parolfactorius - M Mesencephalon - MLd Nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis - N Neostriatum - nAL Nucleus ansae lenticularis - Nc Neostriatum caudale - Nd Neostriatum dorsale - OM Tractus occipito-mesencephalicus - OMv Nucleus nervi oculomotorii, pars ventralis - Ov Nucleus ovoidalis - PA Palaeostriatum augmentatum - PP Palaeostriatum primitivum - PT Nucleus praetectalis - PVM Nucleus periventricularis magno-cellularis - RSd Nucleus reticularis superior, pars dorsalis - RSv Nucleus reticularis superior, pars ventralis - Rt Nucleus rotundus - SMe Stria medullaris - SpL Nucleus spiriformis lateralis - SpM Nucleus spiriformis medialis - SRt Nucleus subrotundus - TeO Tectum opticum - TOv Tractus ovoidalis - TPc Nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus - TrO Tractus opticus - TSM Tractus septo-mesencephalicus - Ve Ventricle The authors are indebted to Mrs. I. Röder and Mrs. M. Hansel for their aid in the preparation of the histological material and the illustrationsThis work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Sche 132/4     

Characterization of the physical properties of yeast flocs

Summary Physical characteristics, namely floc density function, floc size distribution, and relative floc strength, of a number of flocculent yeast types were measured. A straight-line relationship was found to exist between log values of size and density for the yeasts examined. Each yeast type had coefficients from this relationship which could be used to interpret settling behaviour. Indices of relative floc strength were also obtained and together with the floc density function allowed fuller interpretation of yeast settling than with simpler theories.Symbols a constant (g·cm^-3) - B ₂/B ₁ floc binding strength of floc₂ relative to floc₁ - d _f floc diameter (cm) - d _i image diameter on print (cm) - d _max maximum floc diameter (cm) - f _d Ploc effective density (g·cm^-3) - g gravitational constant (981 cm·s^-1) - K _p constant (-) - R _l rate of enlargement on film - R ₂ rate of enlargement on print - S _s density of suspending liquid phase (g·cm^-3) - S _f density of solid (floc) phase (g·cm^-3) - U _t terminal settling velocity (cm·s^-1) - u liquid viscosity (g·cm^-3·^-1)     

Comparative morphology of echinoderm calcified tissues: Histology and ultrastructure of ophiuroid scales (Echinodermata,Ophiuroida)

Summary The calcified body wall of an ophiuroid was investigated by a new method and compared with that of other echinoderms. The previous opinion that the epidermis of ophiuroid arm shields consists of a reduced syncytium continuous with the underlying dermis is incorrect. The epidermis is distinctly separated from the dermis by a basal layer and consists of (1) supporting cells which bear the cuticle, (2) ciliated cells (hitherto unknown and probably sensory), (3) gland cells, and (4) nerve cells with the basal nerve plexus. The overall structure of the epidermis is a three-dimensional tube system (marked by the basal lamina) which penetrates the dermal tissue of the scale's pore space and continues with nerve cords situated below the scale. This arrangement is unique in echinoderms.The dermal sclerocytes largely conform with those of the echinoid Eucidaris. The mineral skeleton is produced intracellularly or intrasyncytially. Moreover, dermal sclerocytes were found to release extracellular microfibrils which have nothing to do with calcite deposition. The attachment of the cuticle to the dermis is achieved by means of epidermal coupling areas. Collagen fibers fasten the scale to the underlying connective tissue sheath. The supposed fibrocytes within this sheath resemble sclerocytes. Each collagen bundle is provided with a strand of nerve fibers which, in contrast to the basal nerve plexus, are naked. They are said to infuence the mechanical properties of the connective tissue.Structures associated with cilia occur in cell types which normally lack a cilium. This finding suggests that most echinoderm cells are potentially monociliate.Abbreviations A apical shield - asp secretory products - B bacteria - bb basal body - bl basal lamina - C ciliated cell - ca coupling area - ci cilium, - cf collagen fibrils - cs cell surface - CTS connective tissue sheath - cu _i inner cuticular layer - cu _m middle cuticular layer - dp distal processes (Sc) - EC epineural canal - G Golgi complex - gv granular vesicle - H haemal vessel - hb homogeneous body - hl horizontal lamina (Su) - j cell junction - L lateral shield - le boundary layer (Sc) - lo distal lobe (Su) - M intervertebral muscle or its attachment - m mitochondrium - mf microfibrils - mu mucus - mv microvilli - mvb multivesicular body - N nerve cell - n nucleus - nf neurofibrils - ng neurogranules - nn naked neurofibrils - O oral shield - P tube foot - Pc phagocyte - pg pigment granules - rl rootlet - RN radial nerve - RV radial vessel - Sc sclerocyte - sh cytoplasmic sheath (Sc) - sj septate junction - Su supporting cell - sv secretory vesicle - T calcite trabeculum - V vertebral ossicle - v vesicle (Su)     

Functional investigation of monoterpenes for improved understanding of the relationship between hosts and bark beetles

Spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) is the most destructive insect pest of spruce forests in Eurasia. However, contact toxicity, in vivo metabolism, and ecological functions of host monoterpenes are poorly understood at the spruce tree–bark beetle–predator tritrophic level. Spruce monoterpenes including S-(–)-α-pinene, R-(+)-α-pinene, and myrcene showed contact toxicity to I. typographus, with LD₅₀ values ranging from 22–32 μg/mg. When topically treated with S-(–)-α-pinene or R-(+)-α-pinene, the amounts of volatile metabolites, including 4S-(–)-cis-verbenol, 4S-(+)-/4R-(–)-trans-verbenol, R-(+)-/S-(–)-verbenone and 1R-(–)-/1S-(+)-myrtenol, in the hindgut extracts of I. typographus varied significantly between sexes, and their quality (enantiomeric composition) varied significantly with the chirality of α-pinene. More importantly, S-(–)-α-pinene induced male adults to produce large amounts of 4S-(–)-cis-verbenol and S-(–)-verbenone. When topically treated with myrcene, the expected semiochemicals such as E-myrcenol, ipsenol and ipsdienol were not detected in the beetle hindguts, indicating that the pheromone biosynthetic system of I. typographus does not participate in the metabolism of host myrcene. In trap tests, S-(–)-α-pinene and R-(+)-α-pinene increased the catches of I. typographus and its predator Thanasimus substriatus in pheromone-baited traps, whereas myrcene exhibited a strong repellent (or inhibitory) effect on I. typographus but not on its predator. I. typographus seems to adopt different ecological strategies (e.g. avoidance to myrcene and preference for α-pinene) to adapt to and tolerate different host monoterpenes. Extensive investigation of these monoterpenes will help us understand their roles in manipulating the arms race between host trees and bark beetles, and potentially improve the efficacy of controlling I. typographus via the push-pull strategy using host kairomones.     

A biomechanical analysis of spitting in archer fishes (Pisces,Perciformes, Toxidae)

Summary The archer fish (Toxotes) is famous for its ability to shoot down prey from overhanging foliage. However, the biomechanics of the spitting act is relatively unknown. This study analyses the structures needed to generate the pressures involved in shooting water droplets up to 1.20 m above the water surface. The results of motion pictures (300 frames/s), combined with electromyographic techniques reveal that the spit is monophasic. The results of a three-dimensional mathematical model incorporating the relevant structural dimensions, show that the tongue plays a dominant role. The mouth valves act as a flutter valve, directing the course of the trajectory. The mathematical model is formulated generally and is applicable to other studies of closed kinematic spatial systems encountered in fishes or higher vertebrates.Abbreviations c-br. ceratobranchial - cent. central - centr. centroid - c-hy. ceratohyal - cl caudal - cleit. cleithrum - cond. condyle - cop. copula - corac. coracoid - dent. dental - dist. distance - dl dorsal - e-br. epibranchial - ectopt. ectopterygoid(al) - e-hy. epihyal - entopt. entopterygoid(al) - epax. epaxial - e-scap. extrascapula - fct facet - gl-hy. glossohyal - h-br. hypobranchial - h-hy. hypohyal - hy. hyoid - hyom. hyomandibula - hyp. hypaxial - if-orb. infraorbital - i-hy. interhyal - ins. insertion - i-op. interoperculum - i-orb. interorbital - l. ligamentum - lacr. lacrimal - m. musculus - m.add.arc.pal. m. adductor arcus palatini - m.add.mand. m. adductor mandibulae - m.add.op. m. adductor operculi - m.dil.op. m. dilatator operculi - m. geniohy. m. geniohyoideus - m.hyohy.inf. m. hyohyoideus inferior - m.i-mand. m. intermandibularis - m.lev.arc.pal. m. levator arcus palatini - m.lev.op. m. levator operculi - m.protr.pect. m. protractor pectoralis - m.sternohy. m. sternohyoideus - mand. mandibula, mandibular - max. maxilla(ry) - metapt. metapterygoid - musc. musculature - nas. nasal - neur. neurocranium - N V mand. mand. branch of trigeminal nerve - op. operculum - or. origin - pal. palatinum, palatinal - par. parietal - pect. pectoral - ph.br. pharyngobranchial - p.p. pro parte - p-pect. postpectoral - pr. process - premax. premaxilla - preop. preoperculum - p-sphen. parasphenoid - p-temp. posttemporal - quadr. quadratum - rad. radial - rl rostral(is) - scap. scapula - s-cleit. supracleithrum - s-op. suboperculum - susp. suspensorium - symph. symphysis - sympl. symplecticum - t. tendon - u-hy. urohyal - vert. vertebra - vl ventral - vom. vomer(ine)     

Residence time distribution of liquid phase in an external-loop airlift bioreactor

The residence time distribution analysis was used to investigated the flow behaviour in an external-loop airlift bioreactor regarded as a single unit and discriminating its different sections. The experimental results were fitted according to plug flow with superimposed axial dispersion and tank-in-series models, which have proved that it is reasonable to assume plug flow with axial dispersion in the overall reactor, in riser and downcomer sections, as well, while the gas separator should be considered as a perfectly mixed zone. Also, the whole reactor could be replaced with 105-30 zones with perfect mixing in series, while its separate zones, that is the riser with 104-27, the downcomer with 115-35 and the gas separator with 25-5 perfectly mixed zones in series, respectively, depending on gas superficial velocity, A_D/A_R ratio and the liquid feed rate.List of Symbols A _D cross sectional area of downcomer (m²) - A _R cross sectional area of riser (m²) - A ₁ A ₂ length of connecting pipes (m) - Bo Bodenstein number (Bo=vL·L/D _ax (-) - C concentration (kg m^–3) - C residence time distribution function - C ₀ coefficientEquation (12) - C _r dimensionless concentration - D _D diameter of downcomer (m) - D _R diameter of riser column (m) - D _ax axial dispersion coefficient (m²s^–1) - H _d height of gas-liquid dispersion (m) - H _L height of clear liquid (m) - i number of complete circulations - L length of path (m) - m order of moments - N _eq number of perfectly mixed zones in series - n _c circulating number - Q _c recirculating liquid flow rate (m³ s^–1) - q _F liquid feed flow rate (m³s^–1) - Q _G gas flow rate (m³s^–1) - Q _T total liquid flow rate (m³s^–1) - r recycle factor - s exponent inEquation (12) regarded as logarithmic decrement of the oscillating part of RTD curve - t time (s) - t _C circulation time (s) - t _s mean residence time (s) - t ₉₉ time necessary to remove 99% of the tracer concentration (s) - V _A volume of connecting pipes (m³) - V _D volume of downcomer (m³) - V _L liquid volume in reactor (m³) - V _R volume of riser (m³) - V _LD linear liquid velocity in downcomer (m s^–1) - V _LR linear liquid velocity in riser (m s^–1) - V _SLD superficial liquid velocity in downcomer (m s^–1) - V _SLR superficial liquid velocity in riser (m s^–1) - x independent variable inEquation (1) - ¯x mean value of x - z axial coordinate - _GR gas holdup in riser - _m(x) central moment of m order - ² variance - dimensionless time     

Pattern of afferents to the lateral septum in the guinea pig

Summary The septal region represents an important telencephalic center integrating neuronal activity of cortical areas with autonomous processes. To support the functional analysis of this brain area in the guinea pig, the afferent connections to the lateral septal nucleus were investigated by the use of iontophoretically applied horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Retrogradely labeled perikarya were located in telencephalic, diencephalic, mesencephalic and metencephalic sites. The subnuclei of the lateral septum (pars dorsalis, intermedia, ventralis, posterior) receive afferents from the (i) medial septal nucleus, diagonal band of Broca (pars horizontalis and pars ventralis), and the principal nucleus of the stria terminalis, the hippocampus, and amygdala (nucleus medialis); (ii) the medial habenular nucleus, and the para- (peri-) ventricular, parataenial and reuniens nuclei of the thalamus; the anterior, lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas in particular, the medial and lateral preoptic, suprachiasmatic, periventricular, paraventricular, arcuate, premammillary, and supramammillary nuclei; (iii) the periaquaeductal grey, ventral tegmental area, nucleus interfascicularis, nucleus reticularis linearis, central linear nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus; (iv) dorsal and medial raphe complex, and locus coeruleus. Each subnucleus of the lateral septum displays an individual, differing pattern of afferents from the above-described regions. Based on a double-labeling method, the vasopressinergic and serotonergic afferents to the lateral septum were found to originate in the nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami and the raphe nuclei, respectively.Abbreviations ARC arcuate nucleus - BNST bed nucleus of the stria terminalis - CL central linear nucleus - DBBh diagonal band of Broca (pars horizontalis) - DBBv diagonal band of Broca (pars ventralis) - DR dorsal raphe nucleus - HC hippocampus - IF interfascicular nucleus - IP interpeduncular nucleus - LC locus coeruleus - LDT laterodorsal tegmental nucleus - LHA lateral hypothalamic area - LPO lateral preoptic area - LSN lateral septal nucleus - MA medial amygdaloid nucleus - MH medial habenular nucleus - MPO medial preoptic region - MR medial raphe nucleus - MSN medial septal nucleus - PAG periaquaeductal grey - PEN periventricular nucleus - PHA posterior hypothalamic area - PMd premammillary region (pars dorsalis) - PMv premammillary region (pars ventralis) - PT parataenial nucleus - PVN paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus - PVT paraventricular thalamic nucleus - RE nucl. reuniens - RL nucl. reticularis linearis - SCN suprachiasmatic nucleus - SMl supramammillary region (pars lateralis) - SMm supramammillary region (pars medialis) - SUB subiculum - TS triangular septal nucleus - VTA ventral tegmental area - ac anterior commissure - bc brachium conjunctivum - bp brachium pontis - cc corpus callosum - fr fasciculus retroflexus - fx fornix - ml medial lemniscus - mlf fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - mp mammillary peduncle - mt mammillary tract - oc optic chiasm - on optic nerve - pc posterior commissure - pt pyramidal tract - sm stria medullaris - st stria terminalis - vhc ventral hippocampal commissure Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Nu 36/2-1)     

Die organogenetische und transitorische rolle der vitellophagen in der darmentwicklung von Galathea (Crustacea,Anomura)

The present study of the development of the different organs of the gut, the vitellophags (primary yolk cells) and the other cell-types concerned with the resorption of the yolk gives the first detailed analysis of an Anomuran development.

---

Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen in den Abbilduugen A ₁ 1. Antenne - A ₂ 2. Antenne - Ab Abdomen - Au Auge - B Blastoderm - Bb Blastodermbildung - Bl Blutlakunensystem - Bm Blastomer (Furchungszelle) - Bp Blastoporus - BZ Blutzelle - Ca Cardiamagen - Cf Carapaxfalte - Cp Caudalpapille - DI Drüsenfilter (Magen) - zDk zentraler Dotterkörper - Do Dorsalorgan - pDp primare Dotterpyramide - tDp tertiare Dotterpyramide (Vitellophagenepithel) - DR Rest des intraembryonalen Dottersackes - ieDS intraembryonaler Dottersack - bDv blastodermale Dottervakuole - sDZ sekunddre Dotterzelle - tDZ tertiare Dotterzelle - sE sekunddre Epithelialisierung (der Vitellophagen) - Ec Ectoderm - Ed Enddarm - Eh Eihiille (Chorion) - Ep Entodermplatte - Et Entodermtrichter - Ex Extremitdt (bsw. Extremitätenanlage) - Fsp Furchungsspindel (Teilungsspindel) - H Herz - ID Innendotter - Im Immigration (des Mesentoderms) - In Invagination (des Mesentoderms) - Ke Kern - KL Kopflappen (optischer Lobus) - KM Kaumuskulatur - L Darmlumen - M Mitose - Ma Magen - Md Mitteldarm - dMd dorsaler Mitteldarmdivertikel (dorsaler Mitteldarmblindsack) - Me Mesoderm - McEn Mesentoderm - Mddr Mitteldarmdrüse - Ml Mandibel - Mp ₁ 1. Maxilliped (1. Kieferfuß) - Mp ₂ 2. Maxilliped (2. Kieferfuß) - Mp ₃ 3. Maxilliped (3. Kieferfuß) - Mu Muskulatur - M₁ 1. Maxille - M₂ 2. Maxille - N Ganglien des Nervensystems - Ni Niere (Antennendrüse) - Oe Oesophagus - Ol Oberlippe - Pl Plasma - Py Pylorusmagen - Qv Querverbindung zwischen den Kopflappen - pR perivitelliner Raum - Seg Segment - Sf Sternalfurche - Sto Stomodaeum (Anlage des Vorderdarmes) - TA Thoracoabdominalanlage - Te Telson - Ul Urdarmlumen - V Vitellophage (primare Dotterzelle) - V ₁ Vitellophage 1 (1. Vitellophagengeneration) - V ₂ Vitellophage 2 (2. Vitellophagengeneration) - dV degenerierende Vitellophage - V intravitelline Vitellophage - IV Initialvitellophage (Lumenbildung) - pV perivitelline Vitellophage - Va Vakuole - Vi gelöster Dotter (im Darmlumen) - fZ freie Zellen (im perivitellinen Raum) Ausgeführt mit Mitteln des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung and der Freiwillig Akademischen Gesellschaft der Stadt Basel.     

Ultrastructural investigation of matrix-mediated biomineralization in echinoids (Echinodermata,Echinoida)

Summary The formation of echinoderm endoskeletons is studied using echinoid teeth as an example. Echinoid teeth grow rapidly. They consist of many calcareous elements each produced by syncytial odontoblasts. The calcification process in echinoderms needs (1) syncytial sclerocytes or odontoblasts, (2) a spacious vacuolar cavity within this syncytium, (3) an organic matrix coat in the cavity. As long as calcite is deposited, the matrix does not touch the interior face of the syncytium. The cooperation between syncytium, interior cavity and matrix coat during the mineralization process is discussed. The proposed hypothesis applies to the formation of larval skeletons, echinoderm ossicles and echinoid teeth.When calcite deposition ceases the syncytium largely splits up into filiform processes, and the skeleton is partly exposed to the extracellular space. However, the syncytium is able to reform a continuous sheath and an equivalent of the cavity and may renew calcite deposition.The tooth odontoblasts come from an apical cluster of proliferative cells, each possessing a cilium. The cilium is lost when the cell becomes a true odontoblast. This suggests that cilia are primitive features of echinoderm cells. The second step in calcification involves the odontoblasts giving rise to calcareous discs which unite the hitherto single tooth elements. During this process the odontoblasts immure themselves. The structures necessary for calcification are maintained until the end of the process.The mineralizing matrix is EDTA-soluble. The applied method preserves the matrix coating the calcite but more is probably incorporated into the mineral phase and dissolved with the calcite.Abbreviations A adhesive point (LNC) - B adaxial bag - bb basal body (ci) - CA calcareous deposits - cb cytoplasmic bladder (cp) - ce centriole - ci cilium - cp cable-like cell process - cv condensing vacuole - dp distal processes (sh) - E epithelium of the tooth - ex extracellular space - f extracellular fibrils - ga gasket (sh) - ic interior cavity - L lamellae (LNC) - LNC lamellae needle complex - m mitochondrium - mc matrix coat - MF main fold (P) - MI mitosis - mt microtubules - N nucleus - O odontoblast - P primary plate - Ph phagocyte - PR proliferative cell - pr prism - rb reserve body - RER rough endopl. reticulum - rl rootlet (ci) - RY relatively youngest plate - s satellite (bb, ce) - sh synplasmic sheath (O) - SP secondary plate - sv smooth-walled vesicle - TF transversal fold (P) - U umbo (P) - v Golgi vesicle - Y youngest tooth element     

Distribution of catecholaminergic and serotoninergic systems in forebrain and midbrain of the newt,Triturus alpestris (Urodela)

Summary Mapping of monoaminergic systems in the brain of the newt Triturus alpestris was achieved with antisera against (1) thyrosine hydroxylase (TH), (2) formaldehyde-conjugated dopamine (DA), and (3) formaldehyde-conjugated serotonin (5-HT). In the telencephalon, the striatum was densely innervated by a large number of 5-HT-, DA-and TH-immunoreactive (IR) fibers; IR fibers were more scattered in the amygdala, the medial and lateral forebrain bundles, and the anterior commissure. In the anterior and medial diencephalon, TH-IR perikarya contacting the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF-C perikarya) were located in the preoptic recess organ (PRO), the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Numerous TH-IR perikarya, not contacting the CSF, were present in the posterior preoptic nucleus and the ventral thalamus. At this level, DA-IR CSF-C neurons were only located in the PRO. In the posterior diencephalon, large populations of 5-HT-IR and DA-IR CSF-C perikarya were found in the paraventricular organ (PVO) and the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID); the dorsal part of the NID additionally presented TH-IR CSF-C perikarya. Most regions of the diencephalon showed an intense monoaminergic innervation. In addition, numerous TH-IR, DA-IR and 5-HT-IR fibers, orginating from the anterior and posterior hypothalamic nuclei, extended ventrally and reached the median eminence and the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland. In the midbrain, TH-IR perikarya were located dorsally in the pretectal area. Ventrally, a large group of TH-IR cell bodies and some weakly stained DA-IR and 5-HT-IR neurons were observed in the posterior tuberculum. No dopaminergic system equivalent to the substantia nigra was revealed. The possible significance of the differences in the distribution of TH-IR and DA-IR neurons is discussed, with special reference to the CSF-C neurons.Abbreviations AM amygdala - CAnt commissura anterior - CH commissura hippocampi - CP commissura posterior - Ctm commissura tecti mesencephali - DH dorsal hypothalamus - DTh dorsal thalamus - FLM fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - Fsol fasciculus solitarius - H habenula - LFB lateral forebrain bundle - ME median eminence - MFB medial forebrain bundle - NID nucleus infundibularis dorsalis - nIP neuropil of nucleus interpeduncularis - NPOP nucleus preopticus posterior - NS nucleus septi - OVLT organum vasculosum laminae terminalis - PD pars distalis - Pdo dorsal pallium - PHi primordium hippocampi - PI pars intermedia - Pl lateral pallium - PN pars nervosa - PRO preoptic recess organ - Ptec pretectal area - PVO paraventricular organ - Ra nucleus raphe - Rm nucleus reticularis medius - SCO subcommisural organ - ST striatum; strm stria medullaris thalami - strt stria terminalis thalami - TM tegmentum mesencephali - TO tectum opticum - TP tuberculum posterius - trch tractus cortico-habenularis - trmp tractus mamillopeduncularis - VH ventral hypothalamus - Vm nucleus motorius nervi trigemini - VTh ventral thalamus - II optic nerve     

Structural Optimization,Fungicidal Activities Evaluation,DFT Study and Structure-Activity Relationship of Dopamine Derivatives with Benzothiazole Fragment from Polyrhachis dives

In our previous work, two dopamine derivatives with benzothiazole fragment were isolated and identified from Polyrhachis dives (P. dives). Based on their characteristic structure, we used them as lead compound to carry out structural optimization and subsequent fungicidal evaluation. Here 20 dopamine derivatives with benzothiazole fragment were designed and synthesized by a facile method, and their structures were characterized by ¹H-NMR, ¹³CNMR and HMRS. In bioassays, most of the title compounds possess potential fungicidal activities against Altenaia alternala (A. alternala) and Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea). Especially, (E)-N-(2-(benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethyl)-3-(p-tolyl)acrylamide and (E)-N-(2-(benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamide displayed 29.3 mg/L and 10.7 mg/L EC₅₀ value against A. alternala, respectively, which possessed equivalent fungicidal activities level to hymexazol.     

Stereoselective Synthesis of Ectocarpene and Its Antipode via Microbiological Asymmetric Hydrolysis

Biological asymmetric hydrolysis of ethyl (±)-cycloheptadienecarboxylate with Rhodotorula minuta var. texensis IFO 1102 and chemical resolution of the corresponding carboxylic acid with (?)-quinine provided (R)-(+)-ethyl 2,5-cycloheptadienecarboxylate (78% e.e.) and (S)-(+)-2,5-cycloheptadienecarboxylic acid (95% e.e.), respectively. The (R)-(+)-carboxylate was converted to (R)-(?)-2,5-cycloheptadienylcarbaldehyde and the (S)-(+)-carboxylic acid to (S)-(+)-2,5-cycloheptadienylcarbaldehyde. Ectocarpene (78% e.e.), male-gamete attractant of marine brown alga, and its antipode (95% e.e.) were synthesized by stereoselective Wittig reaction between the (R)-(?)- and (S)-(+)-aldehydes and propyltriphenylphosphonium bromide in a liquid-solid two phase system using 18-crown ether-t-BuOK, respectively.     

Synthesis and transporter binding properties of (R)-2β,3β- and (R)-2α,3α-diaryltropanes

(R)-2-Aryl-2-tropinone (9) was synthesized from (R)-2-carbomethoxy-3-tropinone (5) and was used as the key intermediate for the synthesis of (R)-2β,3β- and (R)-2α,3α-diaryltropanes. Inhibition of radioligand binding studies at the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporters showed that the (R)-3β-(4-methylphenyl)-2β-phenyltropane (3b, RTI-422) possessed an IC₅₀ value of 1.96 nM at the dopamine transporter and was highly selective for this transporter relative to the serotonin and norepinephrine transporters.     

Ligand binding to six recombinant pheromone-binding proteins of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Antheraea polyphemus</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Antheraea pernyi</Emphasis>

Binding properties of six heterologously expressed pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) identified in the silkmoths Antheraea polyphemus and Antheraea pernyi were studied using tritium-labelled pheromone components, (E,Z)-6,11-hexadecadienyl acetate (³H-Ac1) and (E,Z)-6,11-hexadecadienal (³H-Ald), common to both species. In addition, a known ligand of PBP and inhibitor of pheromone receptor cells, the tritium-labelled esterase inhibitor decyl-thio-1,1,1-trifluoropropanone (³H-DTFP), was tested. The binding of ligands was measured after native gel electrophoresis and cutting gel slices. In both species, PBP1 and PBP3 showed binding of ³H-Ac1. In competition experiments with ³H-Ac1 and the third unlabelled pheromone component, (E,Z)-4,9-tetradecadienyl acetate (Ac2), the PBP1 showed preferential binding of Ac1, whereas PBP3 preferentially bound Ac2. The PBP2 of both species bound ³H-Ald only. All of the six PBPs strongly bound ³H-DTFP. Among unlabelled pheromone derivatives, alcohols were revealed to be the best competitors for ³H-Ac1 and ³H-Ald bound to PBPs. No pH influence was found for ³H-Ac1 binding to, or its release from, the PBP3 of A. polyphemus and A. pernyi between pH 4.0 and pH 7.5. The data indicate binding preference of each of the three PBP-subtypes (1–3) for a specific pheromone component and support the idea that PBPs contribute to odour discrimination, although to a smaller extent than receptor activation.Abbreviations Ac1 (E,Z)-6,11-hexadecadienyl acetate - Ac2 (E,Z)-4,9-tetradecadienyl acetate - Ald (E,Z)-6,11-hexadecadienal - AMA 1-amino-anthracene - cpm counts per min - DTFP decyl-thio-1,1,1-trifluoropropanone - ES-MS electrospray mass spectrometry - OH (E,Z)-6,11-hexadecadienol - PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - PCR polymerase chain reaction - PBP pheromone-binding protein - SDS sodium dodecyl sulphate - Z-11 OH Z-11 hexadecenolCommunicated by G. Heldmaier     

Observer design for differential-algebraic model of an aerobic culture of a recombinant yeast

The mathematical model of an aerobic culture of recombinant yeast presented in work by Zhang et al. (1997) is given by a differential-algebraic system. The classical nonlinear observer algorithms are generally based on ordinary differential equations. In this paper, first we extend the nonlinear observer synthesis to differential-algebraic dynamical systems. Next, we apply this observer theory to the mathematical model proposed in Zhang et al. (1997). More precisely, based on the total cell concentration and the recombinant protein concentration, the observer gives the online estimation of the glucose, the ethanol, the plasmid-bearing cell concentration and a parameter that represents the probability of plasmid loss of plasmid-bearing cells. Numerical simulations are given to show the good performances of the designed observer.Symbols C ₁ activity of pacing enzyme pool for glucose fermentation (dimensionless) - C ₂ activity of pacing enzyme pool for glucose oxidation (dimensionless) - C ₃ activity of pacing enzyme pool for ethanol oxidation (dimensionless) - E ethanol concentration (g/l) - G glucose concentration (g/l) - k _a regulation constant for (g glucose/g cell h^–1) - k _b regulation constant for (dimensionless) - k _c regulation constant for (g glucose/g cell h^–1) - k _d regulation constant for (dimensionless) - K _m1 saturation constant for glucose fermentation (g/l) - K _m2 saturation constant for glucose oxidation (g/l) - K _m3 saturation constant for ethanol oxidation (g/l) - L ( t) time lag function (dimensionless) - p probability of plasmid loss of plasmid-bearing cells (dimensionless) - P recombinant protein concentration (mg/g cell) - q _G total glucose flux culture time (g glucose/g cell h) - t culture time (h) - t _lag lag time (h) - X total cell concentration (g/l) - X ⁺ plasmid-bearing cell concentration (g/l) - Y ^F _{X / G} cell yield for glucose fermentation pathway (g cell/g glucose) - Y ^O _{X / G} cell yield for glucose oxidation pathway (g cell/g glucose) - Y _{X / E} cell yield for ethanol oxidation pathway (g cell/g ethanol) - Y _{E / X} ethanol yield for fermentation pathway based on cell mass (g ethanol·g cell) - ₂ glucoamylase yield for glucose oxidation (units/g cell) - ₃ glucoamylase yield for ethanol oxidation (units/g cell) - µ₁ specific growth rate for glucose fermentation (h^–1) - µ₂ specific growth rate for glucose oxidation (h^–1) - µ₃ specific growth rate for ethanol oxidation (h^–1) - µ_1max maximum specific growth rate for glucose fermentation (h^–1) - µ_2max maximum specific growth rate for glucose oxidation (h^–1) - µ_3max maximum specific growth rate for ethanol oxidation (h^–1)     

The morphology of suboesophageal ganglion cells innervating the nervus corporis cardiaci III of the locust

Summary The nervus corporis cardiaci III (NCC III) of the locust Locust migratoria was investigated with intracellular and extracellular cobalt staining techniques in order to elucidate the morphology of neurons within the suboesophageal ganglion, which send axons into this nerve. Six neurons have many features in common with the dorsal, unpaired, median (DUM) neurons of thoracic and abdominal ganglia. Three other cells have cell bodies contralateral to their axons (contralateral neuron 1–3; CN 1–3). Two of these neurons (CN2 and CN3) appear to degenerate after imaginal ecdysis. CN3 innervates pharyngeal dilator muscles via its anterior axon in the NCC III, and a neck muscle via an additional posterior axon within the intersegmental nerve between the suboesophageal and prothoracic ganglia. A large cell with a ventral posterior cell body is located close to the sagittal plane of the ganglion (ventral, posterior, median neuron; VPMN). Staining of the NCC III towards the periphery reveals that the branching pattern of this nerve is extremely variable. It innervates the retrocerebral glandular complex, the antennal heart and pharyngeal dilator muscles, and has a connection to the frontal ganglion.Abbreviations AH antennal heart - AN antennal nerves - AO aorta - AV antennal vessel - CA corpus allatum - CC corpus cardiacum - CN1, CN2, CN3 contralateral neuron 1–3 - DIT dorsal intermediate tract - DMT dorsal median tract - DUM dorsal, unpaired, median - FC frontal connective - FG frontal ganglion - HG hypocerebral ganglion - LDT lateral dorsal tract - LMN, LSN labral motor and sensory nerves - LN+FC common root of labral nerves and frontal connective - LO lateral ocellus - MDT median dorsal tract - MDVR ventral root of mandibular nerve - MVT median ventral tract - NCA I, II nervus corporis allati I, II - NCC I, II, III nervus corporis cardiaci I, III - NR nervus recurrens - NTD nervus tegumentarius dorsalis - N8 nerve 8 of SOG - OE oesophagus - OEN oesophageal nerve - PH pharynx - SOG suboesophageal ganglion - T tentorium - TVN tritocerebral ventral nerve - VLT ventral lateral tract - VIT ventral intermediate tract - VMT ventral median tract - VPMN ventral, posterior, median neuron - 1–7 peripheral nerves of the SOG - 36, 37, 40–45 pharyngeal dilator muscles     

Binding of chimeric metal-binding green fluorescent protein to lipid monolayer

Membrane-based bioanalytical devices for metal determination using green fluorescent protein as the sensor molecule may be a useful future biomimetic material. However, in order to develop such a device, it is necessary first to understand the interaction of the protein with lipid membranes. Thus we have investigated the interaction between chimeric cadmium-binding green fluorescent proteins (CdBPGFPs) and lipid monolayers, using a film-balance technique complemented with epifluorescence microscopy. The binding avidity was monitored from the surface pressure vs. area isotherms or from the measured increase in the lateral pressure upon injection of the chimeric CdBPGFPs beneath the lipid monolayer. Increased fluidization as well as expansion of the surface area were shown to depend on the concentration of the CdBPGFPs. The kinetics of the protein-induced increase in lateral pressure was found to be biphasic. The chimeric CdBPGFPs possessed high affinity to the 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) monolayer with a dissociation constant of K_d=10^–8M. Epifluorescence measurements showed that this affinity is due to the presence of the Cd-binding peptide, which caused the GFP to incorporate preferentially to the liquid phase and defect part of the rigid domain at low interfacial pressure. At high compression, the Cd-binding peptide could neither incorporate nor remain in the lipid core. However, specific orientation of the chimeric CdBPGFPs underneath the air–water interface was achieved, even under high surface pressure, when the proteins were applied to the metal-chelating lipid-containing surfaces. This specific binding could be controlled reversibly by the addition of metal ions or metal chelator. The reversible binding of the chimeric CdBPGFPs to metal-chelating lipids provided a potential approach for immobilization, orientation and lateral organization of a protein at the membrane interface. Furthermore, the feasibility of applying the chelator lipids for the codetermination of metal ions with specific ligands was also revealed. Our finding clearly demonstrates that a strong interaction, particularly with fluid lipid domains, could potentially be used for sensor development in the future.Abbreviations GFP green fluorescent protein - CdBPGFPs cadmium-binding green fluorescent protein - DPPC 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine - AAS atomic absorption spectrometry - Cd²⁺ cadmium (II) - Zn²⁺ zinc (II) - Cu²⁺ copper (II) - Ni²⁺ nickel (II) - E. coli Escherichia coli - NTA-DOGS 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-(N-(5-amino-1-carboxypentyl iminodiacetic acid) succinyl) - His6GFP hexahistidine green fluorescent protein - CdBP4GFP four-repeat cadmium-binding peptide green fluorescent protein - His6CdBP4GFP hexahistidine four-repeat cadmium-binding peptide green fluorescent protein - IMAC immobilized-metal-affinity chromatography - PBS phosphate-buffered saline - mN/m millinewton per metre - le liquid expanded - lc liquid condensed - PE phosphatidyl ethanolamine - PI phosphatidyl inositol - NTA nitrilotriacetic acid - EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid - RESA ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen - CdBP cadmium-binding peptide     

Enzyme production in a cell recycle fermentation system evaluated by computer simulations

Enzyme production in a cell recycle fermentation system was studied by computer simulations, using a mathematical model of -amylase production by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The model was modified so as to enable simulation of enzyme production by hypothetical organisms having different production kinetics at different fermentation conditions important for growth and production. The simulations were designed as a two-level factorial assay, the factor studied being fermentation with or without cell recycling, repression of product synthesis by glucose, kinetic production constants, product degradation by a protease, mode of fermentation, and starch versus glucose as the substrate carbon source.The main factor of importance for ensuring high enzyme production was cell recycling. Product formation kinetics related to the stationary growth phase combined with continuous fermentation with cell recycling also had a positive impact. The effect was greatest when two or more of these three factors were present in combinations, none of them alone guaranteeing a good result. Product degradation by a protease decreased the amount of product obtained; however, when combined with cell recycling, the protease effect was overshadowed by the increased production. Simulation of this type should prove a useful tool for analyzing troublesome fermentations and for identifying production organisms for further study in integrated fermentation systems.List of Symbols a proportionality constant relating the specific growth rate to the logarithm of G (h) - a ₁ reaction order with respect to starch concentration - a ₂ reaction order with respect to glucose concentration - c starch concentration (g/l) - c ₀ starch concentration in the feed (g/l) - D dilution rate (h^–1) - e intrinsic intracellular amylase concentration (g product/g cell mass) - E extracellular amylase concentration (g/l) - F volumetric flow rate (l/h) - G average number of genome equivalents of DNA/cell - K ₁ intracellular repression constant - K ₂ intracellular repression constant - K _s Monod saturation constant (g/l) - k ₃ product excretion rate constant (h^–1) - k _I translation constant (g product/g mRNA/h) - k _d first order decay constant (h^–1) - k _dw first order decay constant (h^–1) - k _gl rate constant for glucose production (g/l/h) - k _{m, dgr} saturation constant for product degradation (g/l) - k _st rate constant for starch hydrolysis (g/l/h) - k _t1 proportionality constant for amylase production (g mRNA/g substrate) - k _t2 proportionality constant for amylase production (g mRNA *h/g substrate) - k _w protease excretion rate constant (h^–1) - k _wt1 proportionality constant for protease production (g mRNA/g substrate) - k _wt2 proportionality constant for protease production (g mRNA *h/g substrate) - k _wI translation constant (g protease/g mRNA/h) - m maintenance coefficient (g substrate/g cell mass/h) - n number of binding sites for the co-repressor on the cytoplasmic repressor - Q repression function, K₁/K₂ less than or equal to 1.0 - Q _w repression function, K₁/K₂ less than or equal to 1.0 - r intrinsic amylase mRNA concentration (g mRNA/g cell mass) - r _m intrinsic protease mRNA concentration (g mRNA/g cell mass) - R _ex retention by the filter of the compounds x=: C starch, E amylase, or S glucose - R _t amylase transport rate (g product/g cell mass/h) - R _wt protease transport rate (g protease/g cell mass/h) - R _s rate of glucose production (g/l/h) - R _c rate of starch hydrolysis (g/l/h) - S ₀ feed concentration of free reducing sugar (g/l) - s extracellular concentration of reducing sugar (g/l) - t time (h) - V volume (1) - w intracellular protease concentration (g/l) - W extracellular protease concentration (g/l) - X cell mass concentration (dry weight) (g/l) - Y yield coefficient (g cell mass/g substrate) - substrate uptake (g substrate/g cell mass/h) - specific growth rate of cell mass (h^–1) - _d specific death rate of cells (h^–1) - _m maximum specific growth rate of cell mass (h^–1) - _m,dgr maximum specific rate of amylase degradation (h^–1) This study was supported by the Nordic Industrial Foundation Bioprocess Engineering Programme and the Center for Process Biotechnology, The Technical University of Denmark.     

Effects of dissolved oxygen concentration on lipase production by Rhizopus delemar

Summary The influence of the concentration of oxygen on lipase production by the fungus Rhizopus delemar was studied in different fermenters. The effect of oxygen limitation ( 47 mol/l) on lipase production by R. delemar is large as could be demonstrated in pellet and filamentous cultures. A model is proposed to describe the extent of oxygen limitation in pellet cultures. Model estimates indicate that oxygen is the limiting substrate in shake flask cultures and that an optimal inoculum size for oxygen-dependent processes can occur.Low oxygen concentrations greatly negatively affect the metabolism of R. delemar, which could be shown by cultivation in continuous cultures in filamentous growth form (D_optimal=0.086 h^-1). Continuous cultivations of R. delemar at constant, low-oxygen concentrations are a useful tool to scale down fermentation processes in cases where a transient or local oxygen limitation occurs.Symbols and Abbreviations CO Oxygen concentration in the gas phase at time = 0 (kg·m^-3) - C_{O 2i} Oxygen concentration at the pellet liquid interface (kg·m^-3) - C_{O 2i} Oxygen concentration in the bulk (kg·m^-3) - D Dilution rate (h^-1) - ID_{O 2} Diffusion coefficient for oxygen (m²·s^-1) - dw Dry weight of biomass (kg) - f Conversion factor (rs _{O 2} to oxygen consumption rate per m³) (-) - k Radial growth rate (m·s^-1) - K Constant - kla Volumetric mass transfer coefficient (s^-1) - klA Oxygen transfer rate (m^-3·s^-1) - kl Mass transfer coefficient (m·s^-1) - K _{O 2} Affinity constant for oxygen (mol·m^-3) - K _w Cotton plug resistance (m^-3·s^-1) - M Henry coefficient (-) - NV Number of pellets per volume (m^-3) - R Radius (m) - RO Radius of oxygen-deficient core (m) - RQ Respiration quotient (mol CO₂/mol O₂) - rs _{O 2} Specific oxygen consumption rate per dry weight biomass (kg O₂·s^-1[kg dw]^-1) - rX Biomass production rate (kg·m^-3·s^-1) - SG Soytone glucose medium (for shake flask experiments) - SG ₄ Soytone glucose medium (for tower fermenter and continuous culture experiments) - V Volume of medium (m^-3) - X Biomass (dry weight) concentration (kg·m^-3) - XR _o Biomass concentration within RO for a given X (kg·m^-3) - Y _{O 2} Biomass yield calculated on oxygen (kg dw/kg O₂) - Thiele modulus - Efficiency factor =1-(RO/R)³ (-) - Growth rate (m^-1·s^-1·kg^1/3) - Dry weight per volume of pellet (kg·m^-3)