Response by macrozoobenthos biomass to water level regulation in some Finnish lake littoral zones

The relationship of the macrozoobenthos biomass in the littoral area to the yearly fluctuation in water level and the characteristics of the area or lake are studied using data collected from sheltered bays in regulated and natural waters. Most of the lakes were clear and oligotrophic. The benthos biomass at all depths in the littoral decreased with increased water level fluctuation, provided that the transparency of the water was uniform.The macrozoobenthos biomass in the 0–3 m depth zone could be predicted fromlog macrozoobenthos biomass (mg ODW) m^-2=4.25-1.33 (log Biomass Index) in which the Biomass Index is calculated as% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeOqaiaabM% gacaqGVbGaaeyBaiaabggacaqGZbGaae4CaiaabccacaqGjbGaaeOB% aiaabsgacaqGLbGaaeiEaiaab2dacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGa% GaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabcca% caqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiai% aabccadaWcaaabaeqabaGaae4DaiaabggacaqG0bGaaeyzaiaabkha% caqGGaGaaeiBaiaabwgacaqG2bGaaeyzaiaabYgacaqGGaGaaeOzai% aabYgacaqG1bGaae4yaiaabshacaqG1bGaaeyyaiaabshacaqGPbGa% ae4Baiaab6gacaqGGaGaaeyAaiaab6gacaqGGaGaaeiDaiaabIgaca% qGLbGaaeiiaiaabchacaqGYbGaaeyzaiaabAhacaqGPbGaae4Baiaa% bwhacaqGZbGaaeiiaiaabMhacaqGLbGaaeyyaiaabkhaaeaacaqGOa% GaaeyBaiaabUdacaqGGaGaae4yaiaabggacaqGSbGaae4yaiaabwha% caqGSbGaaeyyaiaabshacaqGLbGaaeizaiaabccacaqGMbGaaeOCai% aab+gacaqGTbGaaeiiaiaab2gacaqGVbGaaeOBaiaabshacaqGObGa% aeiBaiaabMhacaqGGaGaaeyBaiaabwgacaqGHbGaaeOBaiaabccaca% qG2bGaaeyyaiaabYgacaqG1bGaaeyzaiaabohacaqGPaaaaeaacaqG% tbGaaeyzaiaabogacaqGJbGaaeiAaiaabMgacaqGGaGaaeizaiaabM% gacaqGZbGaae4AaiaabccacaqG2bGaaeyyaiaabYgacaqG1bGaaeyz% aiaabccacaqGPbGaaeOBaiaabccacaqG0bGaaeiAaiaabwgacaqGGa% Gaae4CaiaabggacaqGTbGaaeyzaiaabccacaqGVbGaaeiCaiaabwga% caqGUbGaaeiiaiaabEhacaqGHbGaaeiDaiaabwgacaqGYbGaaeiiai% aabohacaqGLbGaaeyyaiaabohacaqGVbGaaeOBaiaabccacaqGOaGa% aeyBaiaabMcaaaaccaGae8hiaaIaaKiEaiab-bcaGiaaigdacaaIWa% GaaGimaiaac6caaaa!CBD8!\[{\text{Biomass Index = }}\frac{\begin{gathered} {\text{water level fluctuation in the previous year}} \hfill \\ {\text{(m; calculated from monthly mean values)}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} }{{{\text{Secchi disk value in the same open water season (m)}}}} \user1{x} 100.\]The whole illuminated littoral shifts due to water level fluctuation, which disturbs the zonation of the benthos. Such an increase or decrease in benthic biomass has been observed after one year of disturbance due to water level fluctuation. It need, however, a study based on the carefully planned and collected data, in which it can be taken account by a multivariate statistical analysis also the interactions between the important factors affected the littoral benthos.     

Myxosporea parasites in roach, Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus), from four lakes in central Finland

Ten myxosporean species belonging to three families were found in roach, Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus), obtained in 1985 and 1986 from four lakes in central Finland which are connected to each other, but differ in water quality. One of the lakes is polluted by paper and pulp mill effluent, two are eutrophic and one is oligotrophic and still in its natural state. Eight species were found in all the lakes. The most common species were Myxidium rhodei Léger, 1905, Myxobolus muelleri Bütschli, 1882 and Myxobolus pseudodispar Gorbunova, 1936 with prevalences varying between 66–80, 16–31 and 32–59%, respectively, in the four lakes. The largest difference in myxosporean prevalence between lakes was found in the case of M. pseudodispar infection, which was highly significantly lower in the polluted lake. The locations of the myxosporean species in the tissues of the fish were found to be species-specific. M. rhodei and M. muelleri being prevalent in the kidney and M. pseudodispar in the muscles.
No clear seasonal variation was found but a tendency for a decrease in infection with increasing age was recorded in the case of M. rhodei and M. pseudodispar .     

Limestone to Mitigate Lake acidification: macrozoobenthos response in treated and reference lakes

The littoral macrozoobenthos (MZB) of two low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC = 50.0 µeq l^–1) northeastern Pennsylvania lakes (treatment and reference) were sampled each ice free season, 1984 through 1988, to evaluate response to limestone addition. Following addition of 100 tons agricultural limestone (CaCO₃) to the treatment lake in February 1985, mean annual ANC rose from 20 µeq l^–1 to 668 µeq l^–1 then decreased. In October 1987, ANC in the treatment lake was decreasing, so 15 additional tons of limestone were added. Pre- limestoning there were few significant (p<0.05) differences between MZB assemblages in the two lakes, but 4 years post treatment the following differences (p<0.05) were detected in the treatment lake: more Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Hyalella azteca, total MZB numbers and higher Mollusca wet weight than in the reference lake. From 1984 to 1988 in the treatment lake the annual means of the following community characteristics increased (p<0.05): totals of Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera (including Caenis spp.), Odonata, Trichoptera, Sphaeriidae, collectors and MZB numbers; Chironomidae and Ephemeroptera taxa richness and total taxa richness; total and Mollusca wet weight. However, the treatment lake ecosystem is neither self-sustaining nor stable because limestone must be added every 2 to 3 years to maintain ANC above 50 µeq l^–1 In the reference lake annual means of ANC, specific conductance, calcium and magnesium decreased (p<0.05) while Secchi depth increased (p<0.05), suggesting continuing acidification.     

Chrysophyte scales recorded in lake sediments from eastern Finland

Chrysophyte (mallomonadacean) scales were examined from the surface sediments of 18 lakes from eastern Finland, representing a wide range of limnological characteristics. Scales were always well preserved and 23 taxa were observed. The relative frequencies of the dominant taxa were plotted relative to the average autumn lakewater pH. The distribution of chrysophyte species in the calibration set was ordinated by means of DECORANA analysis. The occurrence of these species appeared to be closely related to pH, colour and nutrients in the ordinated lake groups. Chrysophyte scales are potentially useful environmental and paleolimnological indicators in eastern Finland.     

Distribution and production of chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) in a shallow, alkaline lake (Neusiedler See, Austria)

From July 1990 to July 1991 the benthic community of the open water zone of Neusiedler See, one of the largest shallow lakes in central Europe, was studied with special reference to the chironomids. Only 16 spp. of chironomids inhabited the sediment of the open water zone. The numerically dominant species were Tanypus punctipennis, Procladius cf. choreus, Microchironomus tener and Cladotanytarsus gr. mancus. Most invertebrates showed a distinct horizontal distribution. Species richness and abundance were highest on muddy and organically rich substrates near the reed belt. Chironomid densities in this area reached 54,000 ind m^–2 and biomass was 2.0 g dw m^–2. The two tanypod species accounted for more than 90% of the standing stock of the macrozoobenthos near the reed belt. The sediment of the open lake and of the eastern part of Neusiedler See was composed of compact clay and sand as a result of the erosion of fine material due to strong waves and currents. Individual densities in these areas were much lower. Production of the numerically dominant species T. punctipennis was estimated using the increment-summation method, whereas production of the remaining species was estimated using an empirically derived multiple regression. Mean annual production of chironomids exceeded 6 g dw m^–2 yr^–1 near the reed belt, but it reached only 0.55 g dw m^–2 yr^–1 in the open lake. These values are rather low compared with other lakes and can be explained by unfavourable sediment conditions due to wave action and by physiological stress due to the water chemistry.     

Benthic invertebrate recolonization of small-scale disturbances in the littoral zone of a subtropical Florida lake

Construction of spawning beds by the exotic cichlid fish, Sarotherodon aurea, produces numerous small-scale disturbances in shallow Florida lakes. Two experimental methods were used to simulate these disturbances (containers filled with defaunated sediment and disturbed natural substratum) and to determine benthic invertebrate recolonization patterns and rates.Recolonization of experimental containers was rapid and densities of macroinvertebrates reached equilibrium with the control habitat by Day 6 following disturbance. However, Chironomidae and miscellaneous taxa usually were more abundant (p < 0.05) in the experimental containers, and Oligochaeta always were more abundant (p < 0.01) in the control. Species of the planktonically dispersed insects either attained equilibrium rapidly or showed significantly higher densities in the experimental containers (i.e. opportunistic species).In the second experimental approach, disturbance of natural substratum removed 91% of the benthic invertebrates. The common species of chironomids reached equilibrium by Day 6 but the two predominant oligochaetes, Limnodrilus and Pristina, reached equilibrium at 9 and 15 days respectively. For the entire community, similarity on Day 6 was 87.1% and over the remainder of the sample period averaged 86.8%. Chironomid instar analyses showed significantly higher proportions of early instars in the disturbed patch indicating that colonization is principally by younger organisms. Thus, small-scale disturbance in freshwater benthic communities may be more important in ordering the biomass or age-group structure than the numerical abundance.     

The relationship between Chironomus plumosus burrows and the spatial distribution of pore-water phosphate, iron and ammonium in lake sediments

1. To study the influence of chironomids on the distribution of pore‐water concentrations of phosphate, iron and ammonium, we conducted a laboratory experiment using mesocosms equipped with two‐dimensional pore‐water samplers, filled with lake sediment and populated with different densities of Chironomus plumosus. 2. Specially designed mesocosms were used in the study. A 6‐mm deep space between the front plate and the pore‐water sampler at the back plate was just thick enough to allow the chironomids to live undisturbed, yet thin enough to force all the burrows into a two‐dimensional plane. 3. The courses of the burrows were observed during the experiment as oxidised zones surrounding them, as well as being identified with an X‐ray image taken at the end of the experiment. 4. We investigated the relationship between C. plumosus burrows and spatial patterns of pore‐water composition. Concentrations of the three ions were significantly less around ventilated burrows (54% to 24%), as bioirrigation caused a convective exchange of pore‐water enriched with dissolved species compared with the overlying water, and also because oxygen imported into the sediment resulting in nitrification of ammonium, oxidation of iron(II) and a co‐precipitation of phosphate with Fe(III) oxyhydroxides. 5. In mesocosms with chironomids, new (redox) interfaces occurred with diffusive pore‐water gradients perpendicular to the course of burrows and the site of major phosphate, ammonium and iron(II) release shifted from the sediment surface to the burrow walls.     

Abundance,population dynamics and production of Chironomidae (Diptera) in an ul traoligotrophic lake in South Greenland

Macrozoobenthos of the ultraoligotrophic Lake 95 (61°N, 46°W, 8 ha, z_max=18 m,) is composed of about 14 taxa dominated by 12 Chironomidae species. Abundance, life cycle, biomass and production were estimated for the six dominant taxa. Abundance declined fromca. 4150 at 2.5 m depth toca. 1400 ind m^–2 at 16 m depth and averagedca. 3200 ind m^–2 on a lakewide basis. By numbers,Heterotrissocladius changi andH. oliveri dominated the average fauna.H. changi was common at the 2.5 m and 5 m depth stations, whereasH. oliveri dominated from 5 m depth downwards. Chironomids showed mainly a 1-yr life cycle, but apparently bothHeterotrissocladius species had two contemporary cohorts with emergence in midsummer and late autumn/early spring, respectively. Average annual ratio was 4.2 and 4.6 forH. oliveri andH. changi, respectively. Annual production varied from 0.3 g ash-free dry weight (AFDW) m^–2 y^–1 at 16 m depth to 1.6 g AFDW m^–2 y^–1 at 2.5 m depthH. changi contributed 45%, fiveMicropsectra spp. 17% andH. oliveri 15% to total average production, which on a lakewide basis wasca. 1.1 g AFDW or 25 kJ m^–2 y^–1. Lake 95 thus belongs at the very low end of measured lake zoobenthic productions, which range from 10 kJ m^–2 y^–1 in Arctic lakes toca. 1600 kJ m^–2 y^–1 in highly eutrophic shallow lakes.     

Distribution and seasonal abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in a subtropical Florida lake

We studied the distribution and seasonal abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates from July 1975 through September 1976 in a hypereutrophic lake in subtropical Florida. The benthic community was comprised principally of oligochaetes (56.1%), chironomids (37.1%), and chaoborids (5.7%). Numbers of taxa and mean densities correlated negatively with depth and positively with mean grain size of the substratum and dissolved oxygen concentration at the mud-water interface. Seasonal abundances and life history information obtained for the predominant species of Chironomidae (Polypedilum halterale, Glyptotendipes paripes, Chironomus crassicaudatus, Cryptochironomus fulvus, C. blarina, Cladotanytarsus sp., Procladius culiciformis, and Coelotanypus concinnus) indicated that all of these species are multivoltine with rapid generation times. Larval lengths of life at summer temperatures, 27–31 °C, ranged from 14–22 days indicating that sampling in subtropical lakes should be at short intervals (approximately 3 days) if the life cycles, ecology, and function of the components of the benthic community is to be understood.     

Distribution of chironomids (Diptera) in low arctic West Greenland lakes: trophic conditions, temperature and environmental reconstruction

1. Surface sediment samples of subfossil chironomid head capsules from 47 lakes in southern West Greenland were analysed using multivariate numerical methods in order to explore the relationship between chironomid assemblages and selected environmental variables. The study lakes are located along a climate gradient ranging from coastal maritime conditions near the Davis Strait to a continental climate near the margin of the Greenland ice sheet. 2. High‐resolution surface water temperatures were measured through the summer season using automatic data loggers in 21 of the study lakes. The mean July surface water temperature (1999) ranged from 7.3 to 16.5 °C in the data set. 3. In all lakes, a total of 24 chironomid taxa were recorded; Micropsectra, Psectrocladius, Chironomus and Procladius were the dominant genera. There was a strong correlation between the trophic variables [total nitrogen and total phosphorus (TN, TP)] and temperature, and in redundancy analysis (RDA) the three variables explained almost equal significant amounts of variation in the chironomid data (19.8–22.3%). However, temperature lost significant explanatory power when the effect of TN was partialled out in RDA. 4. The lakes were classified using two‐way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN ) into eight groups defined by temperature, trophic variables, salinity (conductivity) and lake‐morphometric data. Fourteen chironomid taxa showed significant differences in percentage abundances among groups, with Heterotrissocladius, Micropsectra, Ablabesmyia and Chironomus as the most robust group‐indicator taxa. Forward selection of taxa in multiple discriminant analysis was used to fit chironomid assemblages into lake groups. Using only eight taxa, 95% of lakes were correctly classified at a second TWINSPAN division level (four groups) and 85% of lakes at a third division level (eight groups). 5. This study showed that there is considerable potential in using subfossil chironomid head capsules as paleoenvironmental indicators in both short‐ and long‐term (down‐core) studies of lake ontogeny and palaeoclimate conditions in West Greenland. However, because of the strong correlation between temperature and trophic variables, a quantitative reconstruction of lake‐ and habitat‐type is recommended, in combination with direct reconstruction of single variables such as temperature.     

The role of chironomids (Diptera) in the profundal macrozoobenthos in Finnish reservoirs

The proundal macrozoobenthos of 12 Finnish inland polyhumic reservoirs was studied by quantitative sampling in 1984 and 1986. Additionally, the succession of the macrozoobenthos in one young reservoir (Lake Kyrkösjärvi) was studied during its first six years. The zoobenthos material was analyzed using the DCA (detrended correspondence analysis) method, and the ordination of sites (i.e. reservoirs), was related to associated environmental data. The role of chironomids was, in general, important in the profundal of the reservoirs. Because of the coarse bottom quality at many sampling sites, many littoral taxa were found in the profundal zone. The genusChironomus dominated (>50% of the total zoobenthic biomass) especially in the acidic, upper-reach reservoirs.Chironomus larvae also dominated in the zoobenthos of Lake Kyrkösjärvi during its first three years. Some of the reservoirs showed similarities with the dystrophic lake type of the lake typology system (Brundin, 1956). Because of the initially eutrophic character of the bottom, many reservoirs belonged to eutrophic lake types. Finnish reservoirs appear to contain a zoobenthic fauna intermediate between natural lakes and bog pools. This theme was discussed from the ecological and evolutionary point of view ofChironomus species.     

A partial analysis of ecological segregation in the chironomid community of a bog lake

A small dystrophic lake was found to support 19 species of chironomid larvae, 13 of which are relatively abundant while the other six are classified as rare as they collectively constituted less than 0.25% of the total chironomid community. With the exception of one species pair, evidence of ecological segregation could be demonstrated for all abundant species that could be morphologically distinguished as larvae. Both members of the overlapping pair fed mainly upon coarse detritus, the most abundant food resource in the lake. Limited data on the six rare species failed to reveal ecological segregation from one or more of the abundant species.     

Physical and chemical characteristics of shallow embayments on the southern coast of Finland

Regular water-quality monitoring is yielding a great number of hydrographical and chemical data regarding the brackish Baltic Sea. However, present monitoring programmes often do not include shallow and sheltered near-shore areas, which are adjacent to human population and used for recreation purposes. We collected new near-shore water quality data from the southern coast of Finland that will allow the definition of the present state of these systems and may serve as reference data for possible future monitoring programmes. The data set comprises 45 small and shallow embayments with a mean surface area of 211 ha and a mean depth of 4.3 m. According to redundancy analysis (RDA), catchment land use explained 20.3% of the variance in the measured water chemistry. Agriculture had the strongest influence on the water quality of the study sites, capturing 13.1% of the variance. Nitrogen seemed to be strongly related to agriculture, whereas phosphorus was correlated with urban areas and industry. Higher than average nutrient concentrations regularly occurred at the mouths of large rivers, or close to human settlement, emphasising the significance of local sources to the nutrient concentrations of coastal waters. No increasing trend in nutrient or chlorophyll-a concentrations was observed from west to east in these shallow and sheltered nearshore areas. This contrasts with earlier results from pelagic samplings that report a marked influence of the River Neva and St. Petersburg on the nutrient status of the Gulf of Finland. Because these shallow embayments are strongly influenced by the local nutrient load, continued measures must be undertaken to reduce the nutrient load from land to prevent the continued deterioration and eutrophication of the nearshore, coastal waters.     

Status and restoration of peatlands in northern Europe

Environmental management of peatlands,landscape ecology and protection of keybiotopes have created needs and pressure torestore drained peatlands to natural mireecosystems. Here, we summarize differentapproaches and restoration techniquesdeveloped for peatland management inEstonia, Sweden, and Finland wherepeatlands are abundant. Without rewetting,plant colonisation on abandoned cut-awayareas is slow due to harsh hydrological andmicroclimatic conditions. However, after restoration, cut-away peatlands may returnto a functional state close to that ofpristine mires, and therefore restore a netcarbon sink function within a few years. Inaddition, restoration techniques can helpto create buffer zones between terrestrialand limnic ecosystems that reduces thenutrient loading imposed on watercourses byforestry operations. Restoration may alsobe important for peatland conservationprograms as drained peatlands are part ofpresent and future conservation areas.Finally, restoration actions in themselvescan have negative environmental impacts.For instance, inundation of peat surfacesresulting from the rewetting process oftenincreases phosphorus leaching. Efforts onpeatland restoration should focus onenvironmental monitoring, research onrestoration and its environmental impact aswell as public relations activities. Inthat respect, knowledge transfer betweenacademics and managers should generatesynergy benefits.     

Diatom distribution and diatom inferred pH in the sediment of four alpine lakes

The diatom distribution in the sediment of four alpine lakes in the central alpine area (Ötztaler Alpen, Tyrolia, and Mölltal, Carinthia) has been analysed in order to assess possible influences of atmospheric pollutants on remote lakes. The lakes are located more than 2000 m above sea level on poorly buffered bedrock (granite, gneiss and mica schist) and are therefore susceptible to acidification by acid deposition. The pH history of the lakes has been calculated by using Index B from Renberg & Hellberg (1982), which has been adjusted to central European conditions and applied in this region for the first time. The results indicate that there have been no pH decreases in three of the lakes, while in one lake diatom composition and distribution change significantly towards the sediment surface. But taxonomical problems and difficulties in the pH classification of the rarely found diatoms complicate the interpretation of the results. Important taxa will be discussed in view of their ecological significance.     

Aquatic plants as environmental indicators of ecological condition in New Zealand lakes

Submerged aquatic plants can act as measurable indicators of ecological conditions occurring within a lake, and they need only be monitored once a year or even less. Historically in New Zealand there has been a reliance on water quality sampling for monitoring the health of lakes and these methods can be complex and costly involving multiple site visits and chemical analysis of water samples. As a result, lake monitoring has been irregular, or not done at all. LakeSPI or ‘Lake Submerged Plant Indicators’ is a new management tool that uses aquatic plants to monitor and assess ecological condition in a wide range of lake types. The method generates three indices: a Native Condition Index (extent and diversity of native plants) and an Invasive Condition Index (extent and impact of alien weeds), which are generated from scores allocated to carefully selected vegetation features; and an integrated LakeSPI Index which is largely derived from components of the other two indices and provides an overall indication of lake ecological condition. The LakeSPI method can be used to assess the status of lakes and monitor trends occurring within them, and it is expected that the use of LakeSPI will facilitate regular monitoring and reporting on a much wider range of lakes than has been possible using traditional water quality methods. By utilizing submerged aquatic plants the method focuses on lake littoral margins where there is greatest public interaction and interest.     

Progress in understanding the chemical stratigraphy of metals in lake sediments in relation to acidic precipitation

At the beginning of the reproductive season corixids were excluded from several small-sized rock-pools by netting carried out repeatedly at 5 d intervals. In control pools corixid populations were allowed to develop normally. Changes in the bottom fauna, consisting of chironomid larvae were followed by repeated sampling.When corixids were excluded, the density of chironomid larvae remained at a relatively high level, the total biomass (as organic carbon) was 1.5–4.5 g m^–2 (the midsummer median 2.83 g m^–2). When corixids were present, the chironomid biomass fell to 0.1–1.0 g m^–2 (median at the time of peak corixid biomass was 0.52 g m^–2). The largest chironomid larvae tended to disappear first and ultimately only small larvae were present. When corixids were removed, the density of chironomid larvae returned to the level of the experimental pools in about two weeks.     

Aluminum in lake water and organs of a fish Tribolodon hakonensis in strongly acidic lakes with a high aluminum concentration

Aluminum in lake water and in the organs of the fish Tribolodon hakonensis was investigated in Lake Usoriko (pH 3.6), Lake Inawashiroko (pH 5.0), and the Tenryu River (pH 7.7). The concentration of total soluble aluminum in the water was 0.51 mg l⁻¹ in Usoriko, 0.05 mg l⁻¹ in Inawashiroko, and less than 0.01 mg l⁻¹ in the Tenryu. The chemical forms of soluble aluminum in the acid water were characterized as Al³⁺, AlL²⁺, and AlL^≦1+. More than 90% of soluble aluminum in the water of Usoriko was Al³⁺, whereas AlL²⁺ was dominant in the water of Inawashiroko. The aluminum concentration in the organs of T. hakonensis in Usoriko was 42 μg g⁻¹ wet weight in gills, 4.2 μg g⁻¹ in muscle, 6.9 μg g⁻¹ in bone, 12.7 μg g⁻¹ in liver, 6.0 μg g⁻¹ in kidney, and 6.0 μg g⁻¹ in intestine, indicating accumulation of aluminum in the gills. The aluminum concentration in the organs of T. hakonensis living in Inawashiroko was approximately the same, in spite of the difference in water chemistry of the two acid lakes, especially for pH and aluminum. This suggests that aluminum accumulation might be controlled in the fish living in the acid lakes. In contrast, the aluminum concentration in the gills of T. hakonensis from the Tenryu was 2 μg g⁻¹. Received: May 20, 1999 / Accepted: December 10, 1999