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Olszewski MM 《Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences》2011,42(3):285-296
In the 1860s, Dr. Louis Thomas Jérôme Auzoux introduced a set of papier-mâché teaching models intended for use in the botanical classroom. These botanical models quickly made their way into the educational curricula of institutions around the world. Within these institutions, Auzoux’s models were principally used to fulfil educational goals, but their incorporation into diverse curricula also suggests they were used to implement agendas beyond botanical instruction. This essay examines the various uses and meanings of Dr. Auzoux’s botanical teaching models at the universities of Glasgow and Aberdeen in the nineteenth century. The two main conclusions of this analysis are: (1) investing in prestigious scientific collections was a way for these universities to attract fee-paying students so that better medical accommodation could be provided and (2) models were used to transmit different kinds of botanical knowledge at both universities. The style of botany at the University of Glasgow was offensive and the department there actively embraced and incorporated ideas of the emerging new botany. At Aberdeen, the style of botany was defensive and there was some hesitancy when confronting new botanical ideas. 相似文献
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《Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences》2009,40(4):256-264
This paper gives a detailed analysis of four seed lists in the journals of John Locke. These lists provide a window into a fascinating open network of botanical exchange in the early 1680s which included two of the leading botanists of the day, Pierre Magnol of Montpellier and Jacob Bobart the Younger of Oxford. The provenance and significance of the lists are assessed in relation to the relevant extant herbaria and plant catalogues from the period. The lists and associated correspondence provide the main evidence for Locke’s own important, though modest contribution to early modern botany, a contribution which he would have regarded as a small part of the broader project of constructing a natural history of plants. They also provide a detailed case study of the sort of open and informal network of knowledge exchange in the early modern period that is widely recognised by historians of science, but all too rarely illustrated. 相似文献
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The paper describes the life and scientific work of Caspar Bauhin, whose 425th anniversary of his birth is in 1985. He is well-known in anatomy and botany and some species of plants are called after him. In anatomy his name is linked with the ileocaecal valve, though he apparently did not discover it. Especially Bauhin was engaged in improvement of anatomical and botanical nomenclature. 相似文献
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Karl E. Ricker 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2006,75(1):39-72
Synopsis Bill Ricker’s career went through many twists in his academic years. He had taken botany in his senior matriculation year
at high school and he had collected over 100 species of flora before commencement of university life. At the conclusion of
his first university year, he set out over the summer to collect a much larger sample of species, primarily from the Great
Lakes-St. Lawrence ecoregion, to fulfil a requirement for a second year botany course (spermatophytes). He identified about
390 species, and some 254 were collected and pooled with those from previous years to make a final submission of 354 spermatophyte
species. Field plant identification continued in each academic year thereafter, in concert with collections and identifications
of aquatic invertebrates in his summer projects while under the employment of the Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory. At
the conclusion of his undergraduate years, Bill had taken more courses in botany than in zoology, and it was the summer employment
that had really prepared him for postgraduate work in fisheries biology, which was ecologically oriented. When Bill left Ontario
in the autumn of 1931 he had identified over 600 species of plants, excluding lower cryptogams, but including many aquatic
species of higher plants. In western North America Bill’s botanical career began at Cultus Lake in 1931. He again studied
all aspects of the basin while employed with the federal government, and from the work he assembled a Ph.D. thesis. At the
time of thesis completion he had identified over 300 species of flora, including alpine plants at timberline, 1500 – 1800 m
above lake level, and planktonic algae in its water column. In 1939, after more field fisheries work in the Fraser River basin
of British Columbia, Bill accepted a position with the biological staff at Indiana University. In this period which concluded
in 1950 he identified another 50 – 110 species of flora, all in the Carolinian ecoregion, and hitherto not seen by him. Considering
all floral classes, Bill’s eastern North American repertoire had by then added up to 791 species, representative of more than
112 families of plants. Returning west for the remainder of his life, new identifications elsewhere added to his Cultus Lake
list which slowly added up to about 1000 species for the west coastal region of North America. Flora was also identified elsewhere
in the mid-continental region of North America, in Eurasia where the Abisko region of Lappland was a highlight, and in South
America and New Zealand. Records of his botanical prowess, were kept primarily in his diaries, which began in 1923 and were
maintained consistently to the end of 1934, and thereafter intermittently to 1949. The diaries reveal that his career as a
budding botanist was subtly hijacked by a wily Professor W.H.K. Harkness in the rival Biology Department who out-manoeuvred
Drs. R.B. Thompson and R.A. Sifton in the Botany Department. The former always managed to employ Bill in summer and keep him
occupied in the department’s labs during the autumn and winter and spring, tying up any free time when the botanist had approached
him on lab work. Certainly, the botany courses taken and which he excelled at were more appropriate for his aquatic ecological
pursuits. Salesmanship won the day for the zoologists, but Bill was a life-long botanist regardless of whatever else he studied
or managed throughout his professional career. The last days of his life had a botanical conclusion. 相似文献
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Smocovitis V 《American journal of botany》1997,84(12):1625-1637
This is an historical paper examining the scientific background of George Ledyard Stebbins, Jr. (b. 1906), one of the foremost botanists of this century and one of the architects of the evolutionary synthesis, the intellectual event that brought together genetics and selection theory in the interval between 1920 and 1950. It considers his scientific influence and research, beginning with his Harvard education in 1924 and ending in 1950 with the publication of his book Variation and Evolution in Plants. The paper also more broadly assesses the contributions of other botanists to the evolutionary synthesis, including discussion of the work of Edgar Anderson (1897-1967) and others. It also traces the larger historical patterns of American botany, which saw a shift from East Coast botany as exemplified by Harvard botany, to West Coast botany, as exemplified by California botany. 相似文献
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作为我国首部介绍西方近代植物学的书籍,晚清李善兰等人翻译的《植物学》一书也包含一小部分真菌学知识,这对我国近代真菌学的发展具有启蒙作用.通过对这部分内容的考察,发现在该书的分类体系中,真菌被视作一类植物,统称为“蕈类”,隶属于“通长类”(低等植物).然而和植物学专有名词的创译相比,《植物学》的译者在翻译真菌学内容时,用词随意性较大,没有形成固定的译法,文中甚至还有错误.现代真菌学中常见的“真菌”“孢子”“子囊”等词汇,书中虽简单提及相应的概念,但并未创造出这些中文词汇.造成这种情况的原因,除了译者和时代的问题外,也与当时真菌学尚不发达、真菌学内容在植物学专著中篇幅较小、地位次要等因素有密切联系. 相似文献
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Sarah Easterby‐Smith 《Curtis's Botanical Magazine》2017,34(4):279-297
The correspondence exchanged between Captain John Blake, John Bradby Blake, and their associates offers a valuable insight into the sociable world of Enlightenment botany. By considering these sources alongside the records of other contemporary scholars of botany, this paper examines the composition of the community of plant collectors and botanical scholars with whom father and son were interacting in the 1760s and 1770s. The documents also reveal the ways in which botanical knowledge circulated among the members of these communities. Amateur botany, it turns out, was deeply linked to gardening and to the emerging trade in horticultural plants, yet the contributions made by gardeners and nurserymen have been largely overlooked. In sum, the Blake collection at Oak Spring helps to answer larger questions about the nature of Enlightenment sociability, about diversity within botanical networks, and about the ways in which that social diversity affected botanical collecting. 相似文献
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William R. Burk 《The Botanical review》2002,68(4):571-603
William Campbell Dickison, professor of biology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and internationally noted
plant anatomist and morphologist, died on 22 November 1999. This tribute chronicles his life journey and elucidates his accomplishments
in and contributions to botany. 相似文献
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Friedrich von Huene’s important scientific research on tetrapod fossils from Central Brazil has received little attention, even though it represents a significant contribution to early studies of vertebrate paleontology in the country including the first discoveries of dinosaur fossils in Brazil. von Huene described five reptile taxa in two papers published in important German scientific journals and used these specimens to make paleogeographic inferences regarding the Cretaceous of the Southern Hemisphere. von Huene warrants recognition as the first specialist to describe in detail the fossil reptile fauna of Central Brazil, which was made possible only by his network of contacts with important and influential naturalists of the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. 相似文献
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Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kutschera 《当今生物学》2013,43(5):306-312
Alfred Russel Wallace The British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), well known as co‐discoverer of the “Darwinian” principle of natural selection, came from an ordinary background. Wallace left school aged 14 and never attended University. He became a land surveyor and studied, in his spare time, the works of the most famous naturalists of his age. After extensive expeditions (Amazon, 1848–1852; Southeast Asia, 1854–1862), Wallace spent the rest of his life in England as a free‐lance science writer. His contributions to systematics (he discovered/described many new species), evolutionary biology, zoogeography, anthropology and other branches of the live sciences are summarized in his 22 books and ca. 700 papers. Since Wallace became an adherent of spiritualism and mixed up supernatural phenomena with scientific facts in some of his later books, he remains a controversial figure in the history of the life sciences. 相似文献
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Data relating to archaeological botany are often omitted or difficult to locate in the standard bibliographic sources of archaeology because the botanical component may be secondary to the principal intent of archaeological publications. Similarly, bibiliographic abstracting and indexing services in the natural sciences do not include archaeological journals and monographs. This bibliography is an effort to ameliorate this shortcoming, especially for sources concerned with South America and primarily for the period from 1966 through 1983. 相似文献
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As a student of theology at Cambridge University, Charles Darwin (1809–1882) attended the lectures of the botanist John S. Henslow (1796–1861). This instruction provided the basis for his life-long interest in plants as well as the species question. This was a major reason why in his book On the Origin of Species , which was published 150 years ago, Darwin explained his metaphorical phrase 'struggle for life' with respect to animals and plants. In this article, we review Darwin's botanical work with reference to the following topics: the struggle for existence in the vegetable kingdom with respect to the phytochrome-mediated shade avoidance response; the biology of flowers and Darwin's plant–insect co-evolution hypothesis; climbing plants and the discovery of action potentials; the power of movement in plants and Darwin's conflict with the German plant physiologist Julius Sachs; and light perception by growing grass coleoptiles with reference to the phototropins. Finally, we describe the establishment of the scientific discipline of Plant Biology that took place in the USA 80 years ago, and define this area of research with respect to Darwin's work on botany and the physiology of higher plants. 相似文献
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Emanuel D. Rudolph 《American journal of botany》1984,71(8):1161-1167
Mrs. Phelps was influenced by her older sister Emma Willard, a well known educational reformer, and by Amos Eaton, who helped form her botanical and scientific understanding. Feeling the lack of a suitable botanical textbook particularly for female students who were becoming more prevalant, she wrote, Familiar Lectures on Botany, published in 1829, using her first husband's surname (Lincoln). It quickly became popular and continued to be revised and reprinted through 1869. In 1833, a second botany text for lower level students, Botany for Beginners, appeared. It too, went through many reprintings up to 1891. Mrs. Phelps’ other books and writings on science and education were popular also. The botanical texts were educationally innovative in starting with flower structure using common living examples and integrating morphological and physiological aspects of plants. The Linnaean System was used to classify the “most common native and foreign” plants that were described mainly from Eaton's manuals. Clear figures, often copied from well-known authorities helped to instruct teachers and students. Because of its wide usage, even in later years in competition with the widely used textbooks of Asa Gray and Alphonso Wood, Mrs. Phelps’ books were an important factor in educating many students, especially females, in botany and inducing some of them to have a life-long interest in the science and in teaching it to others. She was, through her writings, a person who helped provide a favorable climate for the developing profession of botany in America. 相似文献
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Jim Endersby 《Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences》2009,40(3):168-178
Some early nineteenth-century American naturalists condemned their contemporary, Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783–1840), as ‘eccentric’, or worse. Both during his life and long after his death, his botanical work in particular was criticised, even ridiculed. However, in recent years, attempts have been made to restore his reputation and the term ‘genius’ has even been used to describe him. This paper examines this continuing fascination with this strange, disturbing figure and argues that in the competing interpretations of his life and work, Rafinesque has generally been used to typify bad classification; he is perhaps better understood in a broader, literary context as embodying a particular kind of American national identity. 相似文献
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Emanuel D. Rudolph 《American journal of botany》1982,69(8):1346-1355
Botany was thought to be a suitable study for young women in schools and an amateur avocation in the Nineteenth Century. A surprisingly large number of American women identified themselves as being seriously interested in botany. For example, in the first published directory of American botanists in 1873, 13 percent of the 599 names are women's and that increased to 16 percent of the 982 names in 1878. In this paper, 1,185 women have been identified as a sample of those actively interested in botany during the century. Less than 2% of them were active before 1870, and most of them, 67%, resided in New England and the Middle Atlantic States. Almost three quarters of them were unmarried, and only 10% had higher educational degrees although 15% had some identifiable profession. Some particular individuals are noted for their contributions to science, their activity as plant collectors, and their support of botanical societies. Though few American women became professional botanists in the Nineteenth Century, they constitute an important overlooked constituency for the developing profession of botany. 相似文献
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《西北植物学报》2007,27(11):F0002-F0002
Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica is amied at publishing innovative achievements in botanical researches,introducing current trends and innovative theories in botany at home and abroad and discussing the theories and practices of botanical resources and conservancy in order to enhance the development of basic theories and applied innovative techniques in botany and serving economic construction in China. 相似文献
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《西北植物学报》2008,28(1):F0002-F0002
Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica is amied at publishing innovative achievements in botanical researches,introducing current trends and innovative theories in botany at home and abroad and discussing the theories and practices of botanical resources and conservancy in order to enhance the development of basic theories and applied innovative techniques in botany and serving economic construction in China. 相似文献