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1.
中国生物多样性监测网络建设: 从CForBio到Sino BON   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
<正>生物多样性监测网络的建设在近年来得到了快速发展,特别是在联合国《生物多样性公约》爱知目标(2011–2020生物多样性战略规划,www.cbd.int/sp/)的推动下(马克平,2011a),从全球到区域和国家尺度,都在加强生物多样性监测工作,以期为生物多样性保护及其进展评估提供翔实可靠的数据(马克平,2011b)。全球尺度上有代表性  相似文献   

2.
探究式教学可以发挥学生主观能动性,通过搭建探究平台,较好地提高了课堂教学和学习效果。本文结合保护生物学的学科特点,从案例的精选、多媒体的应用、科技活动的应用、考核办法的改进等方面探讨了探究式教学方法的应用,对于培养学生的创新能力和自主学习能力、提高运用保护生物学理论解决实际问题等方面有着积极的促进作用。  相似文献   

3.
指示值方法及其在昆虫中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
李巧 《昆虫知识》2011,48(2):457-462
指示值(IndVal)方法于1997年由Dufrêne和Legendre提出,是生物指示方法论研究中最有意义的进步,在国外被广泛运用于生态指示物研究,然而在国内却没有得到应有的重视。本文介绍了如何运用R语言软件进行IndVal值的计算,IndVal方法在指示昆虫研究中的应用,以及运用该方法进行昆虫指示物种的判断和检验。旨在普及该方法的运用,推动我国的生物指示研究。  相似文献   

4.
采用两种群落分类方法——以环境梯度为分类依据的多元回归树(MRT)和多年来广泛应用的双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN), 对吕梁山南段森林群落进行了数量分类, 同时依据植物群落分类和命名原则, 对分类后的各群系进行命名, 并用吻合系数比较两种分类结果的吻合程度, 分析MRT的优劣势, 为以后选择合适的植物群落数量分类方法提供参考。结果表明: (1) MRT将41个森林样方分为4个群系, 分别为侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)群系、青榨槭(Acer davidii)群系、辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)群系、柿(Diospyros kaki)群系, 群系类型与TWINSPAN的分类结果相同; (2)根据群系的样方组成, 两种分类结果的吻合度较高, 吻合系数达80.5%; (3)与TWINSPAN相比, MRT同时以物种和环境信息为依据, 对有过渡性质的样方划分更为可靠。因此, 单纯从植被分类的角度来看, 尽管TWINSPAN的分类结果更客观, 但当TWINSPAN分类遇到困难时, 如在划分大样地连续样方或具有过渡性质样方时, MRT更有优势。  相似文献   

5.
景观生态学原理在保护生物学中的应用   总被引:12,自引:1,他引:12  
人类活动所引起的自然生境片断化被认为是全球范围内生物多样性急剧下降的最主要原因\"-'。保护生物多样性已成为全世界关注的重大问题。近年来迅速发展的保护生物学是一门既面向目前生物危机,又着眼于长远生态前景的,以研究物种、群落和生态系统的动态和问题为对象的新兴学  相似文献   

6.
新疆北鲵的分布、生物学研究及其保护   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
王秀玲  白瑛 《四川动物》2000,19(3):146-148,142
新疆北鲵仅分布于我国与哈萨克斯坦边界的在山系的局部地区,呈岛屿状分布,栖息地狭窄,种群数量少,加以天敌和人为破坏严重已处于构危状态,自1989年在温泉县北鲵后,对其地理分布、生物学、生态学、细胞染色体组型、分子特征及人工驯养及人工驯养繁殖等进行了研究。新疆北鲵是原如的两栖动物,幼体在水中生活以水生昆虫和其他节肢动物为食;成体非繁殖期和亚成体营陆地生活晚上在陆地摄食。每年5 ̄6月繁殖,产出卵胶囊1对  相似文献   

7.
生物多样性是人类生存与发展的基础,全球气候的快速波动正对生物多样性造成严重威胁。保护生物学旨在研究全球生物多样性面临的危机及如何更加有效地进行生物多样性保护。景观基因组学(Landscape genomics)研究通过解析基因型与环境因子之间的关联性,揭示物种响应气候变化的适应性遗传变异与适应性进化,推动了保护生物学的快速发展。本文简要阐述了景观基因组学解析物种适应性遗传变异空间分布格局的主要研究方法,总结了近年来景观基因组学方法在动植物保护研究中的应用案例,并针对景观基因组学方法在保护生物学研究中存在的问题及未来研究方向提出了建议。  相似文献   

8.
马祖飞  李典谟 《生态学报》2002,22(10):1695-1698
利用多样性指数和种群动态相结合,建立竞争指数对小红珠绢蝶东灵山种群的濒危机制进行分析。结果表明,小红珠绢蝶的竞争指数在不同年份的下降过程中有不同的变化。以此为依据可以准确地判断出对该种群动态影响的环境因子。这一方法有很高的普适性,可应用于昆虫种群的保护生物学研究。  相似文献   

9.
线粒体DNA(mtDNA)多态性在动物保护生物学中的应用   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9  
本文从两个方面论述了mtDNA在动物保护生物学中的应用:一是对物种进行遗传多样性的检 测与管理,二是进行与种群统计学数据相关的遗传分析。前者与保护的长期效益(如进化) 密切相关,而后者则主要用于指导短期管理措施的制定。同时,本文重点论述了mtDNA在进 化显著单位(ESUs)和管理单位(MUs)的认定方面的作用。认定ESUs的目的是隔离管理遗传多 样性,它是一系列系统进化史独特的种群,这种独特性同时表现在mtDNA和核DNA上;MUs是 种群统计意义上的生殖隔离单位,具有独特的等位基因频率,与系统发生结构和遗传分歧水 平无关。ESUs与MUs都是保护生物学中保护与管理的重要基本单位。  相似文献   

10.
线粒体是“动力工厂”,能够进行氧化代谢实现能量的转化,参与三羧酸循环形成ATP。随着分子生物学和生物信息学技术的发展,担子菌灵芝属中已有几种灵芝的线粒体基因组被相继报道,但尚未有对重伞灵芝线粒体基因组的报道。本研究通过对重伞灵芝YX线粒体基因组进行组装注释,比较分析了与其他灵芝属物种的差异,根据差异序列构建分子标记对重伞灵芝菌株快速鉴定。结果显示重伞灵芝线粒体基因组大小为67 340bp的闭合环形结构,含有15个普通蛋白编码基因,28个tRNA基因,以及rRNA的大小亚基基因。共5个基因含有12个内含子,主要为IB型,部分为ID型,包含LAGLIDADG_1 superfamily、GIY-YIG_Cterm superfamily保守结构域。根据重伞灵芝线粒体cox2基因设计的特异性引物扩增结果显示:4株重伞灵芝的cox2基因片段均可准确扩增,且扩增不出其他灵芝物种的cox2基因片段。基于各灵芝菌株线粒体cox2基因序列构建系统进化树,可以将4株重伞灵芝归在同一分支上,并且同源性为98%,与ITS鉴定结果一致。可见,基于线粒体基因cox2特异性引物可以快速地对重伞灵芝进行鉴定,且只需通过观察扩增条带的有无,无需测序,省时省力。  相似文献   

11.
    
The vast number of species threatened with extinction, coupled with the limited resources to support them, results in the need to prioritize species for conservation action. Similarly, zoo collection managers must prioritize species for inclusion at their institutions, which are also limited by space and resources. While conservation status is one factor considered by zoos, weight is also given to qualitative features and practical considerations when evaluating the fit of different species. Resultantly, the species prioritized by zoos have limited overlap with those prioritized for conservation. Several recent studies have highlighted that the majority of species maintained in zoos are ranked globally as least concern. Given the centrality of conservation to the modern mission of zoos, there is value in identifying clear connections between non‐threatened species in zoos and the roles they can play in conservation. Surrogate species approaches have been used in many instances to facilitate indirect conservation, and several distinctive types of surrogacy have been formally described. The aim of this study is to define a novel form of species surrogacy (i.e., “proxy species”) that draws utility from non‐threatened species maintained in zoos. A proxy species is here defined as a non‐threatened species managed ex situ that can be used as a flagship for a related threatened species that is morphologically similar but not otherwise represented in zoos. The benefits of this approach and opportunities for its application are here reviewed. This concept will provide opportunities to enhance the value of pre‐existing zoo collections, and ultimately, support conservation objectives.  相似文献   

12.
    

Aim

Freshwater megafauna remain underrepresented in research and conservation, despite a disproportionately high risk of extinction due to multiple human threats. Therefore, our aims are threefold; (i) identify global patterns of freshwater megafauna richness and endemism, (ii) assess the conservation status of freshwater megafauna and (iii) demonstrate spatial and temporal patterns of human pressure throughout their distribution ranges.

Location

Global.

Methods

We identified 207 extant freshwater megafauna species, based on a 30 kg weight threshold, and mapped their distributions using HydroBASINS subcatchments (level 8). Information on conservation status and population trends for each species was extracted from the IUCN Red List website. We investigated human impacts on freshwater megafauna in space and time by examining spatial congruence between their distributions and human pressures, described by the Incident Biodiversity Threat Index and Temporal Human Pressure Index.

Results

Freshwater megafauna occur in 76% of the world’s main river basins (level 3 HydroBASINS), with species richness peaking in the Amazon, Congo, Orinoco, Mekong and Ganges‐Brahmaputra basins. Freshwater megafauna are more threatened than their smaller counterparts within the specific taxonomic groups (i.e., fishes, mammals, reptiles and amphibians). Out of the 93 freshwater megafauna species with known population trends, 71% are in decline. Meanwhile, IUCN Red List assessments reported insufficient or outdated data for 43% of all freshwater megafauna species. Since the early 1990s, human pressure has increased throughout 63% of their distribution ranges, with particularly intense impacts occurring in the Mekong and Ganges‐Brahmaputra basins.

Main conclusions

Freshwater megafauna species are threatened globally, with intense and increasing human pressures occurring in many of their biodiversity hotspots. We call for research and conservation actions for freshwater megafauna, as they are highly sensitive to present and future pressures including a massive boom in hydropower dam construction in their biodiversity hotspots.
  相似文献   

13.
14.
    
  1. Pieris virginiensis, the West Virginia White butterfly, faces severe potential habitat loss and degradation of existing suitable habitat in the near future from climate change and plant invasion. Increasing isolation and local extinction events resulting from deforestation and climate change have a chance to significantly impact the future of this butterfly.
  2. We used genetic analysis and spatial modelling techniques to estimate the current spatial and genetic scope of P. virginiensis.
  3. We used linear modelling and machine learning to predict the occurrence of P. virginiensis through space and time using occurrence records between 1879 and 2014 and environmental predictors from a world climate dataset.
  4. We predicted the future occurrence of P. virginiensis with climate projections for the year 2070.
  5. We sequenced the cytochrome oxidase I, and the internal transcribed spacer region I, in the mitrochondrial and nuclear genomes, respectively, then used a combination of genetic diversity measures and phylogeny construction to evaluate the genetic diversity of P. virginiensis.
  6. We found that latitude accounts for nearly one‐fifth of the variation in emergence date.
  7. Spatial models predicted that P. virginiensis may lose up to 60% of available habitat in the next 50 years.
  8. Genetic data indicated some isolation in an Ohio population's COI gene, and low genetic diversity across the range of P. virginiensis in ITS. These may be indicative of either the last glacial expansion or a more recent disturbance.
  9. A large effective population size indicates that P. virginiensis are not yet nearing extinction.
  相似文献   

15.
    
Two clutches of the red‐necked Amazon parrot, or Jaco (Amazona arausiaca), are described for the first time from intra‐cavity video recordings of natural nests in Dominican rainforest trees. Using a mini‐camera mounted on a telescoping pole, a clutch of two live chicks (∼8 weeks old) and one dead chick (∼5 weeks old at time of death), and another clutch of one live chick (∼4 weeks old) and two unhatched eggs were discovered in nesting cavities roughly 15 m from the ground in Carapite (Amanoa caribaea) and Gommier (Dacryodes excelsa) trees, respectively, near 600 m elevation. Information from these sightings is essential for quantifying the life history of the Jaco, a flagship species for Dominica's imperiled rainforest ecosystem. Zoo Biol 18:63–70, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

16.
旗舰物种是保护生物学中一个广泛应用的概念, 用于获得公众对保护行为的支持, 在生物多样性保护领域发挥着重要作用。但目前尚未见量化分析遴选和确定旗舰物种的公开报道, 致使学术界对旗舰物种的定义和使用相对主观, 缺乏科学依据。本文对旗舰物种的定义进行了梳理, 探讨了旗舰物种的内涵, 确定了旗舰物种的属性, 制定了遴选标准和量化遴选方法, 以便读者更好地理解和运用这一概念。目前旗舰物种的定义仍然局限在其社会学属性, 作者建议今后应加强其生物生态学属性。作者认为除了公众的关注度和认可度之外, 旗舰物种还应具备以下3个生态生物学和社会文化特征: (1)物种在当地的濒危程度及生存现状; (2)物种在当地生态系统中的重要性; (3)物种在当地民众中的影响力和认可度。基于此, 本文确定了表征旗舰物种社会文化属性和生态生物学属性的8个要素, 基于层次分析法提出了一种量化的旗舰物种遴选方法。该方法综合上述8个要素进行评判和计算分值, 以塔吉克斯坦境内分布的14种大型濒危哺乳动物的生态生物学属性和社会文化影响力为基础, 描述基于层次分析法遴选塔吉克斯坦哺乳类旗舰物种的方法和过程, 最终依据每个备选物种所得分值高低排序, 得到塔吉克斯坦旗舰物种的优先备选物种。本文首次提出了一种量化遴选旗舰物种的方法, 期望今后可基于该方法开发更加合理的旗舰物种遴选模型和算法。  相似文献   

17.
To address the global extinction crisis, both efficient use of existing conservation funding and new sources of funding are vital. Private sponsorship of charismatic ‘flagship’ species conservation represents an important source of new funding, but has been criticized as being inefficient. However, the ancillary benefits of privately sponsored flagship species conservation via actions benefiting other species have not been quantified, nor have the benefits of incorporating such sponsorship into objective prioritization protocols. Here, we use a comprehensive dataset of conservation actions for the 700 most threatened species in New Zealand to examine the potential biodiversity gains from national private flagship species sponsorship programmes. We find that private funding for flagship species can clearly result in additional species and phylogenetic diversity conserved, via conservation actions shared with other species. When private flagship species funding is incorporated into a prioritization protocol to preferentially sponsor shared actions, expected gains can be more than doubled. However, these gains are consistently smaller than expected gains in a hypothetical scenario where private funding could be optimally allocated among all threatened species. We recommend integrating private sponsorship of flagship species into objective prioritization protocols to sponsor efficient actions that maximize biodiversity gains, or wherever possible, encouraging private donations for broader biodiversity goals.  相似文献   

18.
19.
    
Reillo PR  Durand S  Burton M 《Zoo biology》2011,30(3):328-341
We describe the rearing and development of the first imperial parrot (Amazona imperialis) hatched and raised in captivity. A single egg was hen-incubated for 28 days, and the chick was parent-fed for ~14 days, after which it was removed for hand-rearing. Similar to wild, parent-reared imperial nestlings, the chick developed fully within 12 weeks, weaning at 540 g body weight. Endangered and endemic to Dominica, the imperial is a vital flagship for oceanic rainforest conservation. Chronicling the neonatal development of A. imperialis helps illuminate the natural history of this enigmatic species, whose secretive nesting habits and low population density have frustrated a detailed understanding of its ecology and reproduction.  相似文献   

20.
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