水稻施用硅肥对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫取食和成虫产卵选择性的影响

采用感虫水稻品种TN1,设置3种施硅水平,即高硅(0.32 g Si/kg土壤)、低硅(0.16 g Si/kg土壤)和不施硅对照(0 g Si/kg土壤),研究了施用硅肥对稻纵卷叶螟产卵和取食选择性的影响。结果表明:稻纵卷叶螟幼虫对硅处理水稻叶片的取食选择性和成虫在硅处理水稻上的着卵量、着卵率均显著低于对照水稻。高硅处理水稻叶片中的硅含量、可溶性糖含量和碳氮比高于对照,而氮含量低于对照;低硅处理水稻叶片的碳氮比高于对照、氮含量低于对照。同时,硅处理显著降低水稻的卷叶株率和卷叶率。这些结果表明,施硅能增强稻纵卷叶螟对水稻的不选择性,从而增强水稻对稻纵卷叶螟的抗性。     

Differential susceptibility of tree species to oviposition by periodical cicadas

Abstract 1. Periodical cicadas occur widely in deciduous forests of eastern North America and represent the largest insect emergences in the world. Their effects on forest community dynamics, via oviposition damage and root feeding, are potentially great but not well understood. If tree species vary in their susceptibility to cicada oviposition and root colonization, then periodical cicadas may affect ecological interactions among tree species and forest composition. 2. We measured oviposition damage on 63 tree species at 52 sites in southern Indiana, U.S.A. for two broods of periodical cicadas. We compared oviposition damage among different sites, habitats, and tree species. We also measured cicada emergence rates in mature and successional forest habitats and from beneath different tree species. 3. Certain tree species received significantly more oviposition damage than others, and the most and least damaged species were consistent between the two broods. For some species, oviposition damage varied between mature and successional sites. Despite the differences in oviposition rates among species, there was no difference in emergence rates from beneath different tree species, suggesting that initial differences in cicada density among tree species are not maintained through the nymphal life cycle. 4. Cicadas oviposited more at successional sites, but emerged more in mature forest stands, suggesting that successive generations of cicadas represent a shifting mosaic between forests of different ages. As tree species consistently vary in their susceptibility to oviposition damage, periodical cicadas could alter local competitive interactions and therefore affect forest dynamics.     

不同蔬菜害虫对色彩的趋性差异

试验表明,黄曲条跳甲PhyllotretastriolataF.、桃蚜Myzuspersicae(Sulzer)、和美洲斑潜蝇LiriomyzasativaeBlanchard对不同颜色的趋向性存在差异,黄曲条跳甲对黄色和白色的趋性强,桃蚜和美洲斑潜蝇对黄色最敏感,小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella(L.)成虫对绿色的敏感性明显强于其他色彩。在生产上,可利用害虫对颜色的趋性进行害虫预测预报或害虫控制。     

Microhabitat selection in the early juvenile mudskipper Boleophthalmus pectinirostris (L.)

Using laboratory choice experiments, behavioural preferences of the early juvenile mudskipper Boleophthalmus pectinirostris for temperature, salinity and sediment were observed. The temperature preference experiments were conducted in an annular chamber with a thermal gradient of 27 to 34° C, and the fish selected a mean ± s . d . temperature of 31·2 ± 0·5° C. The salinity preference experiments were conducted in an aquarium with decreasing salinity from 20 to 15, 10, 5 and 0·5, and significantly more ( P < 0·05) fish were found in water with a salinity of 5. The sediment preference experiments were tested in circular tanks which contained four types of sediment (medium sand, fine sand, muddy sand and sandy mud), and the fish showed a clear preference for sandy mud. These results indicated that early juvenile B. pectinirostris showed behavioural preference for microhabitats. Temperature and salinity probably set large-scale boundaries on distribution, but sediment should be a critical factor for determining the distribution of the mudskipper.     

Preferences among four species of local browse offered to Colobus guereza kikuyuensis at the Central Park Zoo

The objective of this study was to document the browse preferences of five adult Colobus monkeys (one male and four females, fed a nutritionally sound diet) among four local and readily available temperate browse types at the Central Park Zoo. The four browse species used in part A of the study were nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus), mulberry (Morus alba), Russian olive, (Elacagnus angustifolia), and weeping willow (Salix babylonica). During a second trial (part B), weeping willow was replaced by purpleosier willow (Salix purpurea). The Bradley‐Terry categorical model for paired comparisons using the LOGISTIC procedure was used to analyze the data with the SAS System for Windows, version 8.2. Individual preferences and group data were examined. The results of this preference study show that the majority of the Colobus troop preferred browse that was relatively low in fiber fractions. The male's preferences differed from those of the females. Nasturtium, which contained the least amount of lignin, was generally favored by the females but was the male's lowest choice in both trials. Zoo Biol 0:1–8, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Simple Reaching Is Not So Simple: Association Between Hand Use and Grip Preferences in Captive Chimpanzees

We assessed the relationship between grip preference and hand use in chimpanzees in 2 experiments. In experiment 1, we evaluated consistency in hand use and grip preference across 4 food types. The chimpanzees showed population-level right-handedness and there are significant positive associations for both hand and grip use across food types. In experiment 2, we assessed validity of hand use in relation to grip preference in 2 colonies of chimpanzees via the same methodology. Differences in hand preferences between colonies were associated with variation in the observed grip preferences. There was no evidence of rearing effects on handedness in either colony. We discuss the overall results in the context of the evolution of handedness in relation to increasing motor demands as manifest in variation on grasping behavior.     

Comparison of the behavioural and physiological responses to humidity of five species of dry-wood termites, Cryptotermes species

ABSTRACT. A circular humidity gradient apparatus with a porous cellulose substrate was used to compare the humidity responses of pseudoworkers (immature wood-feeding forms) of five species of dry-wood termites. Four of these species are widely distributed pests of buildings: Cryptotermes brevis (Walker), C. cynocephalus Light, C. dudleyi Banks and C. havilandi (Sjöstedt). The fifth species, C. naudei Coaton, has not been recorded from buildings. C. havilandi, C. cynocephalus and C. naudei were found to tend to group and feed at humidites above 90% r.h., while C. dudleyi pseudoworkers avoided humidities above 90% r.h. and below 70% r.h. These results accord with the results of studies on the effects of relative humidity on feeding and reproduction of these species. The behaviour of the most widespread species, C. brevis , seems to be closely associated with its ability to undergo acclimatization and to feed efficiently at either medium ( c. 60%) or high ( c. 90%) relative humidity. C. brevis kept at 89% r.h. showed an increased tendency to group at humidities above 90%, with a lower temperature preference, changes in faecal pellet formation and, for one population at least, an increased tolerance of exposure to saturated air. The humidity preferences at constant temperature were compared with the temperature preferences of the same individuals examined in uniform humidity. The value of behavioural responses as indicators of physiological differences between species and populations is considered.     

Infant monkeys' visual responses to drawings of normal and distorted faces

Face-like patterns attract attention from both human and nonhuman primates. The present study explored the facial preferences in infant pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Twenty-five subjects looked at 20 paired drawings of adult conspecific monkey faces, and their looking time was recorded. The facial features in the drawings were arranged in positions ranging from a normal to a scrambled face. The subjects looked at the normal face more than expected by chance (P < .02), suggesting a preference, whereas the distorted faces were observed randomly. The normal face may have been preferred because the eyes were in a normal position within the facial outline. Am. J. Primatol. 44:169–174, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Claustral Neurons Projecting to Frontal Cortex Mediate Contextual Association of Reward

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Individual differences in responses of Norway rats to social induction of food preferences

Each of 36 observer rats was: (1) exposed to a demonstrator rat that had eaten an unpalatable, cayenne-pepper-flavored diet (Diet Cay), then tested to determine its willingness to eat Diet Cay and (2) exposed to a demonstrator rat that had eaten a palatable diet (Diet NPT) to which the observer had previously learned an aversion, then tested to determine its willingness to eat Diet NPT. In both instances, some observers ate substantial amounts of the diet that their respective demonstrators had eaten, while other observers did not. No consistency was found across the two situations in the relative susceptibility of individual observer rats to social influences on their food choices. In a second experiment, observer rats interacted, at 3 day intervals, with demonstrator rats that had each eaten different diets. After each interaction, all observers were given a choice test to determine their preferences for the diet that their demonstrators had eaten. Again, there was no consistency in the relative strength of individual observer rats' socially induced preferences for diets fed to demonstrators. Stable individual differences in magnitude of susceptibility to social influence on food preference did not account for a detectable proportion of observed variance in diet selection.     

Chromatic Patterns of the Hermit Crab Calcinus tubularis Related to the Occupied Shell

Crustacea are known to develop different chromatic patterns due to many factors. Regarding decapods, chromatism was mainly studied in crabs, while very little is known about chromatic patterns in hermit crabs. Calcinus tubularis is a typical infralittoral rocky bottom hermit crab, studied for different aspects of its biology except chromatic variations. This paper aims at describing the different colour morphologies of C. tubularis, discussing hypothesis of why they develop, and testing if in nature the crab prefers a shell with a chromatic pattern similar to that of its body. One hundred and forty crabs were observed and filmed in the laboratory. They were subdivided into two groups, according to their chromatic pattern: 1) light and 2) dark crabs; the shells they occupied were also subdivided into the two groups of 1) light and 2) dark shells on the basis of the epibionts encrusting them. Observations of 129 crabs suggest that the colour depends neither on depth nor on size, intermoult period, diet, reproductive period but it might be connected to genetic factors and might help crab to camouflage. Camouflage is suggested by the fact that 79.3% of the total examined specimens occupy shells with a chromatic pattern resembling that of the crabs themselves. This phenomenon is significantly more recurrent in females than in males and could help the crabs to be cryptic, first with the occupied shell and secondly with the habitat (rocks encrusted by photophylous algae).     

Preference for ethanol in feeding and oviposition in temperate and tropical populations of Drosophila melanogaster

The natural habitat of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is fermenting fruits, which can be rich in ethanol. For unknown reasons, temperate populations of this cosmopolitan species have higher ethanol resistance than tropical populations. To determine whether this difference is accompanied by a parallel difference in preference for ethanol, we compared two European and two tropical African populations in feeding and oviposition preference for ethanol‐supplemented medium. Although females of all populations laid significantly more eggs on medium with ethanol than on control medium, preference of European females for ethanol increased as ethanol concentration increased from 2 to 6%, whereas that of African females decreased. In feeding tests, African females preferred control medium over medium with 4% ethanol, whereas European females showed no preference. Males of all populations strongly preferred control medium. The combination of preference for ethanol in oviposition, and avoidance or neutrality in feeding, gives evidence that adults choose breeding sites with ethanol for the benefit of larvae, rather than for their own benefit. The stronger oviposition preference for ethanol of temperate than tropical females suggests that this benefit may be more important in temperate populations. Two possible benefits of ethanol for which there is some experimental evidence are cryoprotection and protection against natural enemies.     

Population fluctuations in relation to seasonal habitat preferences of the Swainson's spurfowl, Pternistis swainsonii

Counts on Swainson's spurfowl Pternistis swainsonii were made during 1998–1999 within an intensive, fine‐grained, agricultural landscape to estimate population parameters, seasonal dispersion and habitat preferences. Radio‐transmitters were fitted to four birds to note habitat use and home ranges within the Summer breeding season. During Winter, population densities peaked, and birds exploited agricultural crops extensively. At the onset of Spring, densities dropped as birds paired to establish non‐overlapping breeding territories over a number of habitats with apparently sufficient cover and ‘natural’ food. Expanding grazed grassland appears to be the greatest threat to Swainson's spurfowl due to a lack of cover and food. The matrix of habitats within the landscape plays important roles in the success of this opportunistic spurfowl. Agricultural crops in the Winter sustain the population until the following Summer when natural savanna and ungrazed grasslands provide complementary foraging, nesting and roosting sites.     

Physiology of feeding-preference patterns of female black blowflies (Phormia regina Meigen): Alterations in responsiveness to salts

Electrophysiological recordings of tarsal and labellar contact chemosensilla in Phormia regina females demonstrate activation of sugar-, cation-, and possibly anion-sensitive cells in response to 10% yeast extract. Yeast extract is a proteinaceous food source that supports full egg development. Though some protein is required for egg maturation in Phormia, a blowfly not normally autogenous, purified proteins alone neither activate the chemosensilla nor promote egg development. In experiments reported here, groups of females were given ad lib access to either 0.2 M sucrose or 0.2 M sucrose and 10% yeast for four days after eclosion. The sucrose diet induced a ‘protein’ preference but no egg development. Potassium and sodium salts were added to 0.2 M sucrose and presented to the flies on day six. The volumes of salt-sucrose mixtures taken were greater than those of 0.2 M sucrose for flies raised on 0.2 M sucrose, though yeast was preferred over all but one salt solution. For sucrose-and-yeast-fed flies, volumes of 0.05 and 0.1 M salt mixtures consumed did not differ from 0.2 M sucrose; however, sucrose alone was favoured over more concentrated salt mixtures. All salt-sucrose mixtures tested were significantly more effective stimuli for sucrose-and-yeast-fed flies than yeast. It is suggested that varying sensitivity in the salt-sensitive contact chemosensilla plays a role in reported food preference shifts associated with reproduction.     

The relationship between PROP and ethanol preferences: an evaluation of 4 inbred mouse strains

Ethanol's taste attributes undoubtedly contribute to the development of drug preference. Ethanol's taste is both sweet and bitter. Taster status for bitter 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) has been proposed as a genetic marker for alcoholism; however, human results are conflicting. We collected preference scores for both tastants in 4 mouse strains selected on the basis of previously reported taste preference, with the generally accepted idea that inbred mice show minimal within-strain variation. Eighty-eight male mice (22 per strain) participated. The strains were as follows: C57BL/6J, ethanol preferring; BALB/cJ, ethanol avoiding; SWR/J, PROP avoiding; and C3HeB/FeJ, PROP neutral. Using a brief-access (1-min trials) 2-bottle preference test, we assessed the taste response of each strain to PROP and ethanol on separate days. Although PROP avoiding versus neutral mice could be segregated into significantly different populations, this was not the case for ethanol avoiding versus preferring mice, and all strains showed high variability. On average, only BALB/cJ, SWR/J, and C3HeB/FeJ mice conformed to their literature-reported preferences; nonetheless, there were a substantial number of discordant animals. C57BL/6J did not conform to previous results, indicating that they are ethanol preferring. Finally, we did not observe a significant relationship between PROP and ethanol preferences across strains. The high variability per strain and the number of animals in disagreement with their respective literature-reported preference raise concerns regarding their utility for investigations underlying mechanisms of taste-mediated ingestive responses. Absent postingestive consequences, the brief-access results suggest a possible degree of previously masked polymorphisms in taste preferences or a more recent drift in underlying genetic factors. The absence of a relationship between PROP and ethanol indicates that the bitter quality in ethanol may be more highly related to other bitter compounds that are mediated by different genetic influences.     

B型烟粉虱对不同蔬菜品种趋性的评价

B型烟粉虱是目前我国蔬菜作物上的主要害虫之一。为探索有效的B型烟粉虱非化学防治方法 ,作者于 2 0 0 1年 8月至 9月进行了该粉虱对 2 1个蔬菜品种趋性的田间评价。结果表明 ,B型烟粉虱最嗜好西瓜 ,对结球茴香最不敏感。在可选择的条件下 ,B型烟粉虱成虫对作物的趋性依次为西瓜 >黄瓜 ,十字花科类 ,番茄 >甜 (辣 )椒 >结球茴香     

Increased response to morphine in mice lacking protein kinase C epsilon

The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine-threonine kinases has been implicated in behavioral responses to opiates, but little is known about the individual PKC isozymes involved. Here, we show that mice lacking PKCepsilon have increased sensitivity to the rewarding effects of morphine, revealed as the expression of place preference and intravenous self-administration at very low doses of morphine that do not evoke place preference or self-administration in wild-type mice. The PKCepsilon null mice also show prolonged maintenance of morphine place preference in response to repeated testing when compared with wild-type mice. The supraspinal analgesic effects of morphine are enhanced in PKCepsilon null mice, and the development of tolerance to the spinal analgesic effects of morphine is delayed. The density of mu-opioid receptors and their coupling to G-proteins are normal. These studies identify PKCepsilon as a key regulator of opiate sensitivity in mice.     

The palatability of 78 wildflower strip plants to the slug Arion lusitanicus

As Arion lusitanicus has been observed in high densities in wildflower strips, the palatability of the foliage of 78 species of sown and naturally occurring plants found in such strips was investigated. In the laboratory, the slugs were offered a surplus of fresh, mature leaves and, after 16 h, a consumption index was calculated to rank the plants according to their palatability to the slugs. Arion lusitanicus showed clear preferences for particular plant species, but more than two thirds of all plants investigated were scarcely eaten. Brassica napus was most eaten, followed by Papaver rhoeas, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Lamium purpureum. Overall, A. lusitanicus preferred sown species to naturally occurring ones and preferred annuals to perennials.     

棕榈蓟马(Thripspalmi)对不同颜色粘卡的嗜好及其蓝色粘卡诱虫量的研究

The test on the preference of Thrips palmi to eight color sticky cards was carried out in an eggplant field. The thrip had the strongest preference to blue sticky card (P<0.01), and its preference order to the other 7 color cards was as follows: blue, turguoise, yellow, deep blue, green, orange, red and black. Results on the trapping effect of blue sticky card from east, south, west and north directions show that most thrips were trapped from the north,which existed a significant difference with those from the other three directions (P<0.05). Five blue sticky cards were set up at the heights of 73.9,101.7,129.5,157.3 and 185.1 cm above the ground to trap thrips, when the average height of eggplant was approximately 70 cm. More thrips were trapped of 73.9 and 101.7 cm height, which existed significant difference with those at the other three heights. During 5 continuous 3 hour spans from 5 am to 8 pm, the numbers of female, male and total adult thrips trapped were not significantly different.