生物电阻抗分析法和双能X射线吸收法测量老年人体脂肪率的对比研究

目的：探究生物电阻抗分析法（Bioelectrical impedance analysis,BIA）和双能X射线吸收法（Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry,DXA）这2种方法测量老年人体脂肪率的应用价值,为老年人的健康筛查提供工具和方法。方法：在北京招募115例老年志愿者,其中男性46人、女性69人,分别采用DXA法和BIA法进行体成分测量,运用SPSS 16.0和MedCalc统计软件分析2种方法测量体脂肪率的相关性和一致性。结果 采用DXA法和BIA法2种方法对老年人群的体脂肪率进行测量,差异无统计学意义 （P＞0.05）;通过相关性分析发现,老年男性、老年女性及全体老年受试者的相关系数r值分别为0.917 9、0.905 8和0.936 5（P<0.01）,具有较高的相关性;通过Bland-Altman分析发现,2种方法测得的老年男性、老年女性及全体老年受试者的体脂肪率均具有较强的一致性。结论：BIA和DXA测量老年人体脂肪率的相关性和一致性较好。     

生物电阻抗法和双能X射线吸收法测定健康成人体成分的对比研究

目的：比较生物电阻抗法与双能X射线吸收法测量健康成人体成分的一致性。方法：采用便携式生物电阻抗仪和双能X射线吸收仪同时测量48名健康受试者去脂体重、脂肪含量和体脂率,配对t检验比较两种方法测量健康成人去脂体重、脂肪含量和体脂率的差异,相关系数和Bland-Altman分析用于评价两种方法测量结果的相关性和一致性。结果：无论是总体还是男性和女性,生物电阻抗法与双能X射线吸收法的体成分测定值之间均呈现明显的正相关,除男性体脂含量（r=0.89）和体脂率（r=0.74）外,两种方法体成分测定值的相关系数r＞0.90（P＜0.05）。从总体看,与双能X射线吸收法相比,生物电阻抗法低估了身体脂肪含量［（-1.3±1.7)kg,95%一致限：（-4.6~2.1）kg］和体脂率［（-3.0%±2.8%),95%一致限：（-8.4%~2.5%）］,高估了去脂体重［（2.7±1.7)kg,95%一致限：（-0.6~6.1）kg］。结论：生物电阻抗法在测量健康成人体成分中具有一定应用价值。同双能X射线吸收法相比,生物电阻抗法低估了体脂量和体脂率,需要进一步优化其体成分模型。     

小肠吸收不良综合征的X线诊断

小肠吸收不良综合征是指各种原因的小肠营养物质吸收不良所引起的综合征.营养物质的吸收必须经过充分的消化作用,因此,广义的吸收不良综合征包括消化不良与吸收不良,故又称为"消化吸收不良综合征".     

计算机X 线片骨放射密度法在蛋鸡骨质 疏松症研究中的应用

应用灰度对比法的原理建立了计算机X线片蛋鸡骨放射密度法。结果表明,铝阶厚度与灰度之间呈显著的线性关系（P〈0．01,r=0．997）,铝阶厚度变化可准确反映蛋鸡骨骼骨量变化,不同曝光条件对骨量值无明显的影响（P〉0．05）。该方法简便,精确,重复性好,经济,为研究蛋鸡骨质疏松症提供重要的检测手段。     

DEXA对骨髓炎骨缺损治疗中骨痂密度的评价

目的：探讨DEXA对骨髓炎骨缺损治疗中骨痂密度的评价及意义。方法：严格按照纳入排除标准,选取21例骨髓炎清创后伴大段皮质骨缺损一期植骨的病人。术后4,6,8,10个月后对骨折端骨痂行双能X线骨密度仪检测,并进行X摄片以及Enneking评分,从而明确植骨区愈合骨痂的密度变化趋势,骨愈合情况以及症状改善情况。结果：（1）X线摄片结果显示：4个月后：骨缺损区依然清晰可见,内有少量稀疏骨痂通过,少量外骨痂形成。6个月后：植骨区内骨痂含量明显增多,且外骨痂膨大。8个月：缺损区模糊,有较致密骨痂生成,且外骨痂逐渐减少。10个月：植骨区骨痂更加致密,且部份髓腔再通。（2）Enneking评分：患者术后第10个月功能恢复情况评估正常功能20例,20分以下的患者1例。（3）BMD测定：骨折端的骨密度及骨密度比率随时间延长而增加,植骨10个月后患侧的骨密度已可基本上达到正常对照侧的骨密度水平。结论：双能X线骨密度测量从一定程度上反映出骨痂的力学强度特性。在感染性骨缺损治疗中可以作为检测植骨区的恢复情况的参考。     

Alpine skiing is associated with higher femoral neck bone mineral density

Objective:

To evaluate the influence of elite-level alpine skiing on athletes’ skeleton.

Methods:

Thirteen professional alpine skiers (9 males and 4 females with mean age of 22.6 years) and their age- and height matched control subjects were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (total body, lumbar spine, proximal femur, forearm) and quantitative ultrasound (hand).

Results:

After adjusting for sex, age, weight and height, between-group differences were 15% (p=0.012) for the lumbar spine, 14% (p=0.022) for the femoral neck, 10% (p=0.051) for the total hip, and 11% (p=0.001) for the total body favoring the alpine skiers. However, after controlling for total body lean mass (~muscle mass), the group-differences lost their statistical significance, the borderline 10% difference (p=0.051) in femoral neck BMD excluded.

Conclusion:

Factors contributing to the alpine skiers’ higher BMD may not only include the greater muscle mass (~stronger muscles) of these athletes but also a large number of impacts and possibly other high-frequency features in external loading generated by the high-speed skiing performance.     

Bone calcium/phosphorus ratio determination using dual energy X-ray method

Non-invasive dual energy methods have been used extensively on osteoporosis diagnosis estimating parameters, such as, Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and Bone Mineral Content (BMC). In this study, an X-ray dual energy method (XRDE) was developed for the estimation of the bone Calcium-to-Phosphorous (Ca/P) mass ratio, as a bone quality index. The optimized irradiation parameters were assessed by performing analytical model simulations. X-ray tube output, filter material and thickness were used as input parameters. A single exposure technique, combined with K-edge filtering, was applied. The optimal X-ray spectra were selected according to the resulted precision and accuracy values. Experimental evaluation was performed on an XRDE system incorporating a Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) photon counting detector and three bone phantoms with different nominal mass Ca/P ratios. Additionally, the phantoms’ mass Ca/P ratios were validated with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Simulation results showed that the optimum filter atomic number (Z) ranges between 57 and 70. The optimum spectrum was obtained at 100 kVp, filtered with Cerium (Ce), with a surface density of 0.88 g/cm². All Ca/P ratio measurements were found to be accurate to within 1.6% of the nominal values, while the precision ranged between 0.91 and 1.37%. The accuracy and precision values of the proposed non-invasive method contributes to the assessment of the bone quality state through the mass Ca/P ratio determination.     

Focus: Rare Disease: A Case of Spinal Infectious Osteomyelitis Versus Gout: Advanced Imaging with Dual Energy CT

A 67-year-old male presented to the hospital for lower back pain and left lower extremity radiculopathy. Although the patient was afebrile and white blood cell count was normal, MRI was concerning for discitis/osteomyelitis at L4-L5. Subsequently, the patient developed a right knee joint effusion and underwent an arthrocentesis that was notable for the presence of urate crystals. A systemic urate crystal arthropathy was proposed as a potential etiology for the patient’s back pain and radiculopathy. Dual energy CT of the lumbar spine was performed, a technique which determines material composition by comparing the photon attenuation of the substance from two different x-ray energy levels. Results revealed the presence of monosodium urate crystals in the intervertebral discs. This technique is proposed as a noninvasive way to evaluate for gout in atypical locations or those difficult to sample and may replace an invasive intervertebral disc/endplate aspiration and/or biopsy. Dual energy CT should be considered in patients with elevated serum uric acid and concern for spinal involvement of gout.     

Bone phenotype of the aromatase deficient mouse

Estrogens are important for normal bone growth and metabolism. The mechanisms are incompletely understood. Thus, we have undertaken characterization of the skeletal phenotype of aromatase (ArKO) deficient mice. No abnormalities have been noted in skeletal patterning in newborns. Adult ArKO mice show decreased femur length and decreased peak Bone Mineral Density (BMD) with accelerated bone loss by 7 months of age in females. Magnetic resonance microscopy (MR) and microCT (μCT) imaging disclosed decreased cancellous connectivity and reduced cancellous bone volume in ArKO females. Bone formation rate (BFR) is increased in ArKO females and decreased in ArKO males. Estradiol therapy reverses these changes. This anabolic effect of estradiol in the male skeleton is supported by 18-F⁻ Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging, which clearly demonstrates decreased spinal uptake, but marked increase after estradiol therapy. Serum IGF-1 levels are high in young female ArKO mice but low in young ArKO males. The reduced BMD in ArKO females, despite the presence of elevated serum IGF 1, suggests that other mechanism(s) are operative. There is increased B-cell lymphopoiesis in adult female ArKO bone marrow cells. These results show that ArKO mice show the effects of estrogen deficiency on bone growth, mass, metabolism, microarchitecture and the hematopoietic microenvironment.     

Anthropometrics Do Not Influence Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Measurement of Fat in Normal to Obese Adults: A Comparison with In Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis (IVNA)

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is now a commonly used method for the determination of bone mineral status and body composition in humans. The purposes of this study were to compare fat mass by in vivo neutron activation analysis (FM_IVNA) with that by DXA (FM_DXA) in an anthropometrically heterogeneous sample of healthy adult men (n=33) and women (n=36) (19=≤BMI≤39), and to determine whether differences in fat mass estimates between the two methods (ΔFM) were attributable to subject anthropometry as defined by several circumference (waist, iliac crest, thigh) and skinfold thickness (umbilical, suprailiac, abdominal) measurements. No significant differences between FM_DXA and FM_IVNA were observed in men (p=0.46) or women (p=0.09). The two methods were very highly correlated in both sexes (women r²=0.97, p<0.001, men r²=0.91, p<0.001), although the regression line for men was significantly different from the line of identity (p=0.043). These results suggest modest trends toward underestimation of FM_DXA in men when FM_IVNA<18 kg, and overestimation in men when FM_IVNA>18 kg. ΔFM (IVNA-DXA) was not significantly related to any combination of skinfold thicknesses and circumferences in either gender. Age explained 27% of the variance in ΔFM for the men (p=0.008). Furthermore, ΔFM was not significantly related to inter-method disparity in total-body bone mineral measurements in men or women (p<0.05). The present study demonstrates strong correlation in fat measurements between IVNA and DXA in men and women ranging from normal to markedly obese. Correction for subject anthropometry does not significantly improve this relationship.     

巨大芽孢杆菌WSH-002丙氨酸脱氢酶066晶体制备及X-射线衍射分析

丙氨酸脱氢酶可逆催化丙氨酸脱氨生成丙酮酸,在氨基酸和酮酸的合成及代谢中至关重要.本研究通过PCR从巨大芽孢杆菌WSH-002中克隆并构建了丙氨酸脱氢酶基因(aldBM066)的原核表达载体,经原核表达后,采用Ni-NTA亲和层析法和阴离子交换色谱法纯化获得蛋白AldBM066,在289 K下以座滴法进行晶体生长条件筛选和制备.通过对蛋白质结晶条件的筛选,最终在蛋白质浓度为15 mg/mL及含有0.1 mol/L 乙酸钠（pH 5.0）和2.4 mol/L甲酸钠的缓冲液中获得了理想的蛋白质晶体,晶体大小约为210 μm×180 μm×150 μm,X-射线衍射数据显示,该蛋白质晶体衍射分辨率为2.88 A,空间群为三方晶系,晶胞参数为a=b=118.71 A,c=150.51 A,α=β=90°,γ=120°,每个不对称单位中含有1个AldBM066单体,马修斯系数为2.62 A3/Da,溶剂含量约为53.02%.衍射数据的成功收集为解析巨大芽孢杆菌WSH-002中丙氨酸脱氢酶的三维结构奠定了前期基础,将有助于阐明以单体存在的丙氨酸脱氢酶的催化机制.     

农田生态系统能量投入产出模型及其应用研究

本文在分析农田生态系统能量转化规律的基础上,建立了农田生态系统的能量投入产出模型,提出了确定能量合理投入范围的方法,并结合德清县农业生产实际对此模型和方法进行了初步应用,提出了该县农田生态系统能量投入的优化对策。     

Bone endocrine regulation of energy metabolism and male reproduction

Usually vertebrate physiology is studied within the confined limits of a given organ, if not cell type. This approach has progressively changed with the emergence of mouse genetics that has rejuvenated the concept of a whole body study of physiology. A vivid example of how mouse genetics has profoundly affected our understanding of physiology is skeleton physiology. A genetic approach to bone physiology revealed that bone via osteocalcin, an osteoblast-secreted molecule, is a true endocrine organ regulating energy metabolism and male reproduction. This ongoing body of work that takes bone out of its traditional roles is connecting it to a growing number of peripheral organs. These novel important hormonal connections between bone, energy metabolism and reproduction underscore the concept of functional dependence in physiology and the importance of genetic approaches to identify novel endocrine regulations.     

X线、CT、SPECT、PET在评估小鼠的骨成像中的作用

目的利用各种影像诊断设备对正常小鼠的骨进行成像,观察其在小鼠骨成像中最佳成像参数。方法分别使用X线、CT、SPECT、PET对小鼠的骨进行拍摄成像。结果X线和CT均可以清楚地对小鼠的骨组织成像,而SPECT、PET由于其分辨率和特异性不高,成像较模糊。结论X线和CT检查对小鼠的骨成像明显,对小鼠疾病的观察有重要意义。而SPECT、PET对诊断小鼠的骨疾病意义不是很大。