被子植物胚乳细胞化的形态学研究

被子植物进行双受精 ,2个极核或次生核与 1个精子结合后形成 1个三倍体的初生胚乳核 ,初生胚核经多次分裂形成多个胚乳游离核。有些植物的初生胚乳核和胚乳游离核分裂后紧跟着壁的形成 ,称为细胞型胚乳 ,如番茄等 ;有些植物初生胚乳核和胚乳游离核分裂时不伴随着壁的形成 ,而是形成多核体 ,到胚乳发育后期由胚囊的边缘向中央逐步细胞化 ,这种胚乳发育类型称为核型胚乳 ,如玉米、小麦、水稻等 ;还有一些中间类型的植物 ,称为双型胚乳 ,这种类型的植物仅见于某些单子叶植物。无论是核型胚乳植物还是双型胚乳植物的胚乳发育都涉及到从胚乳游离…     

罗汉果胚、胚乳及胚乳吸器的发育

本文采用石蜡切片与酶解分离法对罗汉果Ｓｉｒａｉｔｉａｇｒｏｓｖｅｎｏｒｉ胚、胚乳及胚乳吸器的发育过程进行观察．ａ）罗汉果胚的发育是按Ｇｅｕｍｕｒｂａｎｕｍ的分裂程序进行的．属紫菀型．但在合子分裂成球胚过程中,胚芽原细胞分化明显．故属紫菀型的变异型。ｂ）胚乳发育属核型．在球形胚阶段,在合点端和珠孔端有发育的胚乳吸器形成并进行旺盛生长,最大长度达１４２０μｍ,心形胚期．吸器活动开始减退,合点端核型胚乳吸器转变成细胞型．由胚乳本体基部膨大细胞．充当补助吸器．ｃ）酶解分离法研究胚乳吸器的发生发育有较好的应用前景。     

谷子胚和胚乳的发育

合子的第一次分裂为斜的横分裂,胚发育至棒状原胚后,胚顶端一侧的细胞加速分裂形成一团分生组织细胞,由这团分生组织分化盾片、胚芽鞘、胚芽生长点和胚根。胚体的其它部分参与部分盾片和胚根鞘的构成。胚柄不参与胚的组成,胚无外胚叶,胚胎发育属禾本型。核型胚乳。从胚囊壁产生的自由生长壁把胚乳游离核隔开形成一层胚乳细胞。然后这层细胞平周分裂使胚乳细胞变成二层,以后的胚乳细胞增殖以细胞有丝分裂方式进行。胚乳的最外层     

长豇豆胚和胚乳的发育及营养物质积累

长豇豆(Vigna sesquipedalis (L.)Fruwirth)开花前7—10小时传粉,开花后8—10小时完成双受精。合子期珠孔端及合点部位胚囊的周界壁有壁内突。胚发育属柳叶菜型。胚柄的基部细胞及基部区域外层细胞的外切向壁发生壁内突。成熟胚中胚柄宿存。开花后9—16天为子叶细胞中淀粉积累期,开花后12—18天为蛋白质积累期。胚乳发育为核型,珠孔端胚乳细胞化,合点端保持游离核状态。胚乳外层细胞为传递型细胞,珠孔端的胚乳细胞形成折叠细胞群,亦有壁内突。心形胚期胚乳开始退化解体,成熟胚期胚乳完全消失。     

刺梨胚及胚乳的发育

本研究对单瓣刺梨胚及胚乳的发育过程进行了观察,获得如下主要结果:1.刺梨胚的发育属于紫菀型的一种变异类型。原胚发育早期,在胚体顶端具有明显的胚芽原细胞。成熟胚为典型的双子叶植物胚的形态,在子叶中贮藏大量的蛋白质粒。2.刺梨的胚乳属核型。经游离核时期以后形成胚乳细胞。紧邻胚囊周界壁的表层胚乳细胞可以进行平周分裂,产生层叠状的胚乳周缘层。此种后形成的胚乳,我们称之为次生胚乳。当次生胚乳形成时,其余的胚乳细胞逐渐解体,最后几乎完全消失。次生胚乳只在合点处解体,其余保留至种子成熟。3.发现了开花后一些胚珠中无胚或胚和胚乳在发育早期退化的现象,可认为是刺梨种子不育的一个重要原因。     

黄花油点草胚胎发育研究

利用石蜡切片技术对百合科植物黄花油点草[Tricyrtis maculata(D.Don)Machride]双受精、胚及胚乳发育进行了研究,以明确其胚胎发育的特征,为百合科植物的系统研究提供生殖生物学资料。结果表明:(1)黄花油点草为珠孔受精;进入胚囊的2枚精子分别与卵细胞和中央细胞进行正常的双受精,其受精作用属有丝分裂前型。(2)受精后的初生胚乳核立即分裂,其发育方式为核型胚乳;早期的游离胚乳核沿胚囊的边缘分布,胚囊中央部位主要为胚乳细胞质,随着游离胚乳核数量的增加,胚乳核慢慢充满整个胚囊;当发育至球形胚早期阶段,在各胚乳核周围产生胚乳细胞壁,形成完整的胚乳细胞。(3)合子有较长的休眠时间,胚的发育方式为茄型;合子第一次有丝分裂为横裂,分裂后形成基细胞和顶细胞;基细胞经过3次横裂,形成一列胚柄细胞;顶细胞经过分裂形成胚体,依次形成球形胚、棒状胚和盾形胚。(4)种子成熟时胚无器官分化;成熟种子由种皮、胚和胚乳三部分组成。     

黄檗的胚胎学研究

黄檗(PhellodendronamurenseRupr.)为雌雄异株植物,雌花中有退化的雄蕊原基,雄花中有退化的心皮。黄檗花药壁发育为基本型。腺质绒毡层,细胞双核或多核。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型。小孢子四分体为四面体型排列,成熟花粉有2-细胞和3-细胞型2种。子房5室,中轴胎座、倒生胚珠、具珠柄珠孔塞、双珠被、厚珠心和多孢原细胞。大孢子四分体为直线型、少数为“T”型排列,合点端的一个为功能性大孢子。蓼型胚囊,双受精属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型。胚的发育为藜型,核型胚乳。后期胚乳组织外层形成“次生胚乳”,原胚乳细胞逐渐退化解体。     

蒙古黄芪的胚胎学

蒙古黄芪(Astragaius monghocus Bge.)雄性原为花药表皮下单列细胞,小孢子四分体为四面体型,胞质分裂为同时型。单子叶型花药壁。分泌型绒毡层,其细胞核始终一个,细胞里含有一至多个草酸钙晶体。二细胞型花粉:单室子房,多胚珠,弯生,双珠被,厚珠心。蓼型胚囊。雌性孢原为珠心亚表皮下多细胞。直线形大孢子四分体,合点端第一、或第二、或第三个大孢子有功能。成熟胚囊具有盲囊结构;花粉管通过退化助细胞进入胚囊。双受精属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型;胚的发育为柳叶菜型。核型胚乳。胚乳细胞在球形胚时期开始形成。在胚乳发育过程中,合点端胚乳游离核存在着聚集、合并、无丝分裂和胚乳细胞内多核合并等现象。     

西瓜胚和胚乳的发育

应用显微技术对西瓜胚和胚乳的发育过程进行了观察并分析了西瓜胚珠败育的原因。西瓜胚发育属紫菀型。合子第一次分裂为不均等分裂 ,形成的基细胞体积明显较顶细胞大 ,两细胞均含有多个液泡。原胚发育过程中没有明显的胚柄。最外层的原胚细胞 ,与胚乳细胞相邻的壁上被胼胝质物质包围 ,且无外连丝存在 ;与胚囊壁相接的壁上无壁内突结构。胚的子叶体积增长的同时 ,子叶细胞内积累蛋白质和脂类物质 ,多糖物质的含量下降。胚乳发育属核型 ,在球形胚期开始自珠孔端向合点端细胞化 ,胚子叶分化出后开始自珠孔端向合点端退化。胚乳合点端在球形胚早期形成发达的胚乳吸器 ,开始呈游离核状态 ,后细胞化 ,在心型胚期之后退化。     

獐牙菜的胚胎发生

对獐牙菜大孢子发生、雌配子体形成、受精、胚及胚乳发育过程进行了研究。主要结果如下：子房2心皮,1室,4列胚珠,侧膜胎座;薄珠心,单珠被,倒弯生胚珠。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成4个大孢子直线形排列,合点端的大孢子具功能,胚囊发育为蓼型。3个反足细胞宿存,每个细胞均多核和异常膨大,反足吸器明显,并在胚乳之外形成染色较深的类似“外胚乳”的结构。珠孔受精,受精作用属于有丝分裂前类型。胚乳发育为核型;胚胎发育为茄型。果实成熟时,种子发育至球形胚阶段。反足细胞在龙胆科一些短命植物中的宿存与分裂具有重要的生殖适应与进化意义。     

红皮树胚胎发育

本文报道红皮树(Styrax suberifoltus Hook.et Arn.)大小孢子发育和早期胚胎发生。子房具胚珠20—23枚,胚珠横生,珠被二层,薄珠心,孢原细胞直接起大孢子母细胞作用。合点端大孢子具功能。胚囊发育为正常型。成熟胚囊具大量淀粉粒。小孢子形成为同时型,成熟花粉为二细胞型。传粉后、受精前两个助细胞在形状和对苏木精着色程度上有显著区别。胚乳发育为细胞型。在合子分裂前,胚乳细胞增至约26个时,暂时停止分裂。苏木精对细胞质不易着色,似解体细胞。有胚乳吸器。     

POSTFERTILIZATION CHANGES IN OVULES OF MONOTROPA UNIFLORA L. (MONOTROPACEAE)

Monotropa uniflora is an achlorophyllous angiosperm consisting of a mycorrhizae-dependent root system that produces floriferous, aerial shoots. Each of the numerous, minute ovules is anatropous, unitegmic, and contains a Polygonum type female gametophyte. Following double fertilization, a lipid-rich, cellular endosperm develops in association with both chalazal and micropylar haustoria. The vacuolate zygote elongates prior to a cytoplasmically unequal division resulting in a small terminal cell subtended by a larger, vacuolate basal cell. The basal cell eventually degenerates, isolating the terminal cell which is completely surrounded by endosperm. The terminal cell undergoes a cytoplasmically equal transverse division resulting in a two-celled embryo embedded in endosperm. In final stages of seed maturation, lipids decrease and reserve proteins increase in the cytoplasm of both the endosperm and embryo. The morphological reduction of the mature embryo may be associated with a specialized mode of nutrition.     

EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENDOSPERM HAUSTORIUM OF ARCEUTHOBIUM DOUGLASII

Arceuthobium douglasii develops a dome-like structure, the ovarian papilla, in which 2 megasporocytes are formed. The papilla is not a true ovule, for no integuments are formed, and it is forced aside by the developing endosperm. Megasporocytes are differentiated in the spring, but meiosis does not occur until the following spring. A tetrasporic embryo sac is developed which is 8-nucleate at maturity. Pollination and fertilization occur approximately 13–14 months after initiation of the inflorescence. Only 1 of the 2 embryos develops after fertilization. After fertilization, the embryo sac segregates into 2 parts, one containing the zygote and the disintegrating synergids, the other the primary endosperm nucleus and the degenerating antipodals. This primary endosperm cell elongates toward the base of the ovarian papilla. Cytokinesis then forms an endosperm cell, adjacent to the zygote, and a haustorial cell. The haustorial cell forms several tiers of cells which persist during the development of the embryo and endosperm. The zygote, while still contained within the ovarian papilla, divides, forming a 2-celled sphere. It remains unchanged until after it is conveyed out of the ovarian papilla by the developing endosperm. The development of the embryo and endosperm is arrested in the autumn approximately 3 months after their initiation. They complete their development the following spring and summer.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ACHENE OF POLYGONUM PENSYLVANICUM: EMBRYO,ENDOSPERM, AND PERICARP

A study was made of the ontogeny of the achene of Polygonum pensylvanicum L. from fertilization to maturity. The proembryo is classified as the Polygonum Variation, Asterad Type. Cotyledons are initiated three days after anthesis, and by the fifth day procambium is present in the embryo axis. At approximately seven days after anthesis, the embryo begins to curve and occupy a marginal position in the ovary. By ten days the first foliage leaf primordium is initiated at the stem apex of the embryo. At maturity the embryo consists of two cotyledons, a plumule composed of the stem apex and one leaf primordium, and a hypocotyl with a well-developed radicle. Endosperm nuclei begin to divide before the first division of the zygote. Cell wall formation begins in the endosperm at the micropylar end of the embryo sac and proceeds toward the chalazal region. By the fifth day the endosperm is completely cellular, except for a basal projection; and a peripheral meristem has been established. At approximately ten days the peripheral meristem ceases periclinal cell division and becomes the aleurone. At the time of fertilization the ovary wall has its full complement of cell layers. The walls of the outermost cells elongate and become convoluted. Subsequent thickening and lignification of these cell walls produce the hard epicarp of the mature achene.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEED OF ABUTILON THEOPHRASTI I. OVULE AND EMBRYO

Winter , Dorothy M. (Iowa State U., Ames.) The development of the seed of Abutilon theophrasti. I. Ovule and embryo. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(1): 8–14. Illus. 1960.—Abutilon theophrasti Medic, is a widespread annual weed which produces an abundance of seed in capsules which mature within 20 days after pollination. Ovule differentiation may be observed at least 8 days before anthesis when a sporogenous cell becomes evident and 2 integuments are initiated. An 8-nucleate embryo sac is produced from the chalazal megaspore approximately 2 days before anthesis. The outer integument of the mature campylotropous ovule consists of 2 cell layers, the inner integument has 6 to 15 cell layers. The initially free-nucleate endosperm becomes cellular betwen 3 and 7 days after pollination. At maturity a thin layer of gelatinous endosperm encases the embryo. The Asterad-type proembryo of Abutilon has a stout suspensor and develops rapidly. Four days after pollination cotyledons are initiated; 4 days later a leaf primordium is evident. Fifteen days after pollination the embryo, which has essentially completed its growth, consists of a large hypocotyl with root promeristem and root cap at its basal end, and 2 flat, folded, leaflike cotyledons enclosing a small epicotyl at its upper end. The epicotyl consists of an embryonic leaf and a stem apex.     

喉毛花的胚胎学研究

本文首次系统地记载了喉毛花属的胚胎发育过程,并以此为依据讨论了该属的分类等级和系统位置。喉毛花花药四室;药壁发育属双子叶型;绒毡层单型起源,细胞具单核,属腺质绒毡层;一层中层细胞;花药壁表皮层宿存,纤维状加厚和膨大;药室内壁减缩。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体的排列为四面体型;成熟花粉为3-细胞型。子房为2心皮、l室,典型的侧膜胎座,胚珠8列,胚珠胎座靠近两心皮腹缝线。薄珠心,单珠被,倒生胚珠。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的4个大孢子呈直列式排列,其中合点端的大孢子具功能。胚囊发育为蓼型。极核在受精前融合为次生核。反足细胞宿存、分裂为8～12个,每个细胞均多核和异常膨大,反足细胞形成的吸器明显。异花传粉,珠孔受精。花粉管通过破坏一助细胞进入胚囊。受精作用属于有丝分裂前配子体融合类型。胚乳发育为核型,每核含2～3核仁。胚胎发育为茄型酸浆I变型,成熟种子胚只发育至球形胚阶段。反足细胞在合子分裂之后才开始退化,在胚的发育过程中反足细胞在胚乳层之外形成一层染色深、类似“外胚乳”的结构。比较喉毛花、龙胆属、假龙胆属以及肋柱花属的胚胎学特征表明喉毛花与假龙胆属的亲缘关系最近,在分类等级上作为一个独立的属较为合适,在系统位置上它比假龙胆属更为原始。     

EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE BARLEY EMBRYO: FINE STRUCTURE

The ultrastructure of early stages in embryogenesis in barley was examined. Post-fertilization shrinkage does not occur. Plasmodesmata were not observed in cell walls of the zygote and outer cell walls of embryos. There is little evidence of cellular specialization in earliest embryonic stages, and planes of cell division tend to be irregular although a pattern of cell disposition characteristic of some grass embryos can be discerned. The embryo appears polarized after 2–3 division cycles, but no evolving of dorsiventrality occurs during this period. A basal supensor cell “anchors” the embryo during early embryogenesis, but by about five division cycles the embryo loses its attachment to the nucellus and is completely surrounded by endosperm. An increase in number of ribosomes and mitochondria takes place during early embryogenesis, and mitochondrial dimensions are reduced. A shift in vacuole distribution occurs.     

象牙参种子的解剖学和组织化学研究

象牙参种子解剖学和组织化学的研究结果表明, 种子包括假种皮、种皮、外胚乳、内胚乳和胚。假种皮没有完全包被种子, 由约4~5 层薄壁细胞构成。种皮可以分为外种皮、中种皮和内种皮。外种皮由1 层表皮细胞构成, 细胞壁明显增厚;中种皮包括下皮层、半透明细胞层和3~4层细胞的色素层, 下皮层和色素层细胞均充满红棕色色素;内种皮由1 层体积小、壁局部增厚的砖形薄壁细胞构成。种子在珠孔端分化出珠孔领、孔盖和种阜状结构, 珠孔领为同形型, 孔盖不具石细胞硬层。合点区内种皮出现缺口, 缺口间充满合点区色素细胞, 其整体轮廓成新月形。外胚乳可分为厚区与薄区两部分, 外胚乳细胞壁平直, 细胞内充满淀粉。内胚乳细胞主要含蛋白质, 也有少量脂类物质, 细胞界限不清楚。胚棒状, 两端略膨大, 含大量脂类物质, 也含蛋白质和多糖。