Biotransformation of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol by Mucor spinosus

Biotransformation of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (1) by the fungus Mucor spinosus AS 3.3450 yielded eight metabolites (2–9). On the basis of NMR and MS analyses, the metabolites were identified as 12-oxo-15α,27-dihydroxyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (2), 12-oxo-7β,11α,28-trihydroxyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (3), 12-oxo-7β,28-dihydroxyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (4), 12-oxo-15α,29-dihydroxyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (5), 12-oxo-7β,15α-dihydroxyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (6), 12-oxo-7β,11β-dihydroxyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (7), 12-oxo-15α-hydroxyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (8), and 12-oxo-7β-hydroxyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (9), respectively. Among them, 2–5, 7, and 8 are new compounds. These results indicated that M. spinosus could catalyze the specific C-12 dehydrogenation of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol, as well hydroxylation at different positions. These biocatalytic reactions may be difficult for chemical synthesis. The biotransformed products showed weak in vitro cytotoxic activities.     

Redescription of Camallanus hypophthalmichthys Dogel and Akhmerov, 1959 (Nematoda: Camallanidae) and its first record from fishes in China

The nematode Camallanus hypophthalmichthys Dogel and Akhmerov, 1959 is redescribed from specimens collected from the intestine of the bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis, from Liangzihu Lake (Yangtze River basin), Hubei Province, central China. The light and scanning electron microscopical examination made it possible to study in detail the morphology of this so far little-known species and to confirm its validity. The main specific features of C. hypophthalmichthys distinguishing it from the most similar Camallanus spp. is the presence of 3 small caudal processes on the male tail tip, 13-16 longitudinal ridges on the inner surface of the valve of the buccal capsule, and the arrangement of preanal and postanal genital papillae in the male. This finding represents a new host record, the first record of this parasite in the Yangtze River basin, and the first documented record of C. hypophthalmichthys from China. Camallanus hypophthalmichthys is considered a specific intestinal parasite of fishes of the cyprinid Hypophthalmichthyinae.     

Redescription ofRhinochimaera pacifica (mitsukuri) and first record ofR. africana compagno, stehmann & ebert from Japan (Chimaeriformes: Rhinochimaeridae)

Rhinochimaera pacifica is redescribed and a specimen from Tokyo Bay is designated as the neotype. A second species of the genus,R. africana, is newly recognized from Japan. A new scheme of measurements of the lateral line canals has been developed, and a comparison of proportional measurements of the snout width, eye length, and canal measurements clearly distinguishesR. pacifica andR. africana. Intraspecific variation ofR. pacifica and comparison ofR. pacifica andR. africana is discussed.Rhinochimaera pacifica has an irregular distribution in the north and south Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean. This study also confirms a much wider range forR. africana than previously known and extends the range to the northern Pacific Ocean around the Japanese Archipelago.     

18种(1变型)鼠尾草属植物叶表皮及表皮毛微形态特征研究

鼠尾草属是唇形科中最大的属,全球有近1 000种。我国是鼠尾草属东亚分布中心,有84种,分布于全国各地,尤以西南地区最多。鼠尾草属植物具有很高的经济价值和观赏价值,但由于鼠尾草属植物分布广、种类多、形态变异大,给该属鉴定和分类学研究带来了很大的困难。此外,在采集和调查过程中发现弧隔鼠尾草亚属和荔枝草亚属的很多种类在营养生长期仅通过叶片很难鉴定。表皮毛是植物叶片上最常见的附属物,其分布特性和形态特征常作为植物鉴定和分类学研究的重要手段。该文利用光学显微镜和环境扫描电镜对18种和1变型共19份鼠尾草属植物的叶片类型、表皮细胞形状、垂周壁样式、气孔器类型和表皮毛等叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察和比较研究,为鼠尾草属的分类界定研究提供证据。结果表明:这19份鼠尾草属植物叶表皮和表皮毛形态特征在电子显微镜下表现出明显的多样性,叶表皮细胞形状为不规则形或多边形,垂周壁多数为浅波状或波状,少数为平直或弓形。气孔器为无规则型和不等细胞型,其中无规则型最为常见。样品叶表皮毛分为4个类型,盾状腺毛、头状腺毛、短非腺毛和长非腺毛。该属植物叶表皮的这些微形态特征,可为本属鉴定和分类学研究提供理论依据。     

Genetic differences between two allopatric sibling species of the genus Polydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the West Pacific

Polydora vulgaris Mohammad, 1972, a commensal borer of the oysters Pinctada margaritifera and Hyotissa hyotis from the South China Sea, was investigated by means of starch gel electrophoresis. Polydora vulgaris and the allopatric sibling Polydora glycymerica Radashevsky, 1993, a commensal borer of the bivalve Glycymeris yessoensis from the Sea of Japan, were compared with respect to their allozymic variation and number of isozyme loci. Interspecific differences in the number of gene loci coding for three enzymes: alanopine dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and -iditol dehydrogenase were revealed suggesting that we are dealing with two valid species. Two different modes of origin duplicate loci in polydorids are dicussed—polyploidization and regional gene duplication. The use of gene number as a character for discriminating between morphologically indistinguishable allopatric polydorid taxa is outlined.     

Parasitism by Placobdella multilineata (Hirudinoidea: Glossiphoniidae) and its first record from Asia

Placobdella multilineata (Hirudinoidea: Glossiphoniidae) a temporary, bloodsucking ectoparasite, was previously recorded only from the southern United States, with turtles and the American alligator (Alligator mississipiensis) as hosts. This is the first record of P. multilineata from Asia (Beijing, People's Republic of China) and also a new host record for the estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). The introduction of P. multilineata to Asia occurred as a result of the transfer of American alligators. All 34 specimens of P. multilineata collected in Beijing were non-clitellate but blood in their guts indicated that feeding had occurred on the host.     

The genus Hyalomma. XI. Redescription of all parasitic stages of H. (Euhyalomma) asiaticum (Acari: Ixodidae) and notes on its biology

The tick Hyalomma (Euhyalomma) asiaticum Schulze & Schlottke is provisionally considered to belong to the H. (E.) asiaticum group of closely related species. Males of H. asiaticum can be distinguished from those of other species of the group by their long and very deep cervical grooves, long, narrow, straight adanal plates, long dorsal prolongation of the spiracular plates, dorsal posterior margin of the basis capituli deeply concave and angular, and unbroken ivory-coloured strip on the dorsal aspect of the leg segments. Females of H. asiaticum can be distinguished from those of other species of the H. asiaticum group by their very deep cervical grooves, narrowly U-shaped genital aperture, with bulging preatrial fold. Larger domestic and wild ungulates are the principal hosts of the adults, while nymphs and larvae parasitize mainly rodents, leporids and hedgehogs. Hyalomma asiaticum is widely distributed in Asia, from Syria in the West to eastern China in the East. Here all the parasitic stages of H. asiaticum are illustrated and redescribed. Data on its disease relationships are also provided.     

中国光鞘薪甲属一新纪录种再描记（鞘翅目：薪甲科）

记述光鞘薪甲属中国新纪录种Corticaria elongata(Gyllenhal,1827),对该种进行了重新描记,提供了该属中国已知种名录。     

Gill rays of primitive vertebrate Yunnanozoon from Early Cambrian: a first record

Yunnanozoans (including Yunnanozoon and Haikouella) are important representatives of the primitive vertebrates in the Early Cambrian Chengjiang fauna. For Yunnanozoans, we know less about Yunnanozoon than about Haikouella due to the poor preservation of Yunnanozoon. Up to now, there have been some reports that Haikouella had developed gill rays, while there have been no reports on Yunnanozoon. In this paper, we described our new findings of the distinct gill rays of Yunnanozoon lividum based on new well-preserved material collected from the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan Shale in Xiaolantian of Yunnan Province, China. This study provides new data on the evolutionary relationship of the primitive vertebrates and their early evolution. __________ Translated from Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 2006, 45(3): 345–350 [译自: 古生物学报]     

A new tapertail species (family Radiicephalidae; Lampridiformes) from Taiwan,the first confirmed western Pacific Ocean record of the family

Ichthyological Research - Radiicephalus kessinger sp. nov. (Lampridiformes: Radiicephalidae), described from a single specimen collected off southwestern Taiwan, represents a formerly monotypic and...     

半蓝角伪叶甲的再描述（鞘翅目：拟步甲科：伪叶甲亚科）

半蓝角伪叶甲Cerogria basalis(Hope,1831)为角伪叶甲属Cerogria Borchmann,1909的1个大型种,过去仅知道分布于印度,尼泊尔,波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那,一直缺乏详细和正式的形态描述。近年来,我们从云南采集到该种的雌虫和雄虫。本文对该种雌性和雄性成虫,特别是触角、腹板和雄性外生殖器特征作了详细描述。提供了该种雌、雄两性成虫的背面观和腹面观以及生境照片,以及触角、雄性末节腹板以及雄性外生殖器特征图片。本文还讨论了种内变异。这些工作为该种的正确鉴定提供了依据。     

担子菌门总革菌科中国新记录种紫黑点壳菌

[背景] 在陕西省的毛泡桐腐木桩上观察和采集到一株绒毛状真菌子实体,编号为HMNWAFU-CF-HS002。[目的] 为了确定该菌的分类地位,对其进行形态观察及分子鉴定。[方法] 获取宏观彩色图像并对显微结构进行测量、统计和绘图。此外,用PDA培养基分离纯化该菌的培养物,并结合最大似然法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法进行rDNA ITS分子系统学研究。[结果] HMNWAFU-CF-HS002的形态特征与Punctularia atropurpurascens高度相似。系统发育分析将HMNWAFU-CF-HS002聚在P.atropurpurascens的单系分支中。[结论] 结合形态学特征与系统发育结果,HMNWAFU-CF-HS002被鉴定紫黑点壳菌（Punctularia atropurpurascens）,为中国的新记录种。此外,毛泡桐为其新记录寄主。至此,Punctularia属下的3个种,均在中国有分布记录。