共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Susan Perry 《Primates; journal of primatology》1998,39(1):51-70
During the course of a study of social relationships in wild, white-faced capuchins at Lomas Barbudal, Costa Rice (May 1990–May
1993), the alpha male was deposed by a subordinate male. The rank reversal was preceded by a decline in proximity maintenance
by females to the alpha male, and an increase, in the amount of aggression directed toward the alpha male by the beta female
and her female coalition partners. At the time of the rank reversal, females switched from giving thegargle vocalization exclusively to the old alpha male to gargling to the new alpha male; however, juveniles were less consistent
with regard to which male they gargled to. At the time of the rank reversal, most adult females reduced the time spent in
proximity and grooming with the old alpha male, and increased the time spent in proximity and grooming with the new alpha
male. In contrast, juveniles' patterns of affiliation with males did not change in a predictable way following the reversal.
The social strategies employed by capuchin monkeys during this rank reversal are compared with those of chimpanzees. 相似文献
2.
Susan Perry 《American journal of primatology》1996,40(2):167-182
A single social group of wild white-faced capuchin monkeys was studied for a period of 26 months at Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve, Costa Rica. A total of 604 hr of focal animal data was collected on six adult females in a group of 21 monkeys. Females could be ranked in a stable, linear dominance hierarchy. Adult females spent much more time in proximity to other adult females than to adult males. Females groomed other females twice as often as they groomed males, and about 55 times more often than males groomed males. Females tended to groom up the dominance hierarchy, and dyads with smaller rank distances groomed more often. Higher-ranking females nursed infants other than their own at lower rates than did lower-ranking females; however, females nursed infants of females ranked both above and below them. Although lower-ranking females were more likely than higher-ranking females to be the victims of aggression, higher-ranking females were not necessarily more aggressive than lower-ranking females. In 96% of female-female coalitions vs. a female, the victim was lower-ranking than both coalition partners; in the remaining 4%, the victim was intermediate in rank between the two coalition partners. Higher-ranking female-female dyads formed coalitions more often than did lower-ranking dyads. Those female-female dyads that groomed more frequently also formed coalitions more frequently. The patterning of social interactions indicates that Cebus capucinus at Lomas Barbudal are female bonded. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
3.
During 12 years of observation, we have observed three confirmed and two inferred lethal coalitionary attacks on adult male white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) by members of two habituated social groups at Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve, Costa Rica. In one case, an alpha male was badly wounded and evicted from his group, and when later found by his former groupmates he was attacked by several of them and died less than 24 h later. In two other cases, lone extra-group males were mobbed by adult and immature males of a bisexual group. One victim's abdomen was torn open and he died less than 24 h later. A second victim was quite badly bitten but may have escaped. The fourth and fifth cases resulted from intergroup encounters. One victim lost the use of both arms but may have survived, whereas the other died of unknown causes within an hour of the attack. The observed death rate from coalitionary aggression at our site is approximately the same as that reported for eastern chimpanzees. Because at least three of the five observed incidents involved large coalitions attacking lone victims, they support the general hypothesis that imbalances of power contribute to intraspecific killing in primates. However, the occurrence of lethal coalitional attacks in a species lacking fission–fusion social organization poses a challenge to the more specific version of the imbalance-of-power hypothesis proposed by Manson and Wrangham in 1991 to explain chimpanzee and human intergroup aggression. 相似文献
4.
Stevens JR 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2004,271(1538):451-456
Animals may share food to gain immediate or delayed fitness benefits. Previous studies of sharing have concentrated on delayed benefits such as reciprocity, trade and punishment. This study tests an alternative model (the harassment or sharing-under-pressure hypothesis) in which a food owner immediately benefits because sharing avoids costly harassment from a beggar. I present an experiment that varies the potential ability of the beggar to harass, and of the owner to defend the food, to examine the effects of harassment on food sharing in two primate species: chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis). For both species, high levels of harassment potential significantly increased both beggar harassment and sharing by the owner. Food defensibility did not affect harassment or sharing. Interestingly, squirrel monkeys and chimpanzees shared equally frequently with conspecifics despite a much higher natural sharing rate in chimpanzees. These results suggest that harassment can play a significant role in primate food sharing, providing a simple alternative to reciprocity. The selfish nature of harassment has implications for economic, psychological and evolutionary studies of cooperative systems. 相似文献
5.
Colin Chapman 《Primates; journal of primatology》1988,29(2):177-194
This paper describes the diet and range use patterns of the three species of primates in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica
(Ateles geoffroyi, Alouatta palliata, andCebus capucinus) and examines the variation in these variables as they relate to seasonal changes and concomitant changes in food availability.
These three primate species were studied over a four-year period for a total of 24 months in the field. Santa Rosa National
Park is in an area that experiences a long severe dry season in which little if any rain falls and the majority of the non-riparian
trees lose their leaves. However, even though the three species were very flexible in terms of diet and range use, the behavioural
variability did not correspond to changes in food availability or season. 相似文献
6.
Acacia trees in Costa Rica have an obligate mutualism with three species of Pseudomyrmex ants, which vigorously defend their host tree from insect and mammalian herbivores. Depending on the size and species of
ant colony, individual acacia trees may be differentially protected. For animals able to discern between weakly and highly
aggressive ant colonies, costs of ant stings from less active colonies might be offset by nutritional value acquired from
feeding on acacia fruit or ant larvae in swollen thorns. We examined foraging selectivity of capuchin monkeys on acacia trees
in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. We measured four characteristics of the acacia trees from which capuchins fed and
of acacias immediately adjacent to those in which the monkeys fed: diameter at breast height (DBH), accessibility, species
of closest tree and ant species present. We found that capuchins prefer to forage in acacias that are large and accessible.
We also made two measurements of ant colony activity on each tree, one before and one after disturbing the ant colony. We
found that the three species of mutualistic ants differ in baseline activity levels and that mutualistic ants are more active
than non-mutualistic ant species found in acacia trees. We also found that capuchins foraged more frequently in trees colonized
by non-mutualistic ants, but the explanatory value (r
2) of this model was low. Furthermore, monkeys did not discriminate between acacias on the basis of baseline ant activity or
the ant colony’s response to disturbance. We conclude that these monkeys select acacia trees in which to forage based on characteristics
of the trees rather than the ants. In addition, our study suggests that white-faced capuchins act as predators on the acacia
ants but they probably benefit the dispersal and reproductive success of acacia trees. Capuchins may in fact function as an
additional mutualistic partner for acacia trees via seed dispersal, but they must overcome the ants’ defense of the trees
to do so. 相似文献
7.
In this work we report the first published observational evidence of rescue behavior during an intergroup interaction in white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus). The study groups (groups AA and RR) inhabit the forest of Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve in Guanacaste, Costa Rica, and have been under investigation since 1990 and 1997, respectively. Here we report a single interaction in which a victim mother-infant pair was rescued from potential injury or death by the intervention of an adult male from their social group during an intergroup encounter. We discuss several hypotheses that may be relevant in explaining this unique observation. 相似文献
8.
Fecal samples from 155 mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata palliata) examined at Centro Ecologico La Pacifica, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, revealed 75 (48%) had parasitic infections. A sampling of nine howling monkeys from Santa Rosa National Park. Costa Rica indicated only one infected animal (11%). Only three of 19 (16%) spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) also from Santa Rosa were infected. Controrchis biliophilus, Trypanoxyuris minutus, unidentified strongylid eggs and Isospora sp. oocysts were found. Three monkeys from La Pacifica died and were examined for adult helminths. They were infected with Ascaris lumbricoides, C. biliophilus and T. minutus. 相似文献
9.
Linda M. Fedigan Lisa M. Rose Rodrigo Morera Avila 《International journal of primatology》1998,19(3):405-432
We examined population dynamics in mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata palliata) in a regenerating tropical dry forest in Santa Rosa National Park (SRNP), Costa Rica. The population has grown at a rate of about 7% per annum during the past decade. The growth in numbers from 342 in 1984 to 554 in 1992 reflects an increase in the number of groups (from 25 to 34) and a slight increase in their average size (from 13.6 to 16.3). Population density has increased from 4.9 to 7.9 individuals per km
2. Santa Rosa's population density and group compositions are similar to those at several other mantled howler sites, but densities of mantled howlers are much higher at two other well-studied sites: La Pacifica and Barro Colorado Island (BCI). We relate the low density of howlers at Santa Rosa to local historical and ecological factors. Howler populations at high and low densities differ in average group size and sex ratio. At high population densities, groups are larger and include more adult females. The number of male howlers per group appears to be more strictly limited and less variable than the number of females is. However, there is greater variation in male group membership at Santa Rosa than at La Pacifica or BCI, and at Santa Rosa there are more generating forests available into which males and females can disperse and form new groups. We present case studies describing two ways in which new howler groups are formed, and we suggest that, compared to females and compared to males at high density sites, males are relatively advantaged in the uncrowded habitats at Santa Rosa and other low density sites. 相似文献
10.
Changes in the concentrations of endogenous free, conjugated and bound polyamine were determined in petals of two different species of rose, viz. Rosa damascena and Rosa bourboniana, from small bud (stage 1) till full bloom (stage 8). High free putrescine and spermidine concentrations were associated with early stages of flower development and then decreased in R. damascena. At full bloom, the concentration of free putrescine was higher than rest of the polyamines measured. A steady increase in conjugated putrescine, spermidine and spermine was observed during entire period of flower development with predominance of conjugated putrescine at full bloom. In R. damascena the bound spermine was higher than rest of the polyamines during full bloom. In R. bourboniana, during the early stages of flower development, similar situation was observed, however, at full bloom, free spermidine concentration was higher than rest of the polyamines. In this species, the concentration of conjugated and bound spermine was higher than rest of the polyamines during full bloom. Polyamine concentrations were generally lower in the petals of R. bourboniana than R. damascena which may be due to genotypic differences. The possible roles of the observed polyamines are discussed in relation to flower development.IHBT Communication no, 0345. 相似文献
11.
Luiz Fernando W. Roesch Fabio L. Olivares Luciane M. Pereira Passaglia Pedro Alberto Selbach Enilson L. Saccol de Sá Flávio A. Oliveira de Camargo 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2006,22(9):967-974
Summary The population size of diazotrophic bacteria naturally associated with the maize rhizosphere can be affected by biotic and environmental factors. In this work we have evaluated the effect of two genotypes of maize, with and without nitrogen fertilization, on the population dynamics and distribution of diazotrophic bacteria associated with maize plants over different plant ontogenic stages. The study was carried out in a field experiment with and without nitrogen fertilization, using two maize cultivars (Santa Helena 8447 and Santa Rosa 3063) previously selected from 32 maize cultivars for the lowest and highest response to nitrogen fertilization, respectively. Microbiological and molecular approaches were used to characterize the diazotrophic bacterial population structure. Bacterial population was assessed by the most probable number using semi-solid N-free media, and by DNA isolation from soil and plant tissue followed by amplification of nifH gene fragments using nested PCR, and by RFLP analysis using the restriction endonucleases TaqI and HaeIII. The dynamics of the diazotrophic bacterial population were affected by the ontogenic stage of the maize plants, but not by the cultivar type. Roots were the preferred site of colonization, independent of cultivar type and growth stage. During the first stage of maize growth, addition of nitrogen fertilizer negatively affected the diazotrophic bacterial population. 相似文献
12.
Social Relationships Among Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta) in Two Free-Ranging Troops at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We observed two free-ranging troops of ring-tailed lemurs at the Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Kinship affinities in these troops are known only for mothers and their offspring 4 years of age. We attempted to quantify social relationships. Almost all agonistic interactions were dyadic, and triadic agonistic interactions, such as alliances, were very rare. Dominance hierarchies in both sexes in the two troops were not linear. As in cercopithecine monkeys, mothers were dominant over their adult daughters. However, the daughters were not ranked immediately below their mothers. Close proximity and social grooming occurred more frequently between closely related females, such as mother–daughter and sister–sister dyads, than between unrelated females. Frequent-proximity relations also occurred between adult males that had emigrated from another troop and entered the present troop together, even though they did not rank closely to one another. Subordinates were likely to groom and to greet dominants more frequently than vice versa. During group encounters, particular females were involved in agonistic interactions with animals of other troops, regardless of dominance rank. Adult males, regardless of their dominance rank, but not adult females, constantly tried to drive solitary males away. 相似文献
13.
Matthias Laska 《Primates; journal of primatology》1996,37(4):457-465
The purpose of this study was to test the influence of sex, age, social rank, matriline membership, posture, and visual and
tactual motor control on manual preferences inSaimiri sciureus. A well-established social group of 12 squirrel monkeys, aged 2 to 14 yrs and consisting of two matrilines with social rank
known for each animal, was presented with four different food-reaching tasks and assessed for hand preferences with a minimum
of 100 reaches per animal.
Frequency of occurrence of hand preferences at the group level and degree of hand preferences at the individual level depended
on posture and on whether the reaching act took place under visual or tactual guidance. Sex, age, social rank, and matriline
membership were not found to determine frequency of occurrence, direction or degree of hand preferences with the exception
of one task in which a significant negative correlation between the degree of hand preference and age was found. Nine out
of 12 monkeys showed task-dependent changes in the hand they used preferentially while only three animals preferred the same
hand in all four tasks. Significant preferences for the use of right or left hand on a given task were distributed almost
equally between individuals. Thus, the results of this study suggest task-specific demands like posture and/or whether reaching
was visually or tactually guided to be the major correlates of hand preferences in food-reaching tasks in squirrel monkeys. 相似文献
14.
Female rank and reproductive success among arashiyama B Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Linda D. Wolfe 《International journal of primatology》1984,5(2):133-143
Five hypotheses that related female rank and reproductive success were tested in an intact troop of free-ranging, provisioned,
Japanese macaques. The hypotheses stated that high-ranking females (1) begin parturition earlier in life than low-ranking
females; (2) produce more offspring than low-ranking females; (3) give birth during some optimal time during the birth season
to a greater extent than low-ranking females; (4) experience less infant mortality than low-ranking females;and (5) more frequently produce male offspring, while low-ranking females more frequently produce female offspring. A statistical
analysis of the data which included three birth seasons and 55 adult females and 34 pubescent females, all of known age, rank, and matrifocal membership in the Arashiyama B troop, revealed few significant results. An association was found between
the rank of the matrifocal unit and the age of first birth. However, the relationship was the reverse of hypothesis 1, i.e.,
females of the lower-ranking matrifocal units began parturition earlier than females of higher-ranking matrifocal units. Therefore,
in this troop of Japanese monkeys— where alternative feeding strategies existed— there was little association between female
rank and reproductive success. 相似文献
15.
Suzanne Chevalier-Skolnikoff 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(3):375-383
Although wild cebus monkeys have been observed to use tools, this behavior has been reported only rarely. No one has systematically
examined tool use in wildCebus, and it is not known how prevalent tool use is in the species' natural repertoire. During 300 hr of observation on 21 wild
capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) at Santa Rosa National Park in Costa Rica, 31 incidents of tool use, including eight different types of tool-use behavior,
were observed. These observations indicate that tool use is a notable behavior pattern in this troop. Considering these incidents
of tool use in conjunction with other reports on complex food-getting and preparation behavior byCebus suggests that tool use is a manifestation ofCebus' high behavioral adaptability. Since onlyCebus and the great apes (especially chimpanzees) have been observed to show such a diverse tool-use repertoire, to use tools so
frequently, or to show such complex food-getting behavior in the wild, these observations also support the notion thatCebus and the great apes have followed a parallel evolutionary development of tool-using capacity. 相似文献
16.
During winter at northern latitudes, large herbivores often exploit patches of concentrated, relatively high quality forage, which may lead to interference competition. The factors affecting success in contests and subsequent dominance rank, such as age and body weight, remain key issues in ungulate behavioural ecology. Maternal effects on offspring body weight are well known, but few studies have investigated if mothers social rank influence offspring rank. Moreover, no study has related dominance rank in ungulates to weight loss during winter. Outcomes of social interactions (n=7,609), feeding time and spatial position in red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds and calves, and weight loss of calves, were registered from 1981 to 1996 at six winter-feeding sites within the county of Sør-Trøndelag in Norway. The level of aggressiveness was higher among calves than among adult hinds, and the factors determining the outcome of contests also differed. The initiator won the majority of interactions (more than 90% in both hinds and calves). Social rank was related to both age and body weight in adult hinds, and related to body weight and mother rank in calves. The relationship between feeding time and rank was non-linear. Feeding time was correlated with rank only among high ranked hinds, while there was no such relationship among low ranked hinds or calves. There was no correlation between winter weight loss and social rank in calves. Our study therefore underlines that, although frequent aggression is observed at artificial feeding sites of northern herbivores, this is not necessarily sufficient to give rise to interference competition. 相似文献
17.
Changes in the concentrations of endogenous polyamines and ethylene were determined in two diverse species of rose viz. Rosa damascena and Rosa bourboniana during post-harvest periods. At full bloom, the concentrations of free putrescine was significantly higher than rest of the
polyamines, i.e. spermine and spermidine in both the species. The concentrations of all the polyamines decreased during subsequent
periods upto 48 h after full bloom. Similar situation was also observed in conjugated fraction but in bound fraction, during
full bloom, the concentration of spermine was higher than rest of the polyamines. In both the species, ethylene showed higher
levels during full bloom with maximum in R. damascena, which increased, during post-harvest periods. The possible significance of polyamines, ethylene and their interactions is
discussed during post-harvest periods in flowers. 相似文献
18.
Spider monkeys (Ateles spp.) are well known for their highly arboreal lifestyle, spending much of their time in the highest levels of the canopy
and rarely venturing to the ground. To investigate terrestriality by Ateles and to illuminate the conditions under which spider monkeys venture to the ground, we analyzed ad libitum data from 5 study sites, covering 2 species and 5 subspecies. Three of the sites are in Central/North America: Barro Colorado
Island (BCI), Panama (Ateles geoffroyi panamensis), Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica (A. g. frontatus), and Punta Laguna, Mexico (A. g. yucatanensis). The 2 remaining sites are in South America: Cocha Cashu Biological Station, Perú (A. belzebuth chamek) and Yasuni National Park, Ecuador (A. b. belzebuth). Terrestrialism by Ateles at all sites is rare; however, it is more restricted at the 2 South American sites. In South America, ground use only occurred
in the contexts of eating soil or rotten wood and visiting salt licks. In contrast at the 3 sites with Ateles geoffroyi it rarely occurred in a feeding context, but instead more frequently while drinking from streams during the dry season, by
adult females escaping attack by adult males, and as part of a chase game. In addition, on BCI adult males were on the ground
before attacking adult females. We discuss potential explanations, e.g., climate, species differences, predation pressure,
for the differences between the Central/North and South American observations. 相似文献
19.
Changes in endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and phenols were determined in petals of two diverse species of rose, viz., Rosa damascena Mill and Rosa bourboniana Desport during flower development. A progressive increase in free ABA was observed during flower development till full bloom
in both the species with higher content of free ABA in Rosa damascena. While bound ABA level increased in Rosa damascena till stage 6, in Rosa bourboniana it continued to increase till full bloom. Acidic phenols increased slowly in both the species till stage 4, but sharply afterwards
and no significant differences were noticed during full bloom period. Bound phenols content was higher in Rosa damascena during full bloom period. The significance of these changes in relation to flowering in the two diverse species of rose is
discussed. 相似文献
20.
A study on population dynamics of wild Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) in Kenting, southern Taiwan, was conducted from March 1985 to August 1990. At first, only one monkey troop was studied.
It fissioned in 1987 and both of the daughter troops have been observed since then. Total number of animals increased from
10 to 29 over the years, but the sizes of individual troops have never been more than 20. Seasonality in breeding has been
detected: copulations were concentrated in the period from November to January and 75% of all the 28 births occurred between
April and June. Time of birth by parous females without offspring from the preceding year was earlier than that of lactating
females. Young females gave their first births at 4 or 5 years of age. Total birth rate over the study period was 0.8 infant
per female per year. Hunting was the main cause of death while natural mortality rate was low for the animals. There was only
one adult male in each troop for most of the time. Troop males in the two daughter troops have been replaced two or three
times in the three years by some solitary males that moved around in the area. The reproductive parameters of Formosan macaques
in Kenting were found to be more similar to that of rhesus monkeys than to Japanese macaques. And a case of higher reproductive
success in a high-ranking matriline was reported. 相似文献